메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 890-895

The Durban World Congress Ethics Round Table Conference Report: I. Differences between withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatments

Author keywords

Ethics; Law; Life sustaining treatments; Withdrawing; Withholding

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE PRACTICE; HUMAN; LIFE SUSTAINING TREATMENT; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; MORALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; BIOETHICS; ETHICS; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; INTENSIVE CARE; LONG TERM CARE; ORGANIZATION;

EID: 84908142627     PISSN: 08839441     EISSN: 15578615     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.06.022     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 0030254886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide similarities and differences in the forgoing of life-sustaining treatments
    • Sprung C.L., Eidelman L.A. Worldwide similarities and differences in the forgoing of life-sustaining treatments. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22:1003-1005.
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 1003-1005
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Eidelman, L.A.2
  • 2
  • 4
    • 0035814661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of life support in intensive-care units in France: a prospective survey
    • French LATAREA Group
    • Ferrand E., Robert R., Ingrand P., Lemaire F. Withdrawal of life support in intensive-care units in France: a prospective survey. Lancet 2001, 357:9-14. French LATAREA Group.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 9-14
    • Ferrand, E.1    Robert, R.2    Ingrand, P.3    Lemaire, F.4
  • 5
    • 0035214061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawing and withholding life support in the intensive care unit: a Spanish prospective multi-centre observational study
    • Esteban A., Gordo F., Solsona J.F., Alía I., Caballero J., Bouza C., et al. Withdrawing and withholding life support in the intensive care unit: a Spanish prospective multi-centre observational study. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:1744-1749.
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1744-1749
    • Esteban, A.1    Gordo, F.2    Solsona, J.F.3    Alía, I.4    Caballero, J.5    Bouza, C.6
  • 6
    • 0042160269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life practices in European Intensive Care Units. The Ethicus Study
    • Sprung C.L., Cohen S.L., Sjokvist P., Baras M., Bulow H.H., Hovilehto S., et al. End-of-life practices in European Intensive Care Units. The Ethicus Study. JAMA 2003, 290:790-797.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 790-797
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Cohen, S.L.2    Sjokvist, P.3    Baras, M.4    Bulow, H.H.5    Hovilehto, S.6
  • 7
    • 0038637807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of medical treatment in the ICU. A cohort study of 318 cases during 1994-2000
    • Nolin T., Andersson R. Withdrawal of medical treatment in the ICU. A cohort study of 318 cases during 1994-2000. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003, 47:501-507.
    • (2003) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.47 , pp. 501-507
    • Nolin, T.1    Andersson, R.2
  • 8
    • 21244440565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life decisions: a cohort study of the withdrawal of all active treatment in intensive care units in the United Kingdom
    • Wunsch H., Harrison D.A., Harvey S., Rowan K. End-of-life decisions: a cohort study of the withdrawal of all active treatment in intensive care units in the United Kingdom. Intensive Care Med 2005, 31:823-831.
    • (2005) Intensive Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 823-831
    • Wunsch, H.1    Harrison, D.A.2    Harvey, S.3    Rowan, K.4
  • 9
    • 17444376395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in a Lebanese intensive care unit: a prospective observational study
    • Yazigi A., Riachi M., Dabbar G. Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in a Lebanese intensive care unit: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 2005, 31:562-567.
    • (2005) Intensive Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 562-567
    • Yazigi, A.1    Riachi, M.2    Dabbar, G.3
  • 10
    • 34250642768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of patients who have therapy withheld or withdrawn in ICU
    • Lewis J.P., Ho K.M., Webb S.A. Outcome of patients who have therapy withheld or withdrawn in ICU. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007, 35:387-392.
    • (2007) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.35 , pp. 387-392
    • Lewis, J.P.1    Ho, K.M.2    Webb, S.A.3
  • 12
    • 0029851404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitation of life support: frequency and practice in a London and a Cape Town intensive care unit
    • Turner J.S., Michell W.L., Morgan C.J., Benatar S.R. Limitation of life support: frequency and practice in a London and a Cape Town intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22:1020-1025.
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 1020-1025
    • Turner, J.S.1    Michell, W.L.2    Morgan, C.J.3    Benatar, S.R.4
  • 13
    • 0031018409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill
    • Prendergast T.J., Luce J.M. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 155:15-20.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 15-20
    • Prendergast, T.J.1    Luce, J.M.2
  • 14
    • 0041669325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life decision-making in six European countries: descriptive study
    • Van der Heide A., Deliens L., Faisst K., Nilstun T., Norup M., Paci E., et al. End-of-life decision-making in six European countries: descriptive study. Lancet 2003, 362:345-350.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 345-350
    • Van der Heide, A.1    Deliens, L.2    Faisst, K.3    Nilstun, T.4    Norup, M.5    Paci, E.6
  • 15
    • 1242320055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitation of life support: frequency and practice in a Hong Kong intensive care unit
    • Buckley T.A., Joynt G.M., Tan P.Y.H., Cheng C.A., Yap F.H. Limitation of life support: frequency and practice in a Hong Kong intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:415-420.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 415-420
    • Buckley, T.A.1    Joynt, G.M.2    Tan, P.Y.H.3    Cheng, C.A.4    Yap, F.H.5
  • 17
    • 70149094159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The practice of and documentation on withholding and withdrawing life support: a retrospective study in two Dutch intensive care units
    • Spronk P.E., Kuiper A.V., Rommes J.H., Korevaar J.C., Schultz M.J. The practice of and documentation on withholding and withdrawing life support: a retrospective study in two Dutch intensive care units. Anesth Analg 2009, 109:841-846.
    • (2009) Anesth Analg , vol.109 , pp. 841-846
    • Spronk, P.E.1    Kuiper, A.V.2    Rommes, J.H.3    Korevaar, J.C.4    Schultz, M.J.5
  • 18
    • 77949471299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in intensive care: an Australian experience
    • Brieva J.L., Cooray P., Rowley M. Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in intensive care: an Australian experience. Crit Care Resusc 2009, 11:266-268.
    • (2009) Crit Care Resusc , vol.11 , pp. 266-268
    • Brieva, J.L.1    Cooray, P.2    Rowley, M.3
  • 20
    • 82555188025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forgoing life support: how the decision is made in European pediatric intensive care units
    • Devictor D.J., Latour J.M., EURYDICE 11 study group Forgoing life support: how the decision is made in European pediatric intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:1881-1887.
    • (2011) Intensive Care Med , vol.37 , pp. 1881-1887
    • Devictor, D.J.1    Latour, J.M.2
  • 21
    • 47349107623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal and limitation of life-sustaining treatments in a paediatric intensive care unit and review of the literature
    • Moore P., Kerridge I., Gillis J., Jacobe S., Isaacs D. Withdrawal and limitation of life-sustaining treatments in a paediatric intensive care unit and review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health 2008, 44:404-408.
    • (2008) J Paediatr Child Health , vol.44 , pp. 404-408
    • Moore, P.1    Kerridge, I.2    Gillis, J.3    Jacobe, S.4    Isaacs, D.5
  • 22
    • 78649711223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do neonatologists limit parental decision-making authority? A Canadian perspective
    • Albersheim S.G., Lavoie P.M., Keidar Y. Do neonatologists limit parental decision-making authority? A Canadian perspective. Early Hum Dev 2010, 86:801-805.
    • (2010) Early Hum Dev , vol.86 , pp. 801-805
    • Albersheim, S.G.1    Lavoie, P.M.2    Keidar, Y.3
  • 25
    • 0038486812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dying in the intensive care unit: collaborative multicenter study about forgoing life-sustaining treatment in Argentine pediatric intensive care units
    • Althabe M., Cardigni G., Vassallo J.C., Allende D., Berrueta M., Codermatz M., et al. Dying in the intensive care unit: collaborative multicenter study about forgoing life-sustaining treatment in Argentine pediatric intensive care units. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003, 4:164-169.
    • (2003) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.4 , pp. 164-169
    • Althabe, M.1    Cardigni, G.2    Vassallo, J.C.3    Allende, D.4    Berrueta, M.5    Codermatz, M.6
  • 28
    • 0033849321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life care in the pediatric intensive care unit after the forgoing of life-sustaining treatment
    • Burns J.P., Mitchell C., Outwater K.M., Geller M., Griffith J.L., Todres I.D., et al. End-of-life care in the pediatric intensive care unit after the forgoing of life-sustaining treatment. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:3060-3066.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 3060-3066
    • Burns, J.P.1    Mitchell, C.2    Outwater, K.M.3    Geller, M.4    Griffith, J.L.5    Todres, I.D.6
  • 29
    • 84868191494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs used for comfort care after withdrawal of intensive treatment in tertiary neonatal units in the UK
    • Chaudhary R., Silwal A., Gupta A., Kelsall W. Drugs used for comfort care after withdrawal of intensive treatment in tertiary neonatal units in the UK. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2012, 97:F487.
    • (2012) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed , vol.97 , pp. F487
    • Chaudhary, R.1    Silwal, A.2    Gupta, A.3    Kelsall, W.4
  • 30
    • 77957722711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in end-of-life support in the pediatric intensive care unit
    • Lee K.J., Tieves K., Scanlon M.C. Alterations in end-of-life support in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2010, 126:e859.
    • (2010) Pediatrics , vol.126 , pp. e859
    • Lee, K.J.1    Tieves, K.2    Scanlon, M.C.3
  • 31
    • 79955468948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient and healthcare professional factors influencing end-of-life decision-making during critical illness: a systematic review
    • Frost D.W., Cook D.J., Heyland D.K., Fowler R.A. Patient and healthcare professional factors influencing end-of-life decision-making during critical illness: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:1174-1189.
    • (2011) Crit Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 1174-1189
    • Frost, D.W.1    Cook, D.J.2    Heyland, D.K.3    Fowler, R.A.4
  • 32
    • 84908124095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life care in the ICU: commonalities and differences between North America and Europe
    • Springer, New York, J.-L. Vincent (Ed.)
    • Nguyen Y.-L.C., Nguyen, Mayr F.B., Angus D.C. End-of-life care in the ICU: commonalities and differences between North America and Europe. Intensive Care Medicine Annual Update 2010, 560-568. Springer, New York. J.-L. Vincent (Ed.).
    • (2010) Intensive Care Medicine Annual Update , pp. 560-568
    • Nguyen, Y.-L.C.1    Nguyen, M.F.B.2    Angus, D.C.3
  • 33
    • 84878016240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that contribute to physician variability in decisions to limit life support in the ICU: a qualitative study
    • Wilson M.E., Rhudy L.M., Ballinger B.A., Tescher A.N., Pickering B.W., Gajic O. Factors that contribute to physician variability in decisions to limit life support in the ICU: a qualitative study. Intensive Care Med 2013, 39:1009-1018.
    • (2013) Intensive Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 1009-1018
    • Wilson, M.E.1    Rhudy, L.M.2    Ballinger, B.A.3    Tescher, A.N.4    Pickering, B.W.5    Gajic, O.6
  • 34
    • 84878013251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The luck of the draw: physician-related variability in end-of-life decision-making in intensive care
    • Wilkinson D.J.C., Truog R.D. The luck of the draw: physician-related variability in end-of-life decision-making in intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2013, 39:1128-1132.
    • (2013) Intensive Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 1128-1132
    • Wilkinson, D.J.C.1    Truog, R.D.2
  • 35
    • 79952173988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on end-of-life care in the ICU
    • Muni S., Engelberg R.A., Treece P.D., Dotolo D., Curtis J.R. The influence of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on end-of-life care in the ICU. Chest 2011, 139:1025-1033.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.139 , pp. 1025-1033
    • Muni, S.1    Engelberg, R.A.2    Treece, P.D.3    Dotolo, D.4    Curtis, J.R.5
  • 36
    • 84862687207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are religion and religiosity important to end-of-life decisions and patient autonomy in the ICU? The Ethicatt Study
    • Bulow H.-H., Sprung C.L., Baras M., Carmel S., Svantesson M., Benbenishty J., et al. Are religion and religiosity important to end-of-life decisions and patient autonomy in the ICU? The Ethicatt Study. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:1126-1133.
    • (2012) Intensive Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1126-1133
    • Bulow, H.-H.1    Sprung, C.L.2    Baras, M.3    Carmel, S.4    Svantesson, M.5    Benbenishty, J.6
  • 37
    • 84862659684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religion and end-of-life decisions in critical care: where the word meets deed
    • Ford D.W. Religion and end-of-life decisions in critical care: where the word meets deed. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:1089-1091.
    • (2012) Intensive Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1089-1091
    • Ford, D.W.1
  • 38
    • 79953818094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes towards ethical problems in critical care medicine: the Chinese perspective
    • Weng L., Joynt G.M., Lee A., Du B., Leung P., Peng J., et al. Attitudes towards ethical problems in critical care medicine: the Chinese perspective. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:655-664.
    • (2011) Intensive Care Med , vol.37 , pp. 655-664
    • Weng, L.1    Joynt, G.M.2    Lee, A.3    Du, B.4    Leung, P.5    Peng, J.6
  • 39
    • 84893679663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in end-of-life care in the ICU across patients cared for by medicine, surgery, neurology and neurosurgery physicians
    • [Epub ahead of print]
    • Kross E.K., Engelberg R.A., Downey L., Cuschieri J., Hallman M.R., Longstreth W.T., et al. Differences in end-of-life care in the ICU across patients cared for by medicine, surgery, neurology and neurosurgery physicians. Chest 2013, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1378/chest.13-1351.
    • (2013) Chest
    • Kross, E.K.1    Engelberg, R.A.2    Downey, L.3    Cuschieri, J.4    Hallman, M.R.5    Longstreth, W.T.6
  • 40
    • 84908123700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society, ABN: 16 134 292 103. ANZICS Website: last accessed 18 December 2013
    • Statement on withholding and withdrawing treatment 2010, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society, ABN: 16 134 292 103. ANZICS Website: www.anzics.com.au - last accessed 18 December 2013.
    • (2010) Statement on withholding and withdrawing treatment
  • 41
    • 43349085906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations on therapy limitation and therapy discontinuation in intensive care units: consensus paper of the Austrian Associations of Intensive Care Medicine
    • Valentin A., Druml W., Steltzer H., Wiedermann C.J. Recommendations on therapy limitation and therapy discontinuation in intensive care units: consensus paper of the Austrian Associations of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34:771-776.
    • (2008) Intensive Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 771-776
    • Valentin, A.1    Druml, W.2    Steltzer, H.3    Wiedermann, C.J.4
  • 43
    • 84973279791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, A. Michalsen, C.S. Hartog (Eds.)
    • End-of-life care in der Intensivmedizin 2013, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. A. Michalsen, C.S. Hartog (Eds.).
    • (2013) End-of-life care in der Intensivmedizin
  • 45
    • 0034296301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding or withdrawal of life support: the Canadian Critical Care Society position paper
    • Rocker G., Dunbar S. Withholding or withdrawal of life support: the Canadian Critical Care Society position paper. J Palliat Care 2000, 16:S53-S62. [Suppl].
    • (2000) J Palliat Care , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL , pp. S53-S62
    • Rocker, G.1    Dunbar, S.2
  • 46
    • 67349262503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Going home to die from surgical intensive care units
    • Huang Y.C., Huang S.J., Ko W.J. Going home to die from surgical intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:810-815.
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 810-815
    • Huang, Y.C.1    Huang, S.J.2    Ko, W.J.3
  • 48
    • 84876210346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding and withdrawing of life support in intensive care unit. Current recommendations of the Société de reanimation de Langue Française
    • Withholding and withdrawing of life support in intensive care unit. Current recommendations of the Société de reanimation de Langue Française. Reanimation 2010, 19:679-698.
    • (2010) Reanimation , vol.19 , pp. 679-698
  • 49
    • 33747163248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dying patient: new Israeli legislation
    • Steinberg A., Sprung C.L. The dying patient: new Israeli legislation. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32:1234-1237.
    • (2006) Intensive Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 1234-1237
    • Steinberg, A.1    Sprung, C.L.2
  • 50
    • 13844320383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timers on ventilators
    • Ravitsky V. Timers on ventilators. BMJ 2005, 330:415-417.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 415-417
    • Ravitsky, V.1
  • 51
    • 84908139656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-Life decisions, ethics and the law
    • Globethics.net, Geneva, [Focus 9, (last accessed 7 January, 2014]
    • Landman W.A. End-of-Life decisions, ethics and the law. A case for statutory legal clarity and reform in South Africa 2012, Globethics.net, Geneva, [Focus 9, (www.globethics.net-last accessed 7 January, 2014].
    • (2012) A case for statutory legal clarity and reform in South Africa
    • Landman, W.A.1
  • 52
    • 84908124094 scopus 로고
    • Clarke v Hurst NO and others ((4) SA 630 (D).
    • Clarke v Hurst NO and others (1992 (4) SA 630 (D).
    • (1992)
  • 53
    • 84908147442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soobramoney v Minister of Health, Kwazulu-Natal (1) SA 765 (CC).
    • Soobramoney v Minister of Health, Kwazulu-Natal 1998 (1) SA 765 (CC).
    • (1998)
  • 54
    • 38649103496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National audit of critical care resources in South Africa-unit and bed distribution
    • Bhagwanee S., Scribante J. National audit of critical care resources in South Africa-unit and bed distribution. South Afr Med J 2007, 97:1311-1314.
    • (2007) South Afr Med J , vol.97 , pp. 1311-1314
    • Bhagwanee, S.1    Scribante, J.2
  • 55
    • 38649084088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National audit of critical care resources in South Africa-open versus closed intensive and high care units
    • Scribante J., Bhagwanjee S. National audit of critical care resources in South Africa-open versus closed intensive and high care units. South Afr Med J 2007, 97(12):1319-1322.
    • (2007) South Afr Med J , vol.97 , Issue.12 , pp. 1319-1322
    • Scribante, J.1    Bhagwanjee, S.2
  • 58
    • 0025602794 scopus 로고
    • Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill
    • Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:1435-1439.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 1435-1439
  • 59
    • 0025272904 scopus 로고
    • Ethical and moral guidelines for the initiation, continuation and withdrawal of intensive care
    • ACCP/SCCM Consensus Panel
    • Bone R.C., Rackow E.C., Weg J.G. Ethical and moral guidelines for the initiation, continuation and withdrawal of intensive care. Chest 1990, 97:949-958. ACCP/SCCM Consensus Panel.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 949-958
    • Bone, R.C.1    Rackow, E.C.2    Weg, J.G.3
  • 60
    • 0025955350 scopus 로고
    • Anonymous Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy. This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors
    • Anonymous Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy. This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 144:726-731.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 726-731
  • 61
    • 42949150808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College of Critical Care Medicine
    • Truog R.D., Campbell M.L., Curtis J.R., Haas C.E., Luce J.M., Rubenfeld G.D., et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:953-963.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 953-963
    • Truog, R.D.1    Campbell, M.L.2    Curtis, J.R.3    Haas, C.E.4    Luce, J.M.5    Rubenfeld, G.D.6
  • 62
    • 84908121421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [last accessed 17 February 2005]
    • American Medical Association H-140.966 Decisions near the end of life [last accessed 17 February 2005]. http://www.amaassn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-140.966.HTM.
    • H-140.966 Decisions near the end of life
  • 63
    • 84908147441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding and withdrawing life prolonging treatments: good practice in decision-making
    • GMC, London, [Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell (BMA edn. 2007)]
    • General Medical Council Withholding and withdrawing life prolonging treatments: good practice in decision-making. Withholding and withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment: guidance for decision making 2006, GMC, London, [Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell (BMA edn. 2007)]. 3rd ed.
    • (2006) Withholding and withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment: guidance for decision making
  • 65
    • 33644585473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision tools for life support: a review and policy analysis
    • Giacomini M., Cook D., DeJean D., Shaw R., Gedge E. Decision tools for life support: a review and policy analysis. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:864-870.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 864-870
    • Giacomini, M.1    Cook, D.2    DeJean, D.3    Shaw, R.4    Gedge, E.5
  • 66
    • 84894250410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A costly separation between withdrawing and withholding treatment in intensive care
    • Wilkinson D., Savulescu J. A costly separation between withdrawing and withholding treatment in intensive care. Bioethics 2014, 28:127-137. 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01981.
    • (2014) Bioethics , vol.28 , pp. 127-137
    • Wilkinson, D.1    Savulescu, J.2
  • 67
    • 0026571858 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes of critical care medicine professionals concerning forgoing life-sustaining treatments
    • The Society of Critical Care Medicine Ethics Committee Attitudes of critical care medicine professionals concerning forgoing life-sustaining treatments. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:320-326.
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 320-326
  • 68
    • 0032838609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forgoing life support in western European intensive care units: the results of an ethical questionnaire
    • Vincent J.L. Forgoing life support in western European intensive care units: the results of an ethical questionnaire. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1626-1633.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1626-1633
    • Vincent, J.L.1
  • 70
    • 0345688663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of-life decisions in intensive care units: attitudes of physicians in an Italian urban setting
    • Giannini A., Pessina A., Tacchi E.M. End-of-life decisions in intensive care units: attitudes of physicians in an Italian urban setting. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29:1902-1910.
    • (2003) Intensive Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1902-1910
    • Giannini, A.1    Pessina, A.2    Tacchi, E.M.3
  • 71
    • 43049088420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The world's major religions' point of view on end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit
    • Bulow H.H., Sprung C.L., Reinhart K., Prayag S., Du B., Armaganidis A., et al. The world's major religions' point of view on end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34:423-430.
    • (2008) Intensive Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 423-430
    • Bulow, H.H.1    Sprung, C.L.2    Reinhart, K.3    Prayag, S.4    Du, B.5    Armaganidis, A.6
  • 72
    • 84908141663 scopus 로고
    • Withdrawing may be preferable to withholding
    • Vincent J.L. Withdrawing may be preferable to withholding. Crit Care 1989, 17:827-833.
    • (1989) Crit Care , vol.17 , pp. 827-833
    • Vincent, J.L.1
  • 73
    • 0024395065 scopus 로고
    • The answer to "What are my chances, doctor?" depends on whom is asked: prognostic disagreement and inaccuracy for critically ill patients
    • Poses R.M., Bekes C., Copare F.J., Scott W.E. The answer to "What are my chances, doctor?" depends on whom is asked: prognostic disagreement and inaccuracy for critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:827-833.
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 827-833
    • Poses, R.M.1    Bekes, C.2    Copare, F.J.3    Scott, W.E.4
  • 74
    • 84890183566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Piece" of mind: end of life in the intensive care unit. Statement of the Belgian Society of Intensive Care Medicine
    • on behalf of the Belgian Society of Intensive Care Medicine
    • Vincent J.L., Schetz M., De Waele J.J., et al. "Piece" of mind: end of life in the intensive care unit. Statement of the Belgian Society of Intensive Care Medicine. J Crit Care 2014, 29:174-175. on behalf of the Belgian Society of Intensive Care Medicine.
    • (2014) J Crit Care , vol.29 , pp. 174-175
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Schetz, M.2    De Waele, J.J.3
  • 75
    • 20444407991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawing and withholding life sustaining therapies are not the same
    • Levin P.D., Sprung C.L. Withdrawing and withholding life sustaining therapies are not the same. Crit Care 2005, 9:230-232.
    • (2005) Crit Care , vol.9 , pp. 230-232
    • Levin, P.D.1    Sprung, C.L.2
  • 76
    • 0027940542 scopus 로고
    • Are withholding and withdrawing therapy always morally equivalent?
    • Sulmasy D.P., Sugarman J. Are withholding and withdrawing therapy always morally equivalent?. J Med Ethics 1994, 20:218-222.
    • (1994) J Med Ethics , vol.20 , pp. 218-222
    • Sulmasy, D.P.1    Sugarman, J.2
  • 78
    • 34748821120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of religious affiliation and culture on end-of-life decisions in European intensive care units
    • Sprung C.L., Maia P., Bulow H.H., Ricou B., Armaganidis A., Baras M., et al. The importance of religious affiliation and culture on end-of-life decisions in European intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:1732-1739.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1732-1739
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Maia, P.2    Bulow, H.H.3    Ricou, B.4    Armaganidis, A.5    Baras, M.6
  • 79
    • 2442502710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU. Statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003
    • Carlet J., Thijs L.G., Antonelli M., Cassell J., Cox P., Hill N., et al. Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU. Statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:770-784.
    • (2004) Intensive Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 770-784
    • Carlet, J.1    Thijs, L.G.2    Antonelli, M.3    Cassell, J.4    Cox, P.5    Hill, N.6
  • 80
    • 0031460739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The difference between withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment
    • Meltorp G., Nilstun T. The difference between withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. Intensive Care Med 1997, 23:1264-1267.
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 1264-1267
    • Meltorp, G.1    Nilstun, T.2
  • 81
    • 84898875928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of word choice in the care of critically ill patients and their families
    • Curtis J.R., Sprung C.L., Azoulay E. The importance of word choice in the care of critically ill patients and their families. Intensive Care Med 2014, 40:606-608.
    • (2014) Intensive Care Med , vol.40 , pp. 606-608
    • Curtis, J.R.1    Sprung, C.L.2    Azoulay, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.