Insights into Human Behavior from Lesions to the Prefrontal Cortex

Neuron

Volumn 83, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1002-1018

  Szczepanski, Sara M ^a   Knight, Robert T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT;

ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ATAXIC APHASIA; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN SURGERY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CREATIVITY; DECISION MAKING; DECLARATIVE MEMORY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; DIAGONAL BAND OF BROCA; EMOTIONALITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LEARNING DISORDER; MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MOTIVATION; MOTOR CONTROL; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROREHABILITATION; NONHUMAN; ORBITAL CORTEX; PLANNING; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PROBLEM SOLVING; PROSPECTIVE MEMORY; RECALL; REHABILITATION; REVIEW; ROSTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SOCIAL COGNITION; SOCIAL CONTROL; SPATIAL MEMORY; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VENTROLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; WISCONSIN CARD SORTING TEST; WORKING MEMORY; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COGNITION; INJURY; LANGUAGE; MENTAL DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ATTENTION; COGNITION; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LANGUAGE; MENTAL DISORDERS; NEUROIMAGING; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SPACE PERCEPTION;

EID: 84907996412     PISSN: 08966273     EISSN: 10974199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.011     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Alderman N., Ward A. Behavioural treatment of the dysexecutive syndrome: reduction of repetitive speech using response cost and cognitive overlearning. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 1991, 1:65-80.
2. Alexander M.P., Stuss D.T., Fansabedian N. California Verbal Learning Test: performance by patients with focal frontal and non-frontal lesions. Brain 2003, 126:1493-1503.
3. Amiez C., Joseph J.P., Procyk E. Reward encoding in the monkey anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2006, 16:1040-1055.
4. Amodio D.M., Frith C.D. Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:268-277.
5. Anderson S.W., Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:1032-1037.
6. Anderson S.W., Barrash J., Bechara A., Tranel D. Impairments of emotion and real-world complex behavior following childhood- or adult-onset damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. J.Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2006, 12:224-235.
7. Aron A.R., Fletcher P.C., Bullmore E.T., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W. Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:115-116.
8. Azuar C., Reyes P., Slachevsky A., Volle E., Kinkingnehun S., Kouneiher F., Bravo E., Dubois B., Koechlin E., Levy R. Testing the model of caudo-rostral organization of cognitive control in the human with frontal lesions. Neuroimage 2014, 84:1053-1060.
9. Badre D., D'Esposito M. Is the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobe hierarchical?. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:659-669.
10. Badre D., Hoffman J., Cooney J.W., D'Esposito M. Hierarchical cognitive control deficits following damage to the human frontal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:515-522.
11. Barbey A.K., Koenigs M., Grafman J. Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory. Cortex 2013, 49:1195-1205.
12. Barceló F., Knight R.T. Both random and perseverative errors underlie WCST deficits in prefrontal patients. Neuropsychologia 2002, 40:349-356.
13. Barceló F., Suwazono S., Knight R.T. Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:399-403.
14. Barrash J., Tranel D., Anderson S.W. Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal region. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2000, 18:355-381.
15. Bates E., Wilson S.M., Saygin A.P., Dick F., Sereno M.I., Knight R.T., Dronkers N.F. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:448-450.
16. Baxter M.G., Parker A., Lindner C.C., Izquierdo A.D., Murray E.A. Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex. J.Neurosci. 2000, 20:4311-4319.
17. Bechara A. The role of emotion in decision-making: evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain Cogn. 2004, 55:30-40.
18. Bechara A., Damasio A.R., Damasio H., Anderson S.W. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 1994, 50:7-15.
19. Beer J.S., Heerey E.A., Keltner D., Scabini D., Knight R.T. The regulatory function of self-conscious emotion: insights from patients with orbitofrontal damage. J.Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2003, 85:594-604.
20. Bianchi L. The functions of the frontal lobes. Brain 1895, 18:497-522.
21. Bidet-Caulet A., Buchanan K.G., Viswanath H., Black J., Scabini D., Bonnet-Brilhault F., Knight R.T. Impaired facilitatory mechanisms of auditory attention after damage of the lateral prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2014, Published online June 12, 2014. 10.1093/cercor/bhu131.
22. Bisiach E., Geminiani G., Berti A., Rusconi M.L. Perceptual and premotor factors of unilateral neglect. Neurology 1990, 40:1278-1281.
23. Blumer D., Benson D. Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions. Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease 1975, 151-170. Grune & Stratton, New York. D.F. Benson, D. Blumer (Eds.).
24. Borovsky A., Saygin A.P., Bates E., Dronkers N. Lesion correlates of conversational speech production deficits. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:2525-2533.
25. Botvinick M.M., Cohen J.D., Carter C.S. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2004, 8:539-546.
26. Broca P.P. Loss of speech, chronic softening and partial destruction of the anterior left lobe of the brain. Bulletin de la Société Anthropologique 1861, 2:235-238.
27. Buckley M.J., Mansouri F.A., Hoda H., Mahboubi M., Browning P.G., Kwok S.C., Phillips A., Tanaka K. Dissociable components of rule-guided behavior depend on distinct medial and prefrontal regions. Science 2009, 325:52-58.
28. Burgess P.W. Strategy application disorder: the role of the frontal lobes in human multitasking. Psychol. Res. 2000, 63:279-288.
29. Burgess P.W., Shallice T. The Hayling and Brixton Tests 1997, Thames Valley Test Company, Thurston, Suffolk.
30. Burgess P.W., Wu H. Rostral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10). Principles of Frontal Lobe Function 2013, 524-544. Oxford University Press, New York. D.T. Stuss, R.T. Knight (Eds.).
31. Burgess P.W., Veitch E., de Lacy Costello A., Shallice T. The cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of multitasking. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:848-863.
32. Burgess P.W., Simons J.S., Dumontheil I., Gilbert S.J. The gateway hypothesis of rostral PFC function. Measuring the Mind: Speed, Control and Age 2005, 215-246. Oxford University Press, Oxford. J. Duncan, L. Phillips, P. McLeod (Eds.).
33. Butter C.M., Snyder D.R., McDonald J.A. Effects of orbital frontal lesions on aversive and aggressive behaviors in rhesus monkeys. J.Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1970, 72:132-144.
34. Camille N., Tsuchida A., Fellows L.K. Double dissociation of stimulus-value and action-value learning in humans with orbitofrontal or anterior cingulate cortex damage. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:15048-15052.
35. Caplan D. Aphasic syndromes. Clinical Neuropsychology 2003, 14-34. Oxford University Press, New York. K.M. Heilman, E. Valenstein (Eds.).
36. Carter L.T., Howard B.E., O'Neil W.A. Effectiveness of cognitive skill remediation in acute stroke patients. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 1983, 37:320-326.
37. Catani M., Dell'acqua F., Vergani F., Malik F., Hodge H., Roy P., Valabregue R., Thiebaut de Schotten M. Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain. Cortex 2012, 48:273-291.
38. Chao L.L., Knight R.T. Contribution of human prefrontal cortex to delay performance. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 1998, 10:167-177.
39. Clark L., Manes F., Antoun N., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W. The contributions of lesion laterality and lesion volume to decision-making impairment following frontal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:1474-1483.
40. Clark L., Cools R., Robbins T.W. The neuropsychology of ventral prefrontal cortex: decision-making and reversal learning. Brain Cogn. 2004, 55:41-53.
41. Clark L., Bechara A., Damasio H., Aitken M.R., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W. Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain 2008, 131:1311-1322.
42. Cohen R.A., Kaplan R.F., Zuffante P., Moser D.J., Jenkins M.A., Salloway S., Wilkinson H. Alteration of intention and self-initiated action associated with bilateral anterior cingulotomy. J.Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1999, 11:444-453.
43. Cohen J.R., Berkman E.T., Lieberman M.D. Intentional and incidental self-control in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Principles of Frontal Lobe Function 2013, 417-440. Oxford University Press, New York. D.T. Stuss, R.T. Knight (Eds.).
44. Cooper J.C., Kreps T.A., Wiebe T., Pirkl T., Knutson B. When giving is good: ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation for others' intentions. Neuron 2010, 67:511-521.
45. Corbetta M., Kincade M.J., Lewis C., Snyder A.Z., Sapir A. Neural basis and recovery of spatial attention deficits in spatial neglect. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:1603-1610.
46. Courchesne E., Hillyard S.A., Galambos R. Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1975, 39:131-143.
47. Critchley H.D., Mathias C.J., Josephs O., O'Doherty J., Zanini S., Dewar B.K., Cipolotti L., Shallice T., Dolan R.J. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain 2003, 126:2139-2152.
48. Croft K.E., Duff M.C., Kovach C.K., Anderson S.W., Adolphs R., Tranel D. Detestable or marvelous? Neuroanatomical correlates of character judgments. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:1789-1801.
49. Cromer J.A., Roy J.E., Miller E.K. Representation of multiple, independent categories in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2010, 66:796-807.
50. Croxson P.L., Johansen-Berg H., Behrens T.E., Robson M.D., Pinsk M.A., Gross C.G., Richter W., Richter M.C., Kastner S., Rushworth M.F. Quantitative investigation of connections of the prefrontal cortex in the human and macaque using probabilistic diffusion tractography. J.Neurosci. 2005, 25:8854-8866.
51. D'Esposito M., Postle B.R. The dependence of span and delayed-response performance on prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 1999, 37:1303-1315.
52. D'Esposito M., Cooney J.W., Gazzaley A., Gibbs S.E., Postle B.R. Is the prefrontal cortex necessary for delay task performance? Evidence from lesion and FMRI data. J.Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2006, 12:248-260.
53. Daffner K.R., Ahern G.L., Weintraub S., Mesulam M.M. Dissociated neglect behavior following sequential strokes in the right hemisphere. Ann. Neurol. 1990, 28:97-101.
54. Daffner K.R., Mesulam M.M., Holcomb P.J., Calvo V., Acar D., Chabrerie A., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., Rentz D.M., Scinto L.F. Disruption of attention to novel events after frontal lobe injury in humans. J.Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2000, 68:18-24.
55. Daffner K.R., Mesulam M.M., Scinto L.F., Acar D., Calvo V., Faust R., Chabrerie A., Kennedy B., Holcomb P. The central role of the prefrontal cortex in directing attention to novel events. Brain 2000, 123:927-939.
56. Damasio A.R., Van Hoesen G.W. Emotional disturbances associated with focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe. Neuropsychology of Human Emotion 1983, 85-110. Guilford Press, New York. K.M. Heilman, P. Satz (Eds.).
57. Damasio H., Grabowski T., Frank R., Galaburda A.M., Damasio A.R. The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science 1994, 264:1102-1105.
58. de Souza L.C., Volle E., Bertoux M., Czernecki V., Funkiewiez A., Allali G., Leroy B., Sarazin M., Habert M.O., Dubois B., et al. Poor creativity in frontotemporal dementia: a window into the neural bases of the creative mind. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:3733-3742.
59. Degutis J.M., Van Vleet T.M. Tonic and phasic alertness training: a novel behavioral therapy to improve spatial and non-spatial attention in patients with hemispatial neglect. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2010, 4:60.
60. Devinsky O., Morrell M.J., Vogt B.A. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 1995, 118:279-306.
61. Dias R., Robbins T.W., Roberts A.C. Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 1996, 380:69-72.
62. Dias R., Robbins T.W., Roberts A.C. Primate analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: effects of excitotoxic lesions of the prefrontal cortex in the marmoset. Behav. Neurosci. 1996, 110:872-886.
63. Dick F., Bates E., Wulfeck B., Utman J.A., Dronkers N., Gernsbacher M.A. Language deficits, localization, and grammar: evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals. Psychol. Rev. 2001, 108:759-788.
64. Drai D., Grodzinsky Y. A new empirical angle on the variability debate: quantitative neurosyntactic analyses of a large data set from Broca's aphasia. Brain Lang. 2006, 96:117-128.
65. Dreher J.C., Koechlin E., Tierney M., Grafman J. Damage to the fronto-polar cortex is associated with impaired multitasking. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e3227.
66. Dronkers N.F. A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation. Nature 1996, 384:159-161.
67. Dronkers N.F., Shapiro J.K., Redfern B., Knight R.T. The role of Broca's area in Broca's aphasia. J.Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1992, 14:52-53.
68. Dronkers N.F., Wilkins D.P., Van Valin R.D., Redfern B.B., Jaeger J.J. Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition 2004, 92:145-177.
69. Dronkers N.F., Plaisant O., Iba-Zizen M.T., Cabanis E.A. Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong. Brain 2007, 130:1432-1441.
70. Duarte A., Ranganath C., Knight R.T. Effects of unilateral prefrontal lesions on familiarity, recollection, and source memory. J.Neurosci. 2005, 25:8333-8337.
71. Duarte A., Henson R.N., Knight R.T., Emery T., Graham K.S. Orbito-frontal cortex is necessary for temporal context memory. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 2010, 22:1819-1831.
72. Duncan J. Disorganisation of behaviour after frontal lobe damage. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 1986, 37:271-290.
73. Duncan J. An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2001, 2:820-829.
74. Duncan J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010, 14:172-179.
75. Duncan J., Burgess P., Emslie H. Fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 1995, 33:261-268.
76. Duncan J., Parr A., Woolgar A., Thompson R., Bright P., Cox S., Bishop S., Nimmo-Smith I. Goal neglect and Spearman's g: competing parts of a complex task. J.Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2008, 137:131-148.
77. Eslinger P.J., Damasio A.R. Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: patient EVR. Neurology 1985, 35:1731-1741.
78. Eslinger P.J., Grattan L.M. Altered serial position learning after frontal lobe lesion. Neuropsychologia 1994, 32:729-739.
79. Fellows L.K., Farah M.J. Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain 2003, 126:1830-1837.
80. Fellows L.K., Farah M.J. Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial and dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans. Cereb. Cortex 2005, 15:58-63.
81. Fellows L.K., Farah M.J. Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control?. Brain 2005, 128:788-796.
82. Ferrier D. The Functions of the Brain 1876, Smith, Elder, and Co., London.
83. Fiebach C.J., Schubotz R.I. Dynamic anticipatory processing of hierarchical sequential events: a common role for Broca's area and ventral premotor cortex across domains?. Cortex 2006, 42:499-502.
84. Floden D., Alexander M.P., Kubu C.S., Katz D., Stuss D.T. Impulsivity and risk-taking behavior in focal frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:213-223.
85. Franzen E.A., Myers R.E. Neural control of social behavior: prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex. Neuropsychologia 1973, 11:141-157.
86. Funahashi S., Bruce C.J., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J.Neurophysiol. 1989, 61:331-349.
87. Funahashi S., Bruce C.J., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dorsolateral prefrontal lesions and oculomotor delayed-response performance: evidence for mnemonic "scotomas". J.Neurosci. 1993, 13:1479-1497.
88. Funderud I., Lovstad M., Lindgren M., Endestad T., Due-Tonnessen P., Meling T.R., Knight R.T., Solbakk A.K. Preparatory attention after lesions to the lateral or orbital prefrontal cortex-an event-related potentials study. Brain Res. 2013, 1527:174-188.
89. Fuster J.M. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe 1989, Raven Press, New York.
90. Fuster J.M., Alexander G.E. Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science 1971, 173:652-654.
91. Gehring W.J., Knight R.T. Prefrontal-cingulate interactions in action monitoring. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:516-520.
92. Gershberg F.B., Shimamura A.P. Impaired use of organizational strategies in free recall following frontal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia 1995, 33:1305-1333.
93. Gilboa A., Alain C., Stuss D.T., Melo B., Miller S., Moscovitch M. Mechanisms of spontaneous confabulations: a strategic retrieval account. Brain 2006, 129:1399-1414.
94. Gläscher J., Adolphs R., Damasio H., Bechara A., Rudrauf D., Calamia M., Paul L.K., Tranel D. Lesion mapping of cognitive control and value-based decision making in the prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109:14681-14686.
95. Goel V., Grafman J. Are the frontal lobes implicated in "planning" functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia 1995, 33:623-642.
96. Goel V., Grafman J. Role of the right prefrontal cortex in ill-structured planning. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 2000, 17:415-436.
97. Grafman J. Plans, actions, and mental states: managerial knowledge units in the fontal lobes. Integrating Theory and Practice in Clinical Neurpsychology 1989, 93-138. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. E. Perecman (Ed.).
98. Hamani C., Mayberg H., Stone S., Laxton A., Haber S., Lozano A.M. The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 69:301-308.
99. Hamilton A.C., Martin R.C. Dissociations among tasks involving inhibition: a single-case study. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 5:1-13.
100. Harlow J.M. Passage of an iron rod throught the head. Boston Med. Surg. J. 1848, 39:389-393.
101. Harlow J.M. Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society (Boston) 1868, 2:327-346.
102. Hartikainen K.M., Knight R.T. Lateral and orbital prefrontal cortex contributions to attention. Detection of Change: Event-Related Potential and fMRI Findings 2003, 99-116. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA. J. Polich (Ed.).
103. Hebb D.O. Intelligence in man after large removals of cerebral tissue: report of four left frontal lobe cases. J.Gen. Psychol. 1939, 21:73-87.
104. Hodgson T., Chamberlain M., Parris B., James M., Gutowski N., Husain M., Kennard C. The role of the ventrolateral frontal cortex in inhibitory oculomotor control. Brain 2007, 130:1525-1537.
105. Holroyd C.B., Coles M.G. The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol. Rev. 2002, 109:679-709.
106. Holroyd C.B., Yeung N. Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2012, 16:122-128.
107. Hornak J., Bramham J., Rolls E.T., Morris R.G., O'Doherty J., Bullock P.R., Polkey C.E. Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain 2003, 126:1691-1712.
108. Hornak J., O'Doherty J., Bramham J., Rolls E.T., Morris R.G., Bullock P.R., Polkey C.E. Reward-related reversal learning after surgical excisions in orbito-frontal or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 2004, 16:463-478.
109. Husain M., Kennard C. Visual neglect associated with frontal lobe infarction. J.Neurol. 1996, 243:652-657.
110. Ilinsky I.A., Jouandet M.L., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Organization of the nigrothalamocortical system in the rhesus monkey. J.Comp. Neurol. 1985, 236:315-330.
111. Iversen S.D., Mishkin M. Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity. Exp. Brain Res. 1970, 11:376-386.
112. Izquierdo A., Suda R.K., Murray E.A. Bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex lesions in rhesus monkeys disrupt choices guided by both reward value and reward contingency. J.Neurosci. 2004, 24:7540-7548.
113. Jacobsen C.F. Functions of frontal association area in primates. Arch NeurPsych 1935, 33:558-569.
114. Jahanshahi M., Frith C.D. Willed action and its impairments. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 1998, 15:483-533.
115. Janowsky J.S., Shimamura A.P., Squire L.R. Source memory impairment in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 1989, 27:1043-1056.
116. Jetter W., Poser U., Freeman R.B., Markowitsch H.J. A verbal long term memory deficit in frontal lobe damaged patients. Cortex 1986, 22:229-242.
117. Kennerley S.W., Walton M.E., Behrens T.E., Buckley M.J., Rushworth M.F. Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:940-947.
118. Kishiyama M.M., Yonelinas A.P., Knight R.T. Novelty enhancements in memory are dependent on lateral prefrontal cortex. J.Neurosci. 2009, 29:8114-8118.
119. Knight R.T. Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1984, 59:9-20.
120. Knight R.T., Hillyard S.A., Woods D.L., Neville H.J. The effects of frontal cortex lesions on event-related potentials during auditory selective attention. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1981, 52:571-582.
121. Koechlin E., Hyafil A. Anterior prefrontal function and the limits of human decision-making. Science 2007, 318:594-598.
122. Koechlin E., Summerfield C. An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2007, 11:229-235.
123. Krämer U.M., Solbakk A.K., Funderud I., Løvstad M., Endestad T., Knight R.T. The role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in inhibitory motor control. Cortex 2013, 49:837-849.
124. Levine B., Schweizer T.A., O'Connor C., Turner G., Gillingham S., Stuss D.T., Manly T., Robertson I.H. Rehabilitation of executive functioning in patients with frontal lobe brain damage with goal management training. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2011, 5:9.
125. Lovstad M., Funderud I., Lindgren M., Endestad T., Due-Tonnessen P., Meling T., Voytek B., Knight R.T., Solbakk A.K. Contribution of subregions of human frontal cortex to novelty processing. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2012, 24:378-395.
126. Luria A.R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man 1966, Basic Books, New York.
127. Luria A.R., Naydin V.L., Tsvetkova L.S., Vinarskaya E.N. Restoration of higher cortical functions following local brain damage. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 1975, 368-433. Elsevier, New York. P.J. Vinken, G.W. Bruyn (Eds.).
128. Manes F., Sahakian B., Clark L., Rogers R., Antoun N., Aitken M., Robbins T. Decision-making processes following damage to the prefrontal cortex. Brain 2002, 125:624-639.
129. Mangels J.A. Strategic processing and memory for temporal order in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology 1997, 11:207-221.
130. Mangels J.A., Gershberg F.B., Shimamura A.P., Knight R.T. Impaired retrieval from remote memory in patients with frontal lobe damage. Neuropsychology 1996, 10:32-41.
131. Manly T., Hawkins K., Evans J., Woldt K., Robertson I.H. Rehabilitation of executive function: facilitation of effective goal management on complex tasks using periodic auditory alerts. Neuropsychologia 2002, 40:271-281.
132. Mattingley J.B., Husain M., Rorden C., Kennard C., Driver J. Motor role of human inferior parietal lobe revealed in unilateral neglect patients. Nature 1998, 392:179-182.
133. McDowell S., Whyte J., D'Esposito M. Differential effect of a dopaminergic agonist on prefrontal function in traumatic brain injury patients. Brain 1998, 121:1155-1164.
134. McNab F., Varrone A., Farde L., Jucaite A., Bystritsky P., Forssberg H., Klingberg T. Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training. Science 2009, 323:800-802.
135. Miller E.K., Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2001, 24:167-202.
136. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: the role of the frontal lobes. Arch. Neurol. 1963, 9:90-100.
137. Milner B., Corsi P., Leonard G. Frontal-lobe contribution to recency judgements. Neuropsychologia 1991, 29:601-618.
138. Moore T.L., Schettler S.P., Killiany R.J., Rosene D.L., Moss M.B. Effects on executive function following damage to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Behav. Neurosci. 2009, 123:231-241.
139. Nomura E.M., Gratton C., Visser R.M., Kayser A., Perez F., D'Esposito M. Double dissociation of two cognitive control networks in patients with focal brain lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:12017-12022.
140. Noonan M.P., Walton M.E., Behrens T.E., Sallet J., Buckley M.J., Rushworth M.F. Separate value comparison and learning mechanisms in macaque medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:20547-20552.
141. Norman D.A., Shallice T. Attention to action: willing and automatic control of behaviour. Consciousness and Self Regulation 1986, 1-18. Plenum Press, New York. R.J. Davidson, G.E. Schwartz, D. Shapiro (Eds.).
142. Novakovic-Agopian T., Chen A.J., Rome S., Abrams G., Castelli H., Rossi A., McKim R., Hills N., D'Esposito M. Rehabilitation of executive functioning with training in attention regulation applied to individually defined goals: a pilot study bridging theory, assessment, and treatment. J.Head Trauma Rehabil. 2011, 26:325-338.
143. Novick J.M., Trueswell J.C., Thompson-Schill S.L. Cognitive control and parsing: reexamining the role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 5:263-281.
144. O'Neil-Pirozzi T.M., Kendrick H., Goldstein R., Glenn M. Clinician influences on use of portable electronic memory devices in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Inj. 2004, 18:179-189.
145. Ochsner K.N., Beer J.S., Robertson E.R., Cooper J.C., Gabrieli J.D., Kihsltrom J.F., D'Esposito M. The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge. Neuroimage 2005, 28:797-814.
146. Olesen P.J., Westerberg H., Klingberg T. Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:75-79.
147. Owen A.M., Downes J.J., Sahakian B.J., Polkey C.E., Robbins T.W. Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1990, 28:1021-1034.
148. Papez J.W. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neur Psych 1937, 38:725-743.
149. Parker A., Wilding E., Akerman C. The Von Restorff effect in visual object recognition memory in humans and monkeys. The role of frontal/perirhinal interaction. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 1998, 10:691-703.
150. Parvizi J., Rangarajan V., Shirer W.R., Desai N., Greicius M.D. The will to persevere induced by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate gyrus. Neuron 2013, 80:1359-1367.
151. Passingham R.E. Memory of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with lesions in prefrontal cortex. Behav. Neurosci. 1985, 99:3-21.
152. Pears A., Parkinson J.A., Hopewell L., Everitt B.J., Roberts A.C. Lesions of the orbitofrontal but not medial prefrontal cortex disrupt conditioned reinforcement in primates. J.Neurosci. 2003, 23:11189-11201.
153. Petrides M. Impairments on nonspatial self-ordered and externally ordered working memory tasks after lesions of the mid-dorsal part of the lateral frontal cortex in the monkey. J.Neurosci. 1995, 15:359-375.
154. Petrides M., Milner B. Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1982, 20:249-262.
155. Petrides M., Pandya D.N. Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 16:291-310.
156. Petrie A. Personality and the Frontal Lobes 1952, Blakiston, New York.
157. Posner M.I., DiGirolamo G. Executive attention: conflict, target detection and cognitive control. The Attentive Brain 1998, 401-423. MIT Press, Cambridge. R. Parasuraman (Ed.).
158. Posner M.I., Petersen S.E., Fox P.T., Raichle M.E. Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science 1988, 240:1627-1631.
159. Ptak R., Schnider A. The dorsal attention network mediates orienting toward behaviorally relevant stimuli in spatial neglect. J.Neurosci. 2010, 30:12557-12565.
160. Riès S.K., Xie K., Haaland K.Y., Dronkers N.F., Knight R.T. Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in speech monitoring. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2013, 7:703.
161. Roberts N.A., Beer J.S., Werner K.H., Scabini D., Levens S.M., Knight R.T., Levenson R.W. The impact of orbital prefrontal cortex damage on emotional activation to unanticipated and anticipated acoustic startle stimuli. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2004, 4:307-316.
162. Roca M., Parr A., Thompson R., Woolgar A., Torralva T., Antoun N., Manes F., Duncan J. Executive function and fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions. Brain 2010, 133:234-247.
163. Roca M., Torralva T., Gleichgerrcht E., Woolgar A., Thompson R., Duncan J., Manes F. The role of Area 10 (BA10) in human multitasking and in social cognition: a lesion study. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:3525-3531.
164. Romanski L.M. Representation and integration of auditory and visual stimuli in the primate ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2007, 17(Suppl 1):i61-i69.
165. Rosen H.J., Petersen S.E., Linenweber M.R., Snyder A.Z., White D.A., Chapman L., Dromerick A.W., Fiez J.A., Corbetta M.D. Neural correlates of recovery from aphasia after damage to left inferior frontal cortex. Neurology 2000, 55:1883-1894.
166. Rudebeck P.H., Murray E.A. Dissociable effects of subtotal lesions within the macaque orbital prefrontal cortex on reward-guided behavior. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:10569-10578.
167. Rudebeck P.H., Behrens T.E., Kennerley S.W., Baxter M.G., Buckley M.J., Walton M.E., Rushworth M.F. Frontal cortex subregions play distinct roles in choices between actions and stimuli. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:13775-13785.
168. Rushworth M.F., Hadland K.A., Gaffan D., Passingham R.E. The effect of cingulate cortex lesions on task switching and working memory. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 2003, 15:338-353.
169. Schnider A., Ptak R. Spontaneous confabulators fail to suppress currently irrelevant memory traces. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:677-681.
170. Selemon L.D., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior. J.Neurosci. 1988, 8:4049-4068.
171. Shallice T. Specific impairments of planning. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1982, 298:199-209.
172. Shallice T., Burgess P.W. Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain 1991, 114:727-741.
173. Shallice T., Stuss D.T., Picton T.W., Alexander M.P., Gillingham S. Multiple effects of prefrontal lesions on task-switching. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2007, 1:2.
174. Shamay-Tsoory S.G., Aharon-Peretz J., Perry D. Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain 2009, 132:617-627.
175. Shamay-Tsoory S.G., Adler N., Aharon-Peretz J., Perry D., Mayseless N. The origins of originality: the neural bases of creative thinking and originality. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:178-185.
176. Shimamura A.P., Jurica P.J., Mangels J.A., Gershberg F.B., Knight R.T. Susceptibility to memory interference effects following frontal lobe damage: findings from tests of paired-associate learning. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 1995, 7:144-152.
177. Shiv B., Loewenstein G., Bechara A., Damasio H., Damasio A.R. Investment behavior and the negative side of emotion. Psychol. Sci. 2005, 16:435-439.
178. Simon H.A. The functional equivalence of problem solving skills. Cognit. Psychol. 1975, 7:268-288.
179. Sohlberg M.M., McLaughlin K.A., Pavese A., Heidrich A., Posner M.I. Evaluation of attention process training and brain injury education in persons with acquired brain injury. J.Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2000, 22:656-676.
180. Steele J.D., Lawrie S.M. Segregation of cognitive and emotional function in the prefrontal cortex: a stereotactic meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2004, 21:868-875.
181. Stone S.P., Patel P., Greenwood R.J., Halligan P.W. Measuring visual neglect in acute stroke and predicting its recovery: the visual neglect recovery index. J.Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1992, 55:431-436.
182. Stone V.E., Baron-Cohen S., Knight R.T. Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 1998, 10:640-656.
183. Stone J.J., Reynolds M.R., Leuthardt E.C. Transient hemispatial neglect after surgical resection of a right frontal lobe mass. World Neurosurg. 2011, 76:361. e367-e310.
184. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J.Exp. Psychol. 1935, 18:643-662.
185. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P. Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2007, 362:901-915.
186. Stuss D.T., Knight R.T. Principles of Frontal Lobe Function 2013, Oxford University Press, New York.
187. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P., Palumbo C.L., Buckle L., Sayer L., Pogue J. Organizational strategies with unilateral or bilateral frontal lobe injury in word learning tasks. Neuropsychology 1994, 8:355-373.
188. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P., Shallice T., Picton T.W., Binns M.A., Macdonald R., Borowiec A., Katz D.I. Multiple frontal systems controlling response speed. Neuropsychologia 2005, 43:396-417.
189. Tamir D.I., Mitchell J.P. Neural correlates of anchoring-and-adjustment during mentalizing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:10827-10832.
190. Teuber H.L., Battersby W.S., Bender M.B. Performance of complex visual tasks after cerebral lesions. J.Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1951, 114:413-429.
191. Thompson-Schill S.L., Swick D., Farah M.J., D'Esposito M., Kan I.P., Knight R.T. Verb generation in patients with focal frontal lesions: a neuropsychological test of neuroimaging findings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:15855-15860.
192. Thompson-Schill S.L., Jonides J., Marshuetz C., Smith E.E., D'Esposito M., Kan I.P., Knight R.T., Swick D. Effects of frontal lobe damage on interference effects in working memory. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2002, 2:109-120.
193. Toga A.W., Thompson P.M. Mapping brain asymmetry. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:37-48.
194. Tranel D. "Acquired sociopathy": the development of sociopathic behavior following focal brain damage. Progress in Experimental Personality and Psychopathology Research 1994, 285-311. Springer, New York. D.C. Fowles, P. Sutker, S.H. Goodman (Eds.).
195. Tsuchida A., Fellows L.K. Lesion evidence that two distinct regions within prefrontal cortex are critical for n-back performance in humans. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 2009, 21:2263-2275.
196. Tsuchida A., Fellows L.K. Are you upset? Distinct roles for orbitofrontal and lateral prefrontal cortex in detecting and distinguishing facial expressions of emotion. Cereb. Cortex 2012, 22:2904-2912.
197. Tsuchida A., Doll B.B., Fellows L.K. Beyond reversal: a critical role for human orbitofrontal cortex in flexible learning from probabilistic feedback. J.Neurosci. 2010, 30:16868-16875.
198. Turner M.S., Cipolotti L., Yousry T.A., Shallice T. Confabulation: damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system. Cortex 2008, 44:637-648.
199. Umeda S., Kurosaki Y., Terasawa Y., Kato M., Miyahara Y. Deficits in prospective memory following damage to the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:2178-2184.
200. Unterrainer J.M., Owen A.M. Planning and problem solving: from neuropsychology to functional neuroimaging. J.Physiol. Paris 2006, 99:308-317.
201. Uretzky S., Gilboa A. Knowing your lines but missing your cue: rostral prefrontal lesions impair prospective memory cue detection, but not action-intention superiority. J.Cogn. Neurosci. 2010, 22:2745-2757.
202. Vallar G. Extrapersonal visual unilateral spatial neglect and its neuroanatomy. Neuroimage 2001, 14:S52-S58.
203. Van Horn J.D., Irimia A., Torgerson C.M., Chambers M.C., Kikinis R., Toga A.W. Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e37454.
204. Vanier M., Caplan D. CT-scan correlates in agrammatism. Agrammatic Aphasia 1990, 97-114. Benjamins, Amsterdam. L. Menn, L.K. Obler (Eds.).
205. Verdon V., Schwartz S., Lovblad K.O., Hauert C.A., Vuilleumier P. Neuroanatomy of hemispatial neglect and its functional components: a study using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Brain 2010, 133:880-894.
206. Volle E., Gonen-Yaacovi G., Costello Ade L., Gilbert S.J., Burgess P.W. The role of rostral prefrontal cortex in prospective memory: a voxel-based lesion study. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:2185-2198.
207. Voytek B., Davis M., Yago E., Barceló F., Vogel E.K., Knight R.T. Dynamic neuroplasticity after human prefrontal cortex damage. Neuron 2010, 68:401-408.
208. Walker S.C., Robbins T.W., Roberts A.C. Response disengagement on a spatial self-ordered sequencing task: effects of regionally selective excitotoxic lesions and serotonin depletion within the prefrontal cortex. J.Neurosci. 2009, 29:6033-6041.
209. Wallis J.D. Cross-species studies of orbitofrontal cortex and value-based decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 2012, 15:13-19.
210. Walton M.E., Behrens T.E., Buckley M.J., Rudebeck P.H., Rushworth M.F. Separable learning systems in the macaque brain and the role of orbitofrontal cortex in contingent learning. Neuron 2010, 65:927-939.
211. Wang L., Yu C., Chen H., Qin W., He Y., Fan F., Zhang Y., Wang M., Li K., Zang Y., et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010, 133:1224-1238.
212. Warrington E.K., Weiskrantz L. The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 1974, 12:419-428.
213. Welsh M.C., Satterlee-Cartmell T., Stine M. Towers of Hanoi and London: contribution of working memory and inhibition to performance. Brain Cogn. 1999, 41:231-242.
214. Westerberg H., Jacobaeus H., Hirvikoski T., Clevberger P., Ostensson M.L., Bartfai A., Klingberg T. Computerized working memory training after stroke-a pilot study. Brain Inj. 2007, 21:21-29.
215. Wheeler E.Z., Fellows L.K. The human ventromedial frontal lobe is critical for learning from negative feedback. Brain 2008, 131:1323-1331.
216. Wilson C.R., Gaffan D., Browning P.G., Baxter M.G. Functional localization within the prefrontal cortex: missing the forest for the trees?. Trends Neurosci. 2010, 33:533-540.
217. Woodard J. Digital Atlas of Basic Neuropathology 2002, California Medical Publications, Temecula, CA.
218. Woods D.L., Knight R.T. Electrophysiologic evidence of increased distractibility after dorsolateral prefrontal lesions. Neurology 1986, 36:212-216.
219. Yamaguchi S., Knight R.T. Anterior and posterior association cortex contributions to the somatosensory P300. J.Neurosci. 1991, 11:2039-2054.
220. Zurif E.B., Caramazza A., Myerson R. Grammatical judgments of agrammatic aphasics. Neuropsychologia 1972, 10:405-417.