Completing the energy innovation cycle: The view from the public utility commission

Hastings Law Journal

Volumn 65, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1345-1392

  Monast, Jonas J ^a   Adair, Sarah K ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906861341     PISSN: 00178322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (252)

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2. See, e.g., A. D. Sagar & J. P. Holdren, Assessing the Global Energy Innovation System: Some Key Issues, 30 ENERGY POL'Y 465, 465-66 (2002);
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4. See generally PETER FOLGER, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., R42496, CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION AT THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (2013);
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8. A few authors have discussed the important role of state utility regulators. See generally KEN COSTELLO, NAT'L REG. RESEARCH INST., NEW TECHNOLOGIES: CHALLENGES FOR STATE UTILITY REGULATORS AND WHAT THEY SHOULD ASK (2012);
9. Scott Hempling, Joint Demonstration Projects: Options for Regulatory Treatment, 21 ELECTRICITY J. 30, 30 (2008).
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12. See Carin Hall, GE's Innovative Natural Gas Turbines See Global Popularity, ENERGY DIGITAL (Mar. 6, 2013), http://www.energydigital.com/oil-gas/ ges-innovative-natural-gas-turbines-see-globalpopularity;
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20. N. C. GEN. STAT. § 62-133.8 (e) (2009).
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25. These states include Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. See RGGI, Inc., REG'L GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE, http://www.rggi.org/rggi (last visited June 1, 2014).
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27. See Mary Nichols, California's Cap-and-Trade Program Has Learned From Europe, ENERGY BIZ (July 16, 2013), http://www.energybiz.com/article/13/07/ californias-cap-and-trade-program-haslearned-europe ("Because of the way our linkage process works, any future partners will have that same ability to build a program that keeps central focus on those reductions and their needs but built around a shared platform that tracks allowances and offsets.").
28. See Munn V. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113, 126 (1876) ("Property does become clothed with a public interest when used in a manner to make it of public consequence, and affect the community at large.
29. See William K. Jones, Origins of the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity: Developments in the States 1870-1920, 79 COLUM. L. REV. 426, 427 (1979).
30. See Bluefield Waterworks & Improvement Co. V. Pub. Serv. Comm'n of W. Va., 262 U. S. 679, 690 (1923) ("Rates which are not sufficient to yield a reasonable return on the value of the property used at the time it is being used to render the service are unjust, unreasonable, and confiscatory, and their enforcement deprives the public utility company of its property in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.").
31. PRESIDENT'S COMM. OF ADVISORS ON SCI. & TECH., EXEC. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, POWERFUL PARTNERSHIPS: THE FEDERAL ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON ENERGY INNOVATION 1-2 (1999) (defining the energy innovation process as "energy research, development, demonstration, and deployment").
32. ENVTL. PROT. AGENCY, Environmental Technology Opportunities Portal: Research and Development Continuum (July 12, 2012), http://epa.gov/ environmentaltechnology/continuum.html.
33. Kelly Sims Gallagher et al., The Energy Technology Innovation System, 37 ANN. REV. ENVTL. RESOURCES 137, 140 (2012).
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35. See, e.g., Sonia Yeh & Edward S. Rubin, A Centurial History of Technological Change and Learning Curves for Pulverized Coal-Fired Utility Boilers, 32 ENERGY 1996, 1996-97 (2007) (describing the role of learning-by-doing, research and development, and other factors on cost trends);
36. see also Paul L. Joskow & George A. Rozanski, The Effects of Learning by Doing on Nuclear Plant Operating Reliability, 61 REV. ECON. & STAT. 161, 161 (1979) (arguing that increases over time in capacity factors of nuclear power plants in the United States and around the world are attributable to learning-by-doing).
37. Keywan Riahi et al., Technological Learning for Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies, 26 ENERGY ECON. 539, 561 (2004).
38. David Popp, Innovation and Climate Policy, 2 ANN. REV. RESOURCE ECON. 275, 283 (2010).
39. See generally Hari M. Osofsky & Hannah J. Wiseman, Dynamic Energy Federalism, 72 MD. L. REV. 773 (2013).
40. See, e.g., Jim Rossi & Thomas Hutton, Federal Preemption and Clean Energy Floors, 91 N. C. L. REV. 1283 (2013);
41. Robin Kundis Craig, Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking), Federalism, and the Water-Energy Nexus, 49 IDAHO L. REV. 241 (2013);
42. David B. Spence, Federalism, Regulatory Lags, and the Political Economy of Energy Production, 161 U. PA. L. REV. 431, 460 (2013);
43. Daniel K. Lee & Timothy P. Duane, Putting the Dormant Commerce Clause Back to Sleep: Adapting the Doctrine to Support State Renewable Portfolio Standards, 43 ENVTL. L. 295 (2013);
44. Alexandra B. Klass & Elizabeth J. Wilson, Interstate Transmission Challenges for Renewable Energy: A Federalism Mismatch, 65 VAND. L. REV. 1801 (2012).
45. See, e.g., Symposium, Transcript of the Federalist Society's 2012 National Lawyers Convention: Environmental Law Federalism, and the Energy Revolution: Can State and Federal Regulators Adapt to Innovations?, 14 VT. J. ENVTL. L. 575 (2013).
46. See generally Joel B. Eisen, Smart Regulation and Federalism for the Smart Grid, 37 HARV. ENVTL. L. REV. 1 (2013);
47. See generally Jonas J. Monast et al., A Cooperative Federalism Framework for CCS Regulation, 7 ENVTL. & ENERGY L. & POL'Y J. 1 (2012).
48. See Jody Freeman, Network Federalism (Nov. 18, 2013) (unpublished manuscript), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id= 2356380 ("The network analogy best captures three features of how certain contemporary governance systems actually work: authority is divided among different levels of government, dispersed across institutions at the same level of government, and shared among both public and private actors.").
49. See, e.g., Science and Innovation, U. S. DEP'T ENERGY, http://energy.gov/science-innovation (last visited June 1, 2014).
50. See NERC Interconnections, NAT'L ELEC. RELIABILITY COUNCIL, http://www.nerc.com/AboutNERC/keyplayers/Documents/NERC-Interconnections-Color- 072512.jpg (last visited June 1, 2014).
51. See Electric Power Markets: National Overview, FED. ENERGY REG. COMM'N (Feb. 4, 2014), http://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/mkt-electric/overview.asp.
52. 16 U. S. C. § 824a-3 (2012).
53. Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Identification and Listing of Special Wastes; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals from Electric Utilities, 75 Fed. Reg. 35, 128 (June 21, 2010)
54. (to be codified at 40 C. F. R. pts. 257, 261, 264, 265, 268, 271, 302).
55. Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for New Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units, 77 Fed. Reg. 22, 392 (Apr. 13, 2012)
56. (to be codified at 40 C. F. R. pt. 60).
57. See, e.g., America Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, H. R. 2454, 111th Cong. (2009);
58. America's Climate Security Act of 2007, S. 2191, 110th Cong. (2007).
59. See, e.g., American Renewable Energy and Efficiency Act, H. R. 5967, 112th Cong. § 2 (a) (2012).
60. See, e.g., S. 1567, 110th Cong. § 1 (a) (2007) (establishing preference in allocating funds under the program to "state programs to stimulate or enhance innovative renewable energy technologies").
61. Gary D. Allison, Judging the Prudence of Constructing Nuclear Power Plants: A Report to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission, 15 TULSA L. J. 262, 264 (1979) (observing that PUCs can influence nuclear power plant development through their authority to protect consumers from bearing the cost of imprudent investments).
62. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., U. S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, DIRECT FEDERAL FINANCIAL INTERVENTIONS AND SUBSIDIES IN ENERGY IN FISCAL YEAR 2010, at 33 (2011).
63. See Carbon Capture R&D, U. S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, http://energy.gov/fe/ scienceinnovation/carbon-capture-and-storage-research/carbon-capture-rd (last visited June 1, 2014).
64. See SunShot Initiative High Penetration Solar Portal: Power Electronics, U. S. DEP'T ENERGY, https://solarhighpen. energy.gov/topics/system-technologies/ power-electronics (last visited June 1, 2014).
65. See Offshore Wind Research and Development, U. S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, http://energy.gov/eere/wind/offshore-wind-research-and-development (last visited June 1, 2014)
66. [hereinafter U. S. DOE, Offshore Wind].
67. See Carbon Capture R&D, supra note 58 (stating the program goal of achieving costs below $40 per ton for second generation technology and below $10 per ton for transformational technology);
68. SunShot Initiative, supra note 59 (describing the goal to make solar cost-competitive by the end of the decade);
69. Offshore Wind, supra note 60 (describing the program's goal to "overcome key barriers to wind development, including the relatively high cost of energy").
70. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy: About, U. S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, http://arpae.energy.gov/?q=arpa-e-site-page/about (last visited June 1, 2014).
71. Loan Programs Office: Our Mission, U. S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, http://lpo.energy.gov/about/ourmission (last visited June 1, 2014).
72. See, e.g., Raymond Jackson, Regulation and Electric Utility Rate Levels, 45 LAND ECON. 372, 373 (1969).
73. See, e.g., KARL MCDERMOTT, EDISON ELEC. INST., COST OF SERVICE REGULATION IN THE INVESTOR-OWNED ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY: A HISTORY OF ADAPTATION (June 2012).
74. See, e.g., Jackson, supra note 66; see also Denver Union Stock Yard Co. V. United States, 304 U. S. 470, 475 (1938) (defining the fair value of utility assets for ratemaking purposes as based on whether the assets are used and useful);
75. Missouri ex rel. Sw. Bell Tel. Co. V. Pub. Serv. Comm'n of Mo., 262 U. S. 276, 289 n. 1 (1923) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) (explaining the prudence standard excludes from rate base dishonest or obviously wasteful or imprudent expenditures).
76. See Bluefield Water Works & Improvement Co. V. Pub. Serv. Comm'n of W. Va., 262 U. S. 679, 690 (1923).
77. Paul L. Joskow, Restructuring, Competition and Regulatory Reform in the U. S. Electricity Sector, 11 J. ECON. PERSP. 119, 121 (1997).
78. Richard D. Gary & Edgar M. Roach, Jr., The Proper Regulatory Treatment of Investment in Cancelled Utility Plants, 13 HOFSTRA L. REV. 469, 470-71 (1985)
79. (citing W. Ohio Gas Co. V. Pub. Util. Comm'n, 294 U. S. 63, 72 (1935)).
80. Peter Fox-Penner & Heidi Bishop, Mission, Structure, and Governance in Future Electric Markets: Some Observations, 89 OR. L. REV. 1107, 1108 (2011).
81. see also PUB. SERV. COMM'N OF MD., ORDER NO. 83410, CASE NO. 9208, BALT. GAS & ELEC. CO. (June 21, 2010) (order).
82. See, e.g., MASS. DEP'T PUB. UTIL., D. P. U. 10-54, 48-51, MASS. ELEC. CO. & NANTUCKET ELEC. CO. (Nov. 22, 2010) (petition) ("The evidence demonstrates that a project like Cape Wind would face difficulty attracting financing without a predictable source of revenues with a creditworthy entity⋯. [T]he [power purchase agreement] will help overcome obstacles to Cape Wind obtaining financing.").
83. See, e.g., Long Term Contracting Standard for Renewable Energy, R. I. GEN. LAWS § 39-26.1 (2006);
84. An Act To Implement the Recommendations of the Governor's Ocean Energy Task Force, ME. PUB. L. ch. 615 (2010);
85. Green Communities Act, 2008 Mass. Legis. Serv. ch. 169, § 83 (West);
86. 220 MASS. CODE REGS. §§ 17.03 (1) - (2) (2008).
87. See, e.g., R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4111, REVIEW OF PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT (Apr. 2, 2010) (report and order);
88. MASS. DEP'T PUB. UTIL., D. P. U. 10-54, 48-51, MASS. ELEC. CO. & NANTUCKET ELEC. CO. (Nov. 22, 2010).
89. See generally Ambuj Sagar & Kelly Sims Gallagher, Energy Technology Demonstration & Deployment (Belfer Ctr. for Sci. & Int'l Affairs, 2004), available at http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/2596/energy- technology-demonstration-and-deployment.html.
90. See id.; see also Paul Harborne & Chris Hendry, Pathways to Commercial Wind Power in the US, Europe and Japan: The Role of Demonstration Projects and Field Trials in the Innovation Process, 37 ENERGY POL'Y 3580, 3580 (2009) (describing how demonstration and field trials provided feedback to basic research and development that helped Danish firms capture the market for wind turbines which had been dominated by U. S. firms in the early 1980s).
91. Stephen R. Lefevre, Using Demonstration Projects to Advance Innovation in Energy, 44 PUB. ADMIN. REV. 483, 487 (1984).
92. See Bluefield Water Works & Improvement Co. V. Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 262 U. S. 679, 683 (1923).
93. See Ford P. Hall, Certificates of Convenience and Necessity, 28 MICH. L. REV. 107, 108 (1929) ("Statutes of this kind have several purposes, but that most emphasized by courts and commissions is the purpose of protecting the consuming public.").
94. See generally Shimon Awerbuch, Portfolio-Based Electricity Generation Planning: Policy Implication for Renewables and Energy Security, 11 MITIGATION & ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE 693 (2006) ("[L]east-cost planning has provided the basis for electricity generation capacity expansion. ");
95. see also KY. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 2009-00545, KY. POWER CO., at 5 (June 28, 2010) ("The Commission has long recognized that 'least cost' is one of the fundamental principles used when setting rates that are fair, just, and reasonable.");
96. MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC., at 7 (Aug. 30, 2007) (order resolving procedural issues) (noting the administrative law judge finding that the proposed integrated gasification combined cycle ("IGCC") project is not a least cost resource and the Commission's opinion that the cost is unreasonable).
97. See, e.g., Daniel Cusick, Southern Co. Vows to Continue Miss. 'Clean Coal' Plant Despite Mounting Losses, E&E PUBL'G, LLC (Aug. 1, 2013), http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/stories/1059985429.
98. See generally MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC. (Aug. 30, 2007).
99. Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2013, U. S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Jan. 2013), http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/ electricity-generation.pdf.
100. See generally MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N.
101. See, e.g., VA. STATE CORP. COMM'N, CASE NO. PUC-2007-00068, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 5-6 (Apr. 14, 2008) (final order) (likening project approval to allowing ratepayers to write a blank check);
102. see also MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC., at 15 (Aug. 30, 2007).
103. Update: Duke's Edwardsport IGCC Plant Operating Intermittently, POWER ENGINEERING (Aug. 2, 2013), http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2013/08/dukes- edwardsport-igcc-plant-operatingintermittently.html.
104. See, e.g., MISS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2009-UA-014, MISS. POWER CO., at 4 (Apr. 24, 2012) (final order on remand);
105. see also COLO. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DECISION NO. C09-0472, DOCKET NO. 09A-15E, PUB. SERV. CO. OF COLO., at 6 (Apr. 27, 2009) (final order) (noting that commission staff opposed the project, reasoning that it constituted research and development that is properly funded by shareholders, and ratepayers should not be responsible for the project's financial and operational risk).
106. See, e.g., VA. STATE CORP. COMM'N, CASE NO. PUE-2009-00030, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 20-21 (July 15, 2009) (final order);
107. MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC., at 17 (Aug. 30, 2007).
108. ICF INT'L, INVESTMENT DECISIONS FOR BASELOAD POWER PLANTS I-12 (Jan. 29, 2010), http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/investmtdecsnsbsldpp4.pdf.
109. Missouri ex rel. Sw. Bell Tel. Co. V. Pub. Serv. Comm'n of Mo., 262 U. S. 276, 276 n. 1 (1923) (explaining that the prudence standard excludes from rate base dishonest or obviously wasteful or imprudent expenditures).
110. See ICF INT'L, supra note 99.
111. See, e.g., MISS. CODE ANN. § 77-3-101 (2013);
112. see also FLA. STAT. § 366.93 (2013).
113. IND. UTIL. REG. COMM'N, CAUSE NO. 43114, DUKE ENERGY IND., INC., at 51 (Nov. 20, 2007) (final order).
114. See PUB. SERV. COMM'N OF MD., ORDER NO. 83410, CASE NO. 9208, BALT. GAS & ELEC. CO., at 7-8 (June 21, 2010) ("[W]e conclude that BGE ratepayers should not exclusively shoulder the burden in the event that costs associated with the Proposal are greater than expected, or that anticipated benefits do not materialize.");
115. MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC., at 19 (Aug. 30, 2007).
116. MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N at 19.
117. See NAT'L REGULATORY RESEARCH INST., REGULATORY PRACTICES AND INNOVATIVE GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES: PROBLEMS AND NEW RATE-MAKING APPROACHES 64 (1994).
118. See, e.g., AEP Places Carbon Capture Commercialization On Hold, Citing Uncertain Status Of Climate Policy, Weak Economy, AM. ELEC. POWER (July 14, 2011), http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/Default.aspx?id=17042 (quoting Chairman and CEO Michael G. Morris's statement that, "as a regulated utility it is impossible to gain regulatory approval to recover our share of the costs⋯ without federal requirements⋯ already in place");
119. Glenn Adams, Maine Offshore Wind Project Gets Key Approval, ASSOCIATED PRESS (Jan. 24, 2013), http://bigstory.ap.org/article/maine-offshore-wind- project-gets-key-approval ("The PUC vote was the biggest hurdle the Hywind Maine project faced.").
120. See, e.g., KY. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 2009-00545, KY. POWER CO., at 8 (June 28, 2010) (denying Kentucky Power Company's proposal to enter into a long-term power purchase agreement for wind energy);
121. OHIO PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, CASE NOS. 10-501-EL-FOR, 10-502-EL-FOR, OHIO POWER CO., at 25-28 (Jan. 9, 2013) (opinion & order) (denying AEP-Ohio's proposal to build an approximately fifty megawatt ("MW") solar energy farm).
122. See generally IND. UTIL. REG. COMM'N, CAUSE NO. 43114, DUKE ENERGY IND., INC. (Nov. 20, 2007);
123. MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC. (Aug. 30, 2007);
124. MISS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2009-UA-014, MISS. POWER CO. (Apr. 24, 2012);
125. W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 06-0033-E-CN, APPALACHIAN POWER CO. (Mar. 6, 2008) (order);
126. VA. STATE CORP. COMM'N, CASE NO. PUC-2007-00068, APPALACHIAN POWER CO. (Apr. 14, 2008).
127. See generally VA. STATE CORP. COMM'N, CASE NO. PUE-2009-00030, APPALACHIAN POWER CO. (July 15, 2009);
128. W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 10-0699-E-42T, APPALACHIAN POWER CO. (Mar. 30, 2011) (order on the application for a rate increase).
129. ME. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2010-00235, ORDER APPROVING TERM SHEET (Feb. 26, 2013);
130. MASS. DEP'T PUB. UTIL., D. P. U. 10-54, 48-51, MASS. ELEC. CO. & NANTUCKET ELEC. CO. (Nov. 22, 2010);
131. R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4111, REVIEW OF PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT (Apr. 2, 2010).
132. WIS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 4220-CE-169, NORTHERN STATE POWER CO.-WIS. (Dec. 22, 2009) (final decision).
133. UTAH PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 11-035-140, ROCKY MOUNTAIN POWER (Nov. 22, 2011) (report & order).
134. COLO. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DECISION NO. C09-0472, DOCKET NO. 09A-15E, PUB. SERV. CO. OF COLO. (Apr. 27, 2009).
135. COLO. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DECISION NO. C12-0026, DOCKET NO. 11A-713E, PUB. SERV. CO. OF COLO. (Jan. 11, 2012) (decision granting application for rehearing, reargument, and reconsideration).
136. CAL. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. AL-3690-E/NB2, RESOLUTION E-4380, PAC. GAS & ELEC. CO. (Dec. 16, 2010).
137. CAL. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. AL-3181-E, RESOLUTION E-4196, PAC. GAS & ELEC. CO. (Oct. 16, 2008).
138. See, e.g., W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 06-0033-E-CN, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 70 (Mar. 6, 2008);
139. IND. UTIL. REG. COMM'N, CAUSE NO. 43114, DUKE ENERGY IND., INC., at 42-43 (Nov. 20, 2007).
140. See ICF INT'L, supra note 99, at I-3.
141. Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System Proposed Rule, 75 Fed. Reg. 35128 (June 21, 2010)
142. (to be codified at scattered parts of 40 C. F. R.).
143. W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 06-0033-E-CN, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 72 (Mar. 6, 2008).
144. Patrick Bean & David Hoppock, Least-Risk Planning for Electric Utilities (Nicholas Inst. for Envtl. Pol'y Solutions, Working Paper No. 13-05.).
145. See generally MISS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2009-UA-014, MISS. POWER CO. (Apr. 24, 2012).
146. See, e.g., ME. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2010-00235, ORDER APPROVING TERM SHEET, at 14 (Feb. 26, 2013) ("[T]here is an unquantifiable, but nevertheless important, economic value associated with establishing Maine on the forefront of offshore wind development. This Project is the kind of investment contemplated by the Ocean Energy Act as the foundation for building a strong offshore wind industry in Maine.").
147. See generally MISS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2009-UA-014, MISS. POWER CO. (Apr. 24, 2012).
148. See generally IND. UTIL. REG. COMM'N, CAUSE NO. 43114, DUKE ENERGY IND., INC. (Nov. 20, 2007);
149. see also W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 06-0033-E-CN, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 2, 70 (Mar. 6, 2008).
150. See, e.g., R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4111, REVIEW OF PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT, at 78 (Apr. 2, 2010).
151. See generally IND. UTIL. REG. COMM'N, CAUSE NO. 43114; SEE ALSO W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 06-0033-E-CN, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 2, 70 (Mar. 6, 2008).
152. VA. STATE CORP. COMM'N, CASE NO. PUC-2007-00068, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 8 (Apr. 14, 2008).
153. MISS. CODE ANN. § 77-3-101 (2013).
154. See generally MISS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2009-UA-014, MISS. POWER CO. (Apr. 24, 2012).
155. See generally Mary Ann Christopher & Tom Mullooly, Early Offshore Wind PPAs Have Influential Supporters, N. AM. WIND POWER, Oct. 2010;
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157. See, e.g., MINN. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. E-6472/M-05-1993, EXCELSIOR ENERGY, INC. (Aug. 30, 2007);
158. R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4111, REVIEW OF PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT (Apr. 2, 2010).
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177. (citing W. VA. CODE § 24-1-1 (2008)).
178. VA. STATE CORP. COMM'N, CASE NO. PUC-2007-00068, APPALACHIAN POWER CO., at 2-3 (Apr. 14, 2008).
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197. MISS. CODE ANN. § 77-3-101 (2008).
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207. See R. I. GEN. LAWS § 39-26.1-7 (c) (iv) (2010) (emphasis added);
208. see also In re Review of Proposed Town of New Shoreham Project, 25 A.3d 482, 496 (R. I. 2011).
209. R. I. GEN. LAWS §§ 39-26.1-7 (a) - (b), (e).
210. See generally R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4185, PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT PURSUANT TO R. I. GEN. LAWS § 39-26.1-7 (Aug. 16, 2010).
211. R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4111, REVIEW OF PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT, at 68 (Apr. 2, 2010).
212. R. I. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 4185, PROPOSED TOWN OF NEW SHOREHAM PROJECT PURSUANT TO R. I. GEN. LAWS § 39-26.1-7, at 129 (Aug. 16, 2010).
213. See R. I. GEN. LAWS § 39-26.1-7 (c) (iv) (2010) (emphasis added);
214. see also In re: Review of Proposed Town of New Shoreham Project, 25 A.3d 482, 496 (R. I. 2011).
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224. See ME. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2010-00235, ORDER APPROVING TERM SHEET, at 10-11 (Feb. 26, 2013).
225. See generally IND. UTIL. REG. COMM'N, CAUSE NO. 43114, DUKE ENERGY IND., INC. (Nov. 20, 2007);
226. W. VA. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE NO. 06-0033-E-CN, APPALACHIAN POWER CO. (Mar. 6, 2008).
227. MISS. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, DOCKET NO. 2009-UA-14, MISS. POWER CO. (Apr. 29, 2010).
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