Intelligence, dual coding theory, and the brain

Intelligence

Volumn 47, Issue , 2014, Pages 141-158

  Paivio, Allan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Conceptual empirical flaw; DCT a unified theory; IQ neuroscience; IQ tests; IQ theories

Indexed keywords

EID: 84908037629     PISSN: 01602896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.002     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Aitchison J. Words in mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon 2003, Blackwell, Kindon. 3rd ed.
2. Arnell K.M., Joanisse M.F., Klein R.M., Busseri M.A., Tannock R. Decomposing the relation between rapid automatized naming (RAN) and reading ability. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 2009, 63:173-184.
3. Arnheim R. Visual thinking 1969, University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles.
4. Barsalou L.W. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1999, 22:577-660.
5. Begg I. Recall of meaningful phrases. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1972, 11:431-439.
6. Bell N. Gestalt imagery: A critical factor in language comprehension. Annals of Dyslexia 1991, 41:246-260.
7. Bell N. Visualizing and verbalizing for language comprehension and thinking 1991, NBI Publications, Paso Robles, CA.
8. Biederman I. Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 1987, 94:115-147.
9. Binder J.R., Desai R.H., Graves W.W., Conant L.L. Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex 2009, 19:2767-2796.
10. Binder J.R., Westbury C.F., Mckiernan K.A., Possing E.T., Medler D.A. Distinct brain systems for processing concrete and abstract language. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2005, 17:905-917.
11. Binet A., Simon T. Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectual des anormaux. L'Année Psychologique 1905, 11:191-336.
12. Binet A., Simon T. The development of intelligence in children 1905, E. Kite (1916) translation, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, (Retrieved 12/4/2010 from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca,/Binet/binet.htm).
13. Boake C. From the Binet-Simon to the Wechsler-Bellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2002, 24:383-405.
14. Bonner A. The art and logic of Ramon Llull. A user's guide 2007, Brill, Leiden.
15. Bower G.H., Clark M.C., Lesgold A.M., Winzenz D. Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1969, 8:323-343.
16. Bucci W. Linking words and things: Basic processes and individual variations. Cognition 1984, 17:137-153.
17. Bucci W., Freedman N. Language and hand: The dimension of referential competence. Journal of Personality 1978, 46:594-622.
18. Bucci W., Kabasakalian-McKcbeay Scoring referential activity: Instructions for use with transcripts of spoken narrative texts 1992, Ulmer textbank, Ulm, Germany.
19. Buckley K.W. Mechanical man: John Broadus Watson and the beginnings of behaviorism 1989, Guilford, New York.
20. Carroll J.B. Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies 1993, Cambridge University Press, New York.
21. Carvajal H., Nowak S.J., Fraas A., McConnell M.A. Saving time: Using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III as a screening test of intelligence. College Student Journal 2000, June, 34(2).
22. Cattell R.B. Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology 1963, 54:1-22.
23. Chronbach L.J. The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist 1957, 12:671-684.
24. Collins A.M., Loftus E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 1975, 82:407-428.
25. Colom R., Haier R.J., Head K., Alvarez-Linera J., Quiroga M.A., Shi P.C., et al. Gray matter correlates of fluid, crystallized, and spatial intelligence: Testing the P-FIT model. Intelligence 2009, 37:124-135.
26. Coltheart M. Are there lexicons?. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2004, 57:1153-1171.
27. Crutch S.J., Warrington E.K. Abstract and concrete concepts have structurally different representational frameworks. Brain 2005, 128:615-627.
28. Crutcher R.J., Beer J.M. An auditory analog of the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition 2011, 39:63-74.
29. Dhond R.P., Witzel T., Dale A.M., Halgren E. Spatiotemporal cortical dynamics underlying abstract and concrete word reading. Human Brain Mapping 2007, 28:355-362.
30. Divjak D., Gries S.T. Clusters in the mind? Converging evidence from near synonymy in Russian. The Mental Lexicon 2008, 3:188-213.
31. Duncan J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2010, 14:172-179.
32. Ebbinghaus H. Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology 1964, Dover, New York, (Original work published 1885).
33. Elman J.L. An alternative view of the mental lexicon. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:301-305.
34. Ericsson K.A. The acquisition of expert performance in problem solving: Construction and modification of mediating mechanisms through deliberate practice. The psychology of problem solving 2003, 31-83. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. J.E. Davidson, R.J. Sternberg (Eds.).
35. Ericsson K.A., Kintsch W. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 1995, 107:211-245.
36. Garner W.R. The processing of information and structure 1974, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Potomac, MD.
37. Geschwind N. Disconnection syndromes in animals and man. Brain 1965, 88(Part III):585-644.
38. Gläscher J., Rudrauf D., Colom R., Paul I.K., Tranel D., Damasin H., et al. Distributed neural system for general intelligence revealed by lesion mapping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:4705-4709.
39. Goel V., Dolan R.J. Functional anatomy of three-term relational reasoning. Neuropsychologia 2001, 39:901-909.
40. Gross A.G., Harmon J.E. Science from sight to insight: How scientists illustrate meaning 2014, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
41. Guilford J.P., Hoepfner R. The analysis of intelligence 1971, McGraw-Hill, New York.
42. Guttman L. A faceted definition of intelligence. Studies in Psychology: Scripta Hierosolymitana 1965, 14:166-1811. Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
43. Hampshire A., Highfield R.R., Parkin B.L., Owen A.M. Fractionating human intelligence. Neuron 2012, 76:1225-1237.
44. Healy W., Fernald G.M. Tests for practical mental classification. Psychological Review Monograph 1911, 13. (Whole no. 54).
45. Holcomb P.J., Kounios J., Anderson J.E., West W.C. Dual-coding, context-availability, and concreteness effects in sentence comprehension: An electrophysiological investigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1999, 25:721-742.
46. Horn J.L., Cattell R.B. Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology 1966, 57:253-270.
47. Jared D., Poh R.P.Y., Paivio A. L1 and L2 picture naming in Mandarin-English bilinguals: A test of Bilingual Dual Coding Theory. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2013, 16(Special Issue 02):383-396.
48. Johnson C.J., Paivio A., Clark J.M. Cognitive components of picture naming. Psychological Bulletin 1996, 120:113-139.
49. Jung R.E., Haier R.J. The parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2007, 30:135-187.
50. Just M.A., Newman S.D., Keller T.A., McKelney A., Carpenter P.A. Imagery in sentence comprehension: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 2004, 21:112-124.
51. Kaufman A.S., Kaufman N.L. The Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test. Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues 1997, 209-229. Guilford, New York. D.P. Flanagan, J.L. Genshaft, P.L. Harrison (Eds.).
52. Kiss G.R. An associative thesaurus of English: Structural analysis of a large relevance network. Long term memory 1975, 103-121. Academic Press, New York. A. Kennedy, A. Wilkes (Eds.).
53. Knauff M., Fangmeier T., Ruff C.C., Johnson-Laird P.N. Reasoning, models, and images: Behavioral measures and cortical activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2003, 15:559-573.
54. Knauff M., Mulack T., Kassubek J., Salih H.R., Greenlee M.W. Spatial imagery in deductive reasoning: A functional MRI study. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 2002, 2002(2):203-212.
55. Kosslyn S.M., Van Kleeck M.H., Kirby K.M. A neurologically plausible model of individual differences in visual mental imagery. Imagery: Current: Developments 1990, 39-77. Routledge, London. P.J. Hampson, D.F. Marks, J.T.F. Richardson (Eds.).
56. Kounios J., Holcomb P.J. Concreteness effects in semantic processing: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1994, 20:804-823.
57. Krueger T.H. Visual imagery in problem-solving and scientific creativity 1976, Seal Press, Derby, CT.
58. Kunda M., McGreggor K., Goel A. Reasoning on the Raven's Advanced, Progressive Matrices Test with Iconic Visual representations. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, Sapporo, Japan 2012, 1828-1833.
59. Label C., Beaulieu C. Lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus from childhood to adulthood and its relation to cognitive abilities in children. Human Brain Mapping 2009, 30:3563-3573.
60. Landauer T.K., Dumais S.T. A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review 1997, 104:211-240.
61. Langacker R.W. Foundation of cognitive grammar 2 1991, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
62. Levy J. Right brain, left brain: Fact and fiction. Psychology Today 1985, May, 38-44.
63. Lima-Silva T.B., Ordonez T.N., dos Santos Dias, et al. Effects of cognitive training on metamemory and mental images. Dementia Neuropsychology 2010, 2:114-119.
64. Lockhead G.R. Processing dimensional stimuli. Psychological Review 1972, 79:410-419.
65. Lynn R., Allik J., Irwing P. Sex differences on three factors identified in Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Intelligence 2004, 32:411-424.
66. Marschark M. Raising and educating a deaf child 2007, Oxford, New York. 2nd ed.
67. McGrew K.S. CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research. Intelligence 2009, 37:1-10.
68. Mellet E., Bricogne S., Crivello F., Mazoyer B., Denis M., Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Neural basis of mental scanning of a topographic representation built from a text. Cerebral Cortex 2002, 12:1322-1330.
69. Miller G.A. The magic number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits of our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 1956, 63:81-97.
70. Milner B. Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin 1961, 27:272-277.
71. Milner P.M. The autonomous brain: A Neural Theory of Attention and Learning 1999, Erlbaum, Mahatma, NJ.
72. Monti M.M., Coleman M.R., Owen A.M. Neuroimaging and the vegetative state: Resolving the behavioral assessment dilemma. Disorders of Consciousness: Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2009, 1157:81-89.
73. Morton J. Facilitation in word recognition: Experiments causing change in the logogen model. Processing of Visible Language 1979, 1. Plenum Press, New York.
74. Murdoch S. IQ: A smart history of a failed idea 2007, Wiley.
75. Owen A.M., Coleman M.R., Boly M., Davis M.S., Laureys S., Pickard J.D. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 2006, 313:1402.
76. Paivio A. Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review 1969, 76:241-263.
77. Paivio A. Imagery and verbal processes 1971, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York.
78. Paivio A. Comparison of mental clocks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1978, 4:61-71.
79. Paivio A. The relationship between verbal and perceptual codes. Perceptual processing 1978, Vol. IX:113-131. Academic Press, New York. E.C. Carterette, M.P. Friedman (Eds.).
80. Paivio A. On weighing things in your mind. The nature of thought: Essays in honor of D. O. Hebb 1980, 133-154. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J. P.W. Jusezyk, T.W. Klein (Eds.).
81. Paivio A. The empirical case for dual coding. Imagery, memory and cognition: Essays in honor of Allan Paivio 1983, 307-332. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N. J. J.C. Yuille (Ed.).
82. Paivio A. Mental representations: A dual coding approach 1986, Oxford University Press, New York.
83. Paivio A. Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1991, 45:255-287.
84. Paivio A. Mind and its evolution: A dual coding theoretical approach 2007, Psychology Press, New York, (Previously published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).
85. Paivio A. Dual coding theory and the mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon 2010, 5:205-230.
86. Paivio A. Bilingual dual coding theory. Foundations of bilingual memory 2014, 41-62. Springer, New York. R.R. Heredia, J. Altarriba (Eds.).
87. Paivio A., Begg I. Psychology of language 1981, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
88. Paivio A., Clark J.M., Digdon N., Bons T. Referential processing: Correlates of naming pictures and imaging to words. Memory & Cognition 1989, 17:163-174.
89. Paivio A., Desrochers A. A dual-coding approach to bilingual memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1980, 34:390-401.
90. Paivio A., Ernest C. Imagery ability and visual perception of verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics 1971, 10:429-432.
91. Paivio A., Foth D. Imaginal and verbal mediators and noun concreteness in paired-associate learning: The elusive interaction. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1970, 9:384-290.
92. Paivio A., Harshman R.A. Factor analysis of a questionnaire on imagery and verbal habits and skills. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1983, 37:461-483.
93. Paivio A., Lambert W. Dual coding and bilingual memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1981, 20:532-539.
94. Paivio A., Sadoski M. Lexicons, contexts, events, and images: Commentary on Elman (2009) from the perspective of dual coding theory. Cognitive Science 2011, 35:198-209.
95. Paivio A., Steeves R. Relations between personal values and the imagery and meaningfulness of value words. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1967, 24:357-358.
96. Pintner R., Paterson D.G. A scale of performance tests 1917, Appleton, New York.
97. Pylyshyn Z. What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin 1973, 80:1-24.
98. Reichle E.D., Carpenter P.A., Just M.A. The neural basis of strategy and skill in sentence-picture verification. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 40:261-295.
99. Richardson J.T.E. Reported mediators and individual differences in mental imagery. Memory & Cognition 1978, 6:376-378.
100. Richardson J.T.E. Howard Andrew Knox: Pioneer of intelligence testing at Ellis Island 2011, Columbia University Press, New York.
101. Rossi P. Logic and the art of memory: The quest for a universal language 2000, (S. Clucas trans.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
102. Rumelhart D.E. Some problems with the notion that words have literal meanings. Metaphor and thought 1979, 71-82. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Ortony (Ed.).
103. Sadoski M., Paivio A. Imagery and text: A dual coding theory of reading and writing 2013, Routledge, New York. 2nd ed.
104. Sadoski M., Willson V.L. Effects of a theoretically based large-scale reading intervention in a multicultural urban school district. American Educational Research Journal 2006, 43(137):154.
105. Schultheiss O.C., Strasser A. Referential processing and competence as determinants of congruence between implicit and explicit motives. Handbook of self-knowledge 2012, 39-62. Guilford, New York. S. Vazire, T.D. Wilson (Eds.).
106. Snow R.E., Kyllonen P.C., Marshalek B. The topography of ability and learning correlations. Advances in the psychology of human intelligence 1984, Vol. 2:47-103. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
107. Sternberg R.J. The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success. American Psychologist 1997, 52:1030-1037.
108. Strømnes F.J. The fall of the word and the rise of the mental model: A reinterpretation of the recent research on the use of language and spatial cognition 2006, Peter Lang, Frankfurt-am Main.
109. Thomas N.J.T. Experience and theory as determinants of attitudes toward mental representation: The case of Knight Dunlap and the vanishing images of J. B. Watson. American Journal of Psychology 1989, 102:395-412.
110. Thompson R.F., Madigan S.A. Memory: The key to consciousness 2007, Princeton University Press, NJ.
111. Thompson V., Paivio A. Memory for pictures and sounds: Independence of auditory and visual codes. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 1994, 48:380-398.
112. Thurstone L.L. Primary mental abilities 1938, Education Industry Service, Chicago.
113. Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory 1983, Oxford University Press, New York.
114. van den Bos K.P., Zijlstra B.J.H., Spelberg H.C. Life-span data on continuous-naming speeds of numbers, letters, colors, and pictured objects, and word-reading speed. Scientific Studies of Reading 2002, 6:25-49.
115. van der Maas H.L.J., Dolan C.V., Grasman R.P.P.P., Wicherts J.M., Huizenga H.M., Raijmakers M.E.J. A dynamical model of general intelligence: The positive manifold of intelligence by mutualism. Psychological Review 2006, 113:842-861.
116. Vernon P.E. The structure of human abilities 1961, Methuen, London. 2nd ed.
117. Vernon P.A. Speed of information processing and general intelligence. Intelligence 1983, 7:53-70.
118. Wallentin M., Østergaard S., Lund T.E., Østergaard L., Roepstorff A. Concrete spatial language: See what I mean?. Brain & Language 2005, 92:221-233.
119. Watson J.B. Behaviorism 1930, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
120. Wechsler D. Measurement of adult intelligence 1939, MD Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
121. Welcome S., Paivio A., McRae K., Joanisse M. A study of concreteness effects in imagery and associate generation: Evidence for the dual coding theory. Journal of Experimental Brain Research 2011, 212:347-358.
122. Weldon M.S., Roediger H.L. Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory and Cognition 1987, 15:269-280.
123. West W.C., O'Rourke T.B., Holcomb P.J. Event related brain potentials and language comprehension: A cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of intellectual functioning. Perspectives on fundamental processes in intellectual functioning 1998, 133-168. Ablex, Stamford, CT. S. Soraci, W.J. McIlvane (Eds.).
124. Wintermute S., Laird J.E. Imagery as compensation for an imperfect abstract problem representation. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2009, 1-6.
125. Woolley G. Reading comprehension: Assisting children with learning difficulties 2011, Springer, New York.
126. Yates The art of memory 1966, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
127. Psychological examining in the United States Army. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 1921, No. 15. R.M. Yerkes (Ed.).