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Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-56

Smart regulation and federalism for the smart grid

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; FEDERAL SYSTEM; LEGISLATION; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; STANDARD (REGULATION);

EID: 84896692803     PISSN: 01478257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (231)
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    • MASS. INST. OF TECH., Section 1301 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 defines the Smart Grid in over ten different objectives that make up a broad collection of ambitious goals. See 42 U.S.C.A. § 17381 West 2012
    • MASS. INST. OF TECH., THE FUTURE OF THE ELECTRIC GRID 20 (2011). Section 1301 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 defines the Smart Grid in over ten different objectives that make up a broad collection of ambitious goals. See 42 U.S.C.A. § 17381 (West 2012).
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    • Smart Grid Initiatives and Technologies: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on Energy and Natural Resources, 111th Cong. (2009) (statement of Suedeen Kelly, Commissioner, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission), available at http://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings-and-business-meetings?ID= aa1ce631-aae4-f0e3-0756-d667268c8551 ("Digital technologies have transformed other industries such as telecommunications. A similar change has not yet happened for the electric grid.")
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    • The traditional electricity infrastructure has changed little from the original design and form of the electric grid as envisioned by Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse at the end of the 19th century
    • NAT'L SCI and TECH. COUNCIL
    • NAT'L SCI. AND TECH. COUNCIL, A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR THE 21ST CENTURY GRID: ENABLING OUR SECURE ENERGY FUTURE v (2011) ("[T]he traditional electricity infrastructure has changed little from the original design and form of the electric grid as envisioned by Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse at the end of the 19th century.").
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    • See generally Joseph P. Tomain, "Steel in the Ground": Greening the Grid with the iUtility,39 ENVTL. L. 931 (2009)
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    • Can urban solar become a "disruptive" Technology?: The Case for Solar Utilities
    • Joel B. Eisen, Can Urban Solar Become a "Disruptive" Technology?: The Case for Solar Utilities, 24 NOTRE DAME J.L. ETHICS & PUB. POL'Y 53, 58-60 (2010)
    • (2010) 24 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y , vol.53 , Issue.58-60
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    • 29244458515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • Tim Wu, Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination, 2 J. ON TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 141, 145 (2003) (referring to technology and business model innovations that deliver new value to consumers as "a system of belief about innovation, one that has gained significant popularity over [the] last two decades," which Wu terms the "evolutionary model.").
    • (2003) J. on Telecomm. & High Tech. L. , vol.2 , pp. 141-145
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    • 84896744432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fed. Energy regulatory comm'n, technical conference on smart grid interoperability standards, opening remarks by george Arnold
    • Jan. 31
    • Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n, Technical Conference on Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Opening Remarks by George Arnold, NIST (Jan. 31, 2011), at 4 [hereinafter Opening Remarks to FERC Technical Conference 2011], available at http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/technical-conference-013111. pdf
    • (2011) NIST
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    • 84896764323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n (Jan. 31)
    • see also generally Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n, Technical Conference Smart Grid Interoperability Standard Transcript Document No. RM11-2-000 (Jan. 31, 2011) [hereinafter FERC Technical Conference 2011] (containing additional supporting statements by industry participants) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2011) Technical Conference Smart Grid Interoperability Standard Transcript Document No. RM11-2-000
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    • 77951602209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher standards regulation in the network age, 23
    • Kevin Werbach, Higher Standards Regulation in the Network Age, 23 HARV. J. L. & TECH. 179, 179 (2009).
    • (2009) Harv. J. L. & Tech. , vol.179 , pp. 179
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    • 84896742054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FERC smart grid interoperability standards
    • FERC, Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, RM11-2-000, 136 FERC ¶ 61,039 (July 19, 2011) [hereinafter FERC Standards Order].
    • (2011) RM11-2-000, 136 FERC ¶ 61, 039 (July 19)
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    • 70049111786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Super wicked problems and climate change: Restraining the present to liberate the future 94
    • See generally Richard J. Lazarus, Super Wicked Problems and Climate Change: Restraining the Present to Liberate the Future, 94 CORNELL L. REV. 1153 (2009), for a discussion of the literature on "wicked" problems and its application to multifaceted challenges such as this.
    • (2009) Cornell L. Rev. , vol.1153
    • Lazarus, R.J.1
  • 19
    • 84896780273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A123 SYSTEMS, ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS IN EMERGING SMART GRID APPLICATIONS (2009), available at http://sdm.mit.edu/conf09/presentations/harvey-wilkinson. pdf. This observation reflects the ease with which so many analogize the Internet's norms and practices to the Smart Grid. The two networks involve similar policy challenges, but the Smart Grid will be different in fundamental ways. For one, the Smart Grid involves revamping an existing network that features extensive commercial use and legalized monopolies. Where analogies prove useful, this Article will employ them, but caution about doing so reflexively is in order.
    • (2009) A123 SYSTEMS ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS in EMERGING SMART GRID APPLICATIONS
  • 20
    • 84896764213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB. Chapters 1-3 [hereinafter LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 1-3] (on file with the Harvard Law School Library)
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB., Chapters 1-3, in SMART GRID TECHNICAL ADVISORY PROJECT, AN INTRODUCTION -SMART GRID 101 1 (2011) [hereinafter LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 1-3] (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2011) Smart Grid Technical Advisory Project, An Introduction -smart Grid , vol.101 , Issue.1
  • 21
    • 84896777893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributech utility university: Smart Grid in North America -progress in developing standards
    • Jan. 23
    • Geoff Zeiss, Distributech Utility University: Smart Grid in North America -Progress in Developing Standards, BETWEEN THE POLES (Jan. 23, 2012), http://geospatial.blogs.com/geospatial/2012/01/distributech-utility-university- smart-grid-in-north-america-and-the-importance-ofstandards. html.
    • (2012) Between the Poles
    • Zeiss, G.1
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    • 84896790042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dep'T Of Energy Smart Grid System Report U.S.
    • U.S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, SMART GRID SYSTEM REPORT (2009), available at http://energy. gov/sites/prod/files/2009%20Smart%20Grid%20System%20Report.pdf.
    • (2009)
  • 23
    • 13044286650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17381 (West)
    • See 42 U.S.C.A. § 17381 (West 2012).
    • (2012) U.S.C.A. , vol.42
  • 25
    • 84896785894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FERC, Smart Grid Policy, 128 F.E.R.C. 61,060 (July 16, 2009) [hereinafter FERC Smart Grid Policy]. For a major state policy framework, see N.Y. PUB. SERV. COMM'N, CASE 10-E-0285, SMART GRID POLICY STATEMENT (2011), available at http://nyssmartgrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/NYPSC-Smart-Grid-Policy- Statement.pdf.
    • (2011) N.Y. Pub. Serv. Comm'n, Case 10-e-0285, Smart Grid Policy Statement
  • 28
    • 0004189523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (last visited Jan. 23)
    • See Leiner et al., Brief History of the Internet, INTERNET SOC'Y, http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/internet-51/history-internet/ brief-history-internet (last visited Jan. 23, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013) Brief History of the Internet INTERNET SOC'Y
    • Leiner1
  • 29
    • 84896785029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learn More About Smart Grid SMART GRID INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE (last visited Jan. 22)
    • Learn More about Smart Grid, SMART GRID INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE, http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/LearnMore (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) ("Much in the way that a 'smart' phone these days means a phone with a computer in it, smart grid means 'computerizing' the electric utility grid.").
    • (2013)
  • 31
    • 84896762420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOVA: Smart Grid, Feb. 23
    • NOVA: Smart Grid, (PBS television broadcast Feb. 23, 2011), transcript available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/power-grid.html.
    • (2011) PBS Television Broadcast
  • 32
    • 84896784199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the front lines of the power grid
    • Oct. 25
    • The difficult duties of system operators are described in Matthew L. Wald, On the Front Lines of the Power Grid, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 25, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/business/energy-environment/ behind-the-power-grid-humans-with-high-stakes-jobs.html?pagewanted= all&-r=0.
    • (2011) N.Y. Times
    • Wald, M.L.1
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    • 84896762358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central host computer.
    • NAT'L COMMC'N SYS, and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals
    • NAT'L COMMC'N SYS., TECHNICAL INFORMATION BULLETIN 04-1, SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEMS 4 (2004), available at http://www.ncs.gov/library/tech-bulletins/2004/tib-04-1.pdf ("SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central host computer and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals.").
    • (2004) Technical Information Bulletin 04-11, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (Scada) Systems , vol.4
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    • 84896774238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we ready to transition to a smart grid
    • Mar.
    • Are We Ready to Transition to a Smart Grid?, IEEE POWER & ENERGY, Mar. 2009, at 12 ("In most cases, the information in each organizational 'silo' is not easily accessible to applications and users in other functional units.");
    • (2009) IEEE Power & Energy
  • 35
    • 84896777266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NIST to FERC. GEORGE W. ARNOLD
    • Id. at 15. A common standard is the IEC 60870-5 series, which, in its upgraded "6" version, was also one of first five families of Smart Grid standards submitted by NIST to FERC. GEORGE W. ARNOLD, SMART GRID STANDARDS READY FOR CONSIDERATION BY REGULATORS 2 (2010), available at http://www.ferc.gov/EventCalendar/Files/20101119155511-Arnold, %20NIST.pdf.
    • (2010) Smart Grid Standards Ready For Consideration By Regulators , vol.2
  • 37
    • 84896766594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apr. 1
    • N.Y. TIMES GREEN BLOG (Apr. 1, 2010), http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/ 2010/04/01/for-the-smart-grid-a-synchophasor/.
    • (2010) N.Y. Times Green Blog
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    • 84896781994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CH. 1-3
    • LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 1-3, supra note 19, at 8 (discussing the potential for adding generation "at bulk power transfer points, substations, other distribution locations and on the customer side of the meter.").
    • LBNL Smart Grid , vol.101
  • 41
    • 84896745751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive mitigation in the electric power sector
    • Lesley K. McAllister, Adaptive Mitigation in the Electric Power Sector, 2011 B.Y.U. L. REV. 2115, 2137 (2011).
    • (2011) 2011 B.Y.U. L. Rev. , vol.2115 , Issue.2137
    • McAllister, L.K.1
  • 42
    • 80054906876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB. (discussing challenges of frequency regulation on the grid when integrating DG) [hereinafter LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB. FREQUENCY REPORT]
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB., USE OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE METRICS TO ASSESS THE PLANNING AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE INTEGRATION OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE GENERATION (2010), available at http://www.ferc.gov/industries/ electric/indus-act/reliability/frequencyresponsemetrics-report. pdf (discussing challenges of frequency regulation on the grid when integrating DG) [hereinafter LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB. FREQUENCY REPORT] .
    • (2010) USe of Frequency Response Metrics to Assess the Planning and Operating Requirements for Reliable Integration of Variable Renewable Generation
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    • 84896759489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • INST. FOR ELEC. EFFICIENCY
    • INST. FOR ELEC. EFFICIENCY, UTILITY-SCALE SMART METER DEPLOYMENTS, PLANS, & PROPOSALS 1 (2012), available at http://www.edisonfoundation.net/iee/ Documents/IEE-SmartMeter Rollouts-0512.pdf.
    • (2012) Utility-scale Smart Meter Deployments Plans & Proposals , vol.1
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    • 84896759099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility operational advantages such as outage detection and management, remote meter reading, and remote customer dis)connections
    • INST. FOR ELEC. EFFICIENCY, THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF SMART METERS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS 3 (2011), available at http://www.smartgridnews.com/ artman/uploads/1/IEE-Benefits-of-Smart-Meters-Final.pdf ("utility operational advantages such as outage detection and management, remote meter reading, and remote customer (dis)connections"). In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy's widespread power outages in the Northeast in 2012, some observers noted that smart meters and other Smart Grid technologies cut the time necessary to bring power back after major storms.
    • (2011) The Costs and Benefits of Smart Meters for Residential Customers , vol.3
  • 45
    • 84896786232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart meters help utility speed sandy restoration
    • Oct. 31
    • See Martin LaMonica, Smart Meters Help Utility Speed Sandy Restoration, MIT TECH. REV., Oct. 31, 2012, available at http://www.technologyreview.com/ view/506711/smart-meters-help-utility-speed-sandy-restoration/.
    • (2012) Mit Tech. Rev.
    • Lamonica, M.1
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    • 84871507140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good for you, bad for us: The financial disincentive for net demand reduction
    • Michael P. Vandenbergh & Jim Rossi, Good for You, Bad for Us: The Financial Disincentive for Net Demand Reduction, 65 VAND. L. REV. 1527 1540 (2012)
    • (2012) 65 Vand. L. Rev. , vol.1527 , Issue.1540
    • Vandenbergh, M.P.1    Rossi, J.2
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    • Whirlpool set to launch smart grid compatible
    • May 8
    • See, e.g., Green Biz Staff, Whirlpool Set to Launch Smart Grid Compatible, GREEN BIZ BLOG (May 8, 2009), http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/05/ 08/whirlpool-set-launch-smartgrid-compatible-appliances-2015
    • (2009) Green Biz Blog
    • Staff, G.B.1
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    • 84896792596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 Ways Big Data is Remaking Energy
    • Katie Fehrenbacher, 10 Ways Big Data is Remaking Energy, GIGAOM (Jan. 29, 2012), http://gigaom.com/cleantech/10-ways-big-data-is-remaking-energy/ ("One of the biggest trends from DistribuTECH this year was the overwhelming amount of smart thermostats that are now being sold and marketed.").
    • (2012) GIGAOM
    • Fehrenbacher, K.1
  • 49
    • 84896749926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of energy law-electricity
    • Edward H. Comer, The Future of Energy Law-Electricity, 31 UTAH ENVTL. L. REV. 429, 430 (2011) (president of utility trade association Edison Electric Institute noting that "the ability to store electricity efficiently and cheaply can truly change the economics, and potentially the structure, of the industry")
    • (2011) Utah Envtl. L. Rev. , vol.31 , Issue.429 , pp. 430
    • Comer, E.H.1
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    • 84896794998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The curi-ous disconnect between smart grid and energy storage
    • Oct. 27
    • see also A123 SYSTEMS, supra note 18; James Greenberger, The Curi-ous Disconnect Between Smart Grid and Energy Storage, THE ENERGY COLLECTIVE (Oct. 27, 2011), available at http://theenergycollective.com/jim-greenberger/67538/ curious-disconnect-between-smart-grid-and-energy-storage.
    • (2011) The Energy Collective
    • Greenberger, J.1
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    • 84896749805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Former Conservation Initiatives DOMINION (last visited Jan. 22)
    • See Former Conservation Initiatives, DOMINION, http://www.dom.com/ dominion-virginia-power/customer-service/energy-conservation/pilot-programs.jsp (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
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    • 84896752320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAY 2010 - JUNE 2011 (describing DR programs in the states)
    • MAY 2010 - JUNE 2011 (2011), available at http://sgstage.nrel.gov/sites/ default/files/doc/files/4512-doc-1.pdf (describing DR programs in the states).
    • (2011)
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    • 84896780290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BROWN, LEVITSKY, & SALTER, SMART GRID AND COMPETITION: A POLICY PAPER 94 (2011) ("[I]n the case of most states where rates are not decoupled, a considerable part of the value of the new meters, namely energy saving, reduces utility revenue and, therefore, is contrary to their interest, so there is a real risk that the new devices will be underutilized with utilities in control."); Vandenbergh & Rossi, supra note 53, at 1534 (discussing this and other disincentives for DR and observing that "widespread demand reduction is not likely to occur until utilities shift from viewing efficiency and conservation as revenue erosion to a financial opportunity").
    • (2011) BROWN, Levitsky, & Salter, Smart Grid and Competition: A Policy Paper , vol.94
  • 55
    • 84896792391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2011 State of the Consumer Report (Jan. 31) 2011
    • State of the Consumer Report, SMART GRID CONSUMER COLLABORATIVE, at 4 (Jan. 31, 2011), available at http://www.pointview.com/data/files/4/3696/1942. pdf ("Building on decades of commercial and industrial demand response, direct load control, and energy efficiency programs for consumers, the utility sector is on the cusp of a similar, disruptive transformation.").
    • (2011) Smart Grid Consumer Collaborative , pp. 4
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    • 84896787797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SMARTGRIDNEWS.COM, Jan. 27
    • Richard Tabors, Why Today's Utilities May Soon Be Obsolete (and What May Replace Them), SMARTGRIDNEWS.COM (Jan. 27, 2010), http://www.smartgridnews.com/ artman/publish/Business-Markets-Pricing-News/Why-Today-s-Utilities-May-Soon-Be- Obsolete-and-What-May-Replace-Them-1782.html.
    • (2010) Why Today's Utilities May Soon be Obsolete (and What May Replace Them)
    • Tabors, R.1
  • 57
    • 84871481906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Envisioning the smart grid: Network architecture, information control, and the public policy balancing act
    • Elias L. Quinn & Adam L. Reed, Envisioning the Smart Grid: Network Architecture, Information Control, and the Public Policy Balancing Act, 81 U. COLO. L. REV. 833, 882 (2010)
    • (2010) U. Colo. L. Rev. 833 , vol.81 , pp. 882
    • Quinn, E.L.1    Reed, A.L.2
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    • 84861725934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The age of big data
    • Feb. 11
    • see also Steve Lohr, The Age of Big Data, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/sunday-review/big-datas-impact-in-the-world. html?pagewanted=all&-r=0 (arguing that a societal "explosion of data" creates new opportunities for "data-driven discovery and decision making").
    • (2012) N.Y. Times
    • Lohr, S.1
  • 59
    • 84896761084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ELEC. POWER RESEARCH INST
    • ELEC. POWER RESEARCH INST., NEEDED: A GRID OPERATING SYSTEM TO FACILITATE GRID TRANSFORMATION 6 (2011) [hereinafter EPRI GRID 3.0] ("[E]nergy sources and a power distribution infrastructure can be integrated at the local level. This could be an industrial facility, a commercial building, a campus of buildings, or a residential neighborhood.").
    • (2011) Needed: A Grid Operating System to Facilitate Grid Transformation , vol.6
  • 60
    • 84896750164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curbing energy sprawl with microgrids
    • See generally Sara C. Bronin, Curbing Energy Sprawl With Microgrids, 43 CONN. L. REV. 547 (2010) for a description of some challenges involved.
    • (2010) Conn. L. Rev. , vol.43 , pp. 547
    • Bronin, S.C.1
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    • 84896794401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • June
    • See Ahmad Faruqui, Ryan Hledik & Sanem Sergici, The Brattle Group, Piloting the Smart Grid 8-13 (June 2009) (manuscript), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1414387 (describing customer participation in pilot programs); SMART GRID CONSUMER COLLABORATIVE, supra note 62, at 16.
    • (2009) The Brattle Group. Piloting the Smart Grid , pp. 8-13
    • Faruqui, A.1    Hledik, R.2    Sergici, S.3
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    • (discussing new products and services that an "iUtility" could offer)
    • PRELUDE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 171-74 (2011) (discussing new products and services that an "iUtility" could offer).
    • (2011) PRELUDE to CLIMATE CHANGE , pp. 171-174
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    • 84896758152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB. Chapter 7 [hereinafter LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 7]
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB., Chapter 7, in SMART GRID TECHNICAL ADVISORY PROJECT, AN INTRODUCTION -SMART GRID 101 4 (2011) [hereinafter LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 7] (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) ("While Utilities can provide customers with an air conditioner control switch, they cannot provide customers with the diversified range of appliances and electronic devices that populate their premises and business which have capability and are necessary to provide smart grid benefits.").
    • (2011) Smart Grid Technical Advisory Project, An Introduction -smart Grid , vol.101 , Issue.4
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    • The smart grid the complexities and importance of data privacy and security
    • H. Russell Frisby, Jr. & Jonathan P. Trotta, The Smart Grid The Complexities and Importance of Data Privacy and Security, 19 COMMLAW CONSPECTUS 297, 298 (2011) (claiming that "in our Smart Grid future, companies such as Google may play as important a role in providing energy services as traditional electric utilities do today.").
    • (2011) 19 Commlaw Conspectus , vol.297 , Issue.298
    • Frisby Jr., H.R.1    Trotta, J.P.2
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    • 84896785496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilities have notoriously high standards for proven product performance before they are willing to invest. Therefore, utilities will wait for convincing demonstrations of reliability before investing, beyond demonstrations of mere technological capability
    • Dec. 20
    • Kevin Dasso, The Three Most Common Misconceptions about Smart Grid, ENTREPRENEURSHIP REV. (Dec. 20, 2010), available at http://miter.mit.edu/ article3-most-common-misconceptions-about-smart-grid-utility-perspective-kevin- dasso-sr-director-sm/("Utilities have notoriously high standards for proven product performance before they are willing to invest. Therefore, utilities will wait for convincing demonstrations of reliability before investing, beyond demonstrations of mere technological capability[.]")
    • (2010) The Three Most Common Misconceptions about Smart Grid ENTREPRENEURSHIP REV.
    • Dasso, K.1
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    • Why won't utility companies innovate? Smart grid leaders explain
    • Nov. 4 Utility providers are often the slowest to innovate because of both reliability and cost issues
    • Matthew Lynley, Why Won't Utility Companies Innovate? Smart Grid Leaders Explain, VENTUREBEAT (Nov. 4, 2010), http://venturebeat.com/2010/11/04/why-wont- utility-companies-innovate-smart-grid-leaders-explain/("[U]tility providers are often the slowest to innovate because of both reliability and cost issues[.]").
    • (2010) Venturebeat
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    • Eric Wesoff, Nest Labs' Thermostat: Sexy? Yes. Functional? Maybe Not., GREENTECH MEDIA (Jan. 18, 2012), http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ Nest-Labs-Thermostat-Sexy-Yes.-Functional-Maybe/(discussing the drawbacks of the Nest smart thermostat).
    • (2012) Nest Labs' Thermostat: Sexy? Yes. Functional?
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    • New facebook app the 'farmville' of energy conservation?
    • Oct. 21
    • Leslie Meredith, New Facebook App the 'Farmville' of Energy Conservation?, FOXNEWS.COM (Oct. 21, 2011), http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/ 10/21/newfacebook-app-highlights-energy-conservation/
    • (2011) Foxnews.com
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    • Can smart apps save the smart grid?
    • Oct. 18
    • see also William Pentland, Can Smart Apps Save the Smart Grid?, FORBES.COM (Oct. 18, 2011), http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2011/10/ 18/can-smart-apps-save-the-smart-grid/(" 'iPhone sales only started to really explode after the apps market came online
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    • The "power" of social media legal issues & best practice for utilities engaging social media
    • see also Carolyn Elefant, The "Power" of Social Media Legal Issues & Best Practice For Utilities Engaging Social Media, 32 ENERGY L.J. 1, 1 (2011) (noting that utilities were once "Web 2.0 luddites" but are now increasingly experimenting with social media).
    • (2011) Energy L.J. , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 1
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    • The death of privacy?
    • See generally A. Michael Froomkin, The Death of Privacy?, 52 STAN. L. REV. 1461 (2000); LORI ANDREWS, I KNOW WHO YOU ARE AND I SAW WHAT YOU DID
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    • Michael Froomkin, A.1
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    • Privacy and the modern grid
    • See, e.g., Sonia McNeil, Privacy and the Modern Grid, 25 HARV. J. OF L. & TECH. 199 (2011)
    • (2011) Harv. J. of L. & Tech. , vol.25 , pp. 199
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    • Cheryl Dancey Balough, Privacy Implications of Smart Meters, 86 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 161 (2011)
    • (2011) Chi.-Kent L. Rev. , vol.86 , pp. 161
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    • Stephanie M. Stern, Smart-Grid and the Psychology of Environmental Behavior Change, 86 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 139 (2011).
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    • Stern, S.M.1
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    • The role of non-utility service providers in smart grid development: Should they be regulated, and if so, who can regulate them?
    • Andreas S.V. Wokutch, The Role of Non-Utility Service Providers in Smart Grid Development: Should They Be Regulated, and If So, Who Can Regulate Them?, 9 J. ON TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 531 (2011).
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    • Household actions can provide a behavioral wedge to rapidly reduce U.S. Carbon emissions
    • See, e.g., Thomas Dietz et al., Household Actions Can Provide a Behavioral Wedge to Rapidly Reduce U.S. Carbon Emissions, 106 PROC. NAT'L. ACAD. SCI. 18,452 (2009)
    • (2009) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. , vol.106 , Issue.18 , pp. 452
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    • The carbon-neutral individual
    • Michael P. Vandenbergh & Anne C. Steinemann, The Carbon-Neutral Individual, 82 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1673 (2007); Michael P. Vandenbergh et al., Implementing the Behavioral Wedge
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    • Vandenbergh, M.P.1    Steinemann, A.C.2
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    • Michael P. Vandenbergh et al., Implementing the Behavioral Wedge Designing and Adopting Effective Carbon Emissions Reduction Programs, 40 ENVTL. L. REP. 10,547 (2010).
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    • Vandenbergh, M.P.1
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    • Personal environmental information: The perils of the emerging capacity to identify individual environmental harms
    • This theme is explored in Katrina Fischer Kuh, Personal Environmental Information: The Promise and Perils of the Emerging Capacity to Identify Individual Environmental Harms, 65 VAND. L. REV. 1565 (2012).
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    • July
    • See Decision Adopting Rules to Protect the Privacy and Security of Electricity Usage Data, CAL. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N (July 29, 2011), available at https://www.cdt.org/files/pdfs/PUC%20 Smart%20Grid%20Final.pdf.
    • (2011) Cal. Pub. Util. Comm'n , vol.29
  • 88
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    • [hereinafter REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJ. REGULATION GUIDE]
    • See REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJ., ELECTRICITY REGULATION IN THE US: A GUIDE 11 (2011), available at http://www.raponline.org/document/download/id/645 [hereinafter REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJ. REGULATION GUIDE].
    • (2011) REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJ. ELECTRICITY REGULATION in the US: A GUIDE , vol.11
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    • Petition of massachusetts electric company and nantucket electric company national grid, each d/b/a national grid for approval of a smart grid pilot program, order No 09-32
    • 41
    • See Petition of Massachusetts Electric Company and Nantucket Electric Company National Grid, each d/b/a National Grid for Approval of a Smart Grid Pilot Program, Order No. 09-32, MASS. DEP'T OF PUB. UTIL. x-xi, 35-36, 41 (2010), available at http://www.env.state.ma.us/dpu/docs/electric/09-32/ 72710dpuord.pdf.
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  • 91
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    • Application of baltimore gas & electric company for authorization to deploy a smart grid initiative and to establish a surcharge for the recovery of cost, Order No 83410
    • Application of Baltimore Gas & Electric Company for Authorization to Deploy a Smart Grid Initiative and to Establish a Surcharge for the Recovery of Cost, Order No. 83410, MD. PUB. UTIL. COMM'N 3 (2010).
    • (2010) Md. Pub. Util. Comm'n , vol.3
  • 92
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    • Noteworthy examples of R&D aimed at testing Smart Grid concepts before their deployment in utility systems include the ongoing work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    • Jan. 31
    • Noteworthy examples of R&D aimed at testing Smart Grid concepts before their deployment in utility systems include the ongoing work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL Brings Plug and Play to Smart Grid Testing, SMARTGRIDNEWS.COM (Jan. 31, 2012), http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/ publish/Business-Strategy/NREL-brings-plug-and-play-tosmart-grid-testing-4423. html
    • (2012) NREL Brings Plug and Play to Smart Grid Testing, SMARTGRIDNEWS.COM
  • 93
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    • The Ambitious Pecan Street Project In Austin Texas PECAN STREET INC. last visited Jan. 22
    • The ambitious Pecan Street Project in Austin, Texas, PECAN STREET INC., http://www.pecanstreet.org/about/what-is-pecan-street-inc/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
  • 95
    • 84896755754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Industry for funding of almost $8 billion
    • Funding for Smart Grid activities was $3.4 billion for grid modernization which was matched one to one by industry for funding of almost $8 billion. U.S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, 2010 SMART GRID REPORT 20 (2012), available at http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/ Smart%20Grid%20Investment%20Grant%20Program%20- %20Progress%20Report%20July%202012.pdf.
    • (2012) U.S. Dep't of Energy, 2010 Smart Grid Report , vol.20
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    • Betting smartly on the smart grid
    • June
    • See Sunil Sharan, Betting Smartly on the Smart Grid, GREENTECH MEDIA (June 22, 2010), http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/betting-smartly-on- the-smart-grid/.
    • (2010) Greentech Media , vol.22
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    • EFFICIENCY, UTILITY-SCALE SMART METER DEPLOYMENTS, INST. FOR ELEC.
    • See INST. FOR ELEC. EFFICIENCY, UTILITY-SCALE SMART METER DEPLOYMENTS (2011), available at http://www.edisonfoundation.net/iee/Documents/SmartMeter- Rollouts-0911.pdf, for a list of utilities and their rollouts.
    • (2011)
  • 98
    • 84896772688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Government support for smart grid
    • Dec. 1
    • For a description of some projects supported by ARRA funding, see Jeffrey D. Roark, U.S. Government Support for Smart Grid, ELEC. POWER INST. (Dec. 1, 2011), available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/hepg/Papers/New%20Folder/Jeff- Roark.pdf.
    • (2011) Elec. Power Inst.
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    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB. Chapter 5 [hereinafter LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 5]
    • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT'L LAB., Chapter 5, in Smart Grid Technical Advisory Project, An Introduction -Smart Grid 101 12 (2011) [hereinafter LBNL SMART GRID 101 CH. 5] (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) ("Are 'Smart Rates' necessary to achieve the benefits of
    • (2011) Smart Grid Technical Advisory Project, An Introduction -Smart Grid , vol.101 , pp. 12
  • 100
    • 84896789881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tariff Book PACIFIC GAS & ELEC (last visited Jan. 22)
    • See, e.g., Tariff Book, PACIFIC GAS & ELEC., http://www.pge.com/ tariffs/ERS.SHTML#ERS (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) (schedule of rates)
    • (2013)
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    • Electricity priced by the hour boosts distributed solar value by a third or more
    • Jan. 26
    • John Farrell, Electricity Priced by the Hour Boosts Distributed Solar Value by a Third or More, CLIMATE PROGRESS (Jan. 26, 2012), http:// thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/01/26/411434/electricity-priced-by-the-hour-boosts- distributed-solar-value-by-a-third-or-more/(discussing how PG&E's dynamic pricing promotes solar power systems). Dynamic pricing has been more successful for industrial and commercial users of electricity.
    • (2012) Climate Progress
    • Farrell, J.1
  • 102
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    • The past, present and future of energy regulation
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    • Richard J. Pierce, Jr., The Past, Present and Future of Energy Regulation, 31 UTAH ENVTL. L. REV. 291, 303 (2011)
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    • Sept. 8
    • Testimony of Rik Drummond Before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology 12 (Sept. 8, 2011), available at http://science.house.gov/sites/ republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/090811-Drummond.pdf ("I predict the consumers, especially those within one of the largest voting blocks, baby boomers on a fixed income, will react negatively to even minor cost increases caused by various regulations and technical enhancements to the power grid."). A notable example of interest group opposition is that of the AARP
    • (2011) Testimony of Rik Drummond before the House Committee on Science Space, and Technology , vol.12
  • 104
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    • Consumer advocates question the benefits of smart meters
    • Mar. 1
    • See, e.g., Maureen West, Consumer Advocates Question the Benefits of Smart Meters, AARP, Mar. 1, 2011, http://www.aarp.org/politics-society/advocacy/ info-03-2011/smartmeter-benefits-questioned-az.html.
    • (2011) AARP
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    • Application for rehearing of baltimore gas and electric company, order No 9208
    • Vandenbergh & Rossi, supra note 53, at 1541. 116 See Application for Rehearing of Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Order No. 9208, PUB. UTIL. COMM'N OF MD. 1, 26 (2010).
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    • Activists fight green projects
    • Feb. 3
    • Compare Smart Grid Consumer Collaborative, supra note 62, at 8 ("Consumers do not always view benefits the same way as utilities believe they will and are wary of utility motives."), with Leslie Kaufman & Kate Zernike, Activists Fight Green Projects, Seeing U.N. Plot, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/us/activists-fight-green-projects- seeingun-plot.html?pagewanted=all (quoting a protester as saying, "[t]he real job of smart meters is to spy on you and control you -when you can and cannot use electrical appliances.").
    • (2012) Seeing U.N. Plot, N.Y. Times
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    • California utility launches opt-out program
    • Feb. 3 (discussing the California opt-out ruling about "controversial smart meters")
    • California Utility Launches Opt-Out Program, TRUTHOUT (Feb. 3, 2012) http://www.truth-out.org/smart-meter-scoop-california-utilitylaunches-opt-out- program/1328294529 (discussing the California opt-out ruling about "controversial smart meters")
    • (2012) Truthout
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    • Dangerous un-American must be true -it's on youtube I
    • Aug. 10
    • Doug Peeples, Smart Meters, Illegal, Dangerous, Un-American? Must Be True -It's on YouTube, SMARTGRIDNEWS.COM (Aug. 10, 2011), http://www.smartgridnews. com/artman/publish/Technologies-Metering/Smart-meters-Illegal-dangerous-un- American-Must-be-true-it-s-on-You-Tube-3902.html (quoting a You Tube video called "Smart Meters" in which the narrator describes smart meters as power company surveillance devices).
    • (2011) Smartgridnews.Com
    • Peeples, D.1    Meters, S.2
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    • California county criminalizes smart-meter installations
    • Jan. 5
    • In 2011, Marin County, California, banned smart meters in its unincorporated areas. Debra Kahn, California County Criminalizes Smart-Meter Installations, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/01/ 05/05greenwire-calif-county-criminalizes-smart-meterinstalla-66649.html.
    • (2011) N.Y. Times
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    • SGIP
    • See SGIP, SMART GRID CONCEPTUAL MODEL 8 (2010) ("The transition to the Smart Grid introduces new regulatory considerations, which may transcend jurisdictional boundaries and require increased coordination among federal, state, and local lawmakers and regulators.").
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    • Mission structure and governance in future electric markets: Some observations
    • See Peter Fox-Penner & Heidi Bishop, Mission, Structure, and Governance in Future Electric Markets: Some Observations, 89 OR. L. REV. 1107, 1111 (2011) ("[W]hat we have today is a collision between public mandates that promote active or tacit vertical integration alongside a disruptive technological change that is prompting new calls for retail deintegration and deregulation.").
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    • Fox-Penner, P.1    Bishop, H.2
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    • Empowering consumers and promoting innovation through the smart grid hearing before the subcommittee on technology and innovation of the house committee on science, space, and technology
    • See, e.g., Empowering Consumers and Promoting Innovation through the Smart Grid Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, 112th Cong. 5 (2011) (statement of Donna Nelson, Chairman, Pub. Util. Comm'n of Tex.) (calling for "the creation of a national set of standards that can provide direction for utilities, industry and market participants").
    • (2011) 112th Cong. , vol.5
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    • The smart grid: A smart solution to a complicated problem
    • Alison C. Graab, The Smart Grid: A Smart Solution to a Complicated Problem, 52 WM. & MARY L. REV. 2051, 2054 (2011).
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    • Emeter
    • EMETER, VIEWS ON SMART METERS: END USE PERSPECTIVE (2011), available at http://cat-iqconference.com/files/2011/09/Alicia-Carrosco-his-11-09-20-CAT-iq- plan-Smart-Metering-End-User-Perspective.pdf (observing that "the communications may be directly between the SM and smart appliances or through a gateway, or potentially both").
    • (2011) IEWS on SMART METERS: END USE PERSPECTIVE
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    • SGIP, STANDARDS CATALOG 2 (2011), available at http://collaborate.nist. gov/twiki-sggrid/pub/SmartGrid/SGIPGBDocumentsUnderReview/Standards-atalog- Process-and-Structure-V0-9-20110401.pdf [hereinafter SGIP STANDARDS CATALOG].
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    • Can we regulate our way to energy efficiency? Product standards as a climate change policy
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    • The capability of two or more networks, systems, devices, applications, or components to exchange and readily use information -securely, effectively, and with little or no inconvenience to the user
    • supra note 5, at 6
    • NIST defines "interoperability" as "[t]he capability of two or more networks, systems, devices, applications, or components to exchange and readily use information -securely, effectively, and with little or no inconvenience to the user." NIST FRAMEWORK 2.0, supra note 5, at 6.
    • Nist Framework 2.0
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    • See IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, IEEE 802, http://www.ieee802. org/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library). Ethernet was first introduced in 1980 as a result of collaboration among three companies building upon work in the 1970s by computer scientists. THE ETHERNET
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    • Leiner1
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    • THEODORE BOHN. U.S. DEP'T OF ENERGY
    • See THEODORE BOHN, U.S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, CHALLENGES OF THE COMING ELECTRIC CAR REVOLUTION 34 (2011), available at http://www.ilmua.org/ AnnualMeeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-Bohn.pdf.
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    • NIST SGIP
    • NIST SGIP, SMART GRID INTEROPERABILITY PANEL STANDARDS 6 (2010), available at http://www.narucmeetings.org/Presentations/SGIP%20Update-2010- NARUC%20Summer-v81.pdf (noting that "[c]onsistent action will influence the vendor community").
    • (2010) Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Standards , vol.6
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    • The government at the standards bazaar
    • Stacy Baird, The Government at the Standards Bazaar, 18 STAN. L. & POL'Y REV. 35, 49 (2007).
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    • PAC. NW. NAT'L LAB.
    • See PAC. NW. NAT'L LAB., HOME AREA NETWORKS AND THE SMART GRID 1 (2011) (noting that "[t]here are myriad standards and protocols vying for dominance in the smart grid market").
    • (2011) HOME AREA NETWORKS and the SMART GRID , vol.1
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    • Membership
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • See Membership, ASTM INT'L, http://www.astm.org/MEMBERSHIP/ standardsdevelop. html (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013) Astm Int'l
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    • Amy A. Marasco, Standards Development: Are You at Risk?, AM. NAT'L STANDARDS INST., http://www.ansi.org/news-publications/other-ocuments/risk.aspx? menuid=7 (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013) Am. Nat'l Standards Inst.
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    • Naesb
    • (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • See About NAESB, N. AM. ENERGY STANDARDS BD. http://www.naesb.org/ aboutus.asp (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • N. Am. Energy Standards Bd
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    • Deputy director, NAESB, to Dr. Patrick gallagher, director
    • Feb. 7
    • See Letter from Jonathan Booe, Deputy Director, NAESB, to Dr. Patrick Gallagher, Director, NIST (Feb. 7, 2011) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library), available at http://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/upload/NAESB.pdf
    • (2011) NIST
    • Booe, J.1
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    • North American energy standards board: Legal and administrative underpinnings of a consensus based organization
    • William P. Boswell & James P. Cargas, North American Energy Standards Board: Legal and Administrative Underpinnings of a Consensus Based Organization, 27 ENERGY L.J. 147 (2006) (discussing the NAESB's creation).
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    • Boswell, W.P.1    Cargas, J.P.2
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    • Incorporation by Reference of North American energy standards board wholesale electric quadrant standards
    • FERC incorporates by reference NAESB business practice standards for the wholesale power system. See, e.g., Incorporation by Reference of North American Energy Standards Board Wholesale Electric Quadrant Standards, 18 C.F.R. § 38.2 (2010)
    • (2010) C.F.R. § 38.2 , vol.18
  • 139
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    • Standards for business practices of interstate natural gas pipelines, RM96-1-036
    • FERC (July 19)
    • FERC, Standards for Business Practices of Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines, RM96-1-036, 140 FERC ¶ 61,036 (July 19, 2012).
    • (2012) FERC ¶ 61 036 , vol.140
  • 140
    • 3142744780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outsourcing government regulation
    • Sidney A. Shapiro, Outsourcing Government Regulation, 53 DUKE L.J. 389, 406-11 (2003) (discussing potential for individual actors' dominance of private SDOs)
    • (2003) Duke L.J. , vol.53 , Issue.389 , pp. 406-411
    • Shapiro, S.A.1
  • 141
    • 84876207637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Existing in a legal limbo the precarious legal position of standards-development organizations
    • See generally Tyler R.T. Wolf, Existing in a Legal Limbo The Precarious Legal Position of Standards-Development Organizations, 65 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 807 (2008) (discussing this issue and more alleged defects of the SDO process).
    • (2008) Wash. & Lee L. Rev. , vol.65 , pp. 807
    • Wolf, T.T.R.1
  • 142
    • 0042704232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antitrust and the internet standardization problem
    • Mark A. Lemley, Antitrust and the Internet Standardization Problem, 28 CONN. L. REV. 1041 (1996) (discussing antitrust concerns and private standards organizations)
    • (1996) Conn. L. Rev. , vol.28 , pp. 1041
    • Lemley, M.A.1
  • 145
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    • OFFICE OF MGMT. & BUDGET, EXEC. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, OMB CIRCULAR No. A-119, REVISED FEDERAL PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF VOLUNTARY CONSENSUS STANDARDS AND IN CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES http://standards.gov/a119.cfm [hereinafter OMB CIRCULAR] § 4(a)(1)(v)
    • OFFICE OF MGMT. & BUDGET, EXEC. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, OMB CIRCULAR No. A-119, REVISED FEDERAL PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF VOLUNTARY CONSENSUS STANDARDS AND IN CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES [hereinafter OMB CIRCULAR] § 4(a)(1)(v) (1998), available at http://standards.gov/a119.cfm.
    • (1998)
  • 147
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    • World wide web consortium last visited Jan. 22
    • See WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM, http://www.w3.org/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) (stating that "[t]he World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web").
    • (2013)
  • 148
    • 84896762755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WC3 Process Document WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM (last visited Jan. 22)
    • WC3 Process Document, WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM, http://www.w3.org/2005/ 10/Process-20051014/tr (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
  • 149
    • 84896755238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standards WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM last visited Jan. 22
    • Standards, WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM, http://www.w3.org/standards/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
  • 150
    • 84896773003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM, last visited Jan. 22
    • See WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM, http://www.w3.org/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) (stating that "[t]he World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web").
    • (2013)
  • 151
    • 84896790668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart grid standards adoption: Staff update and recommendations
    • Jul. 15
    • See Smart Grid Standards Adoption: Staff Update and Recommendations, FERC, slide 4 (Jul. 15, 2010), available at http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff- reports/07-15-10-smart-grid.pdf (noting that standards setting in the SGIP involves "a broad range of stakeholders, many of whom have not previously been involved in the electric industry").
    • (2010) FERC, Slide 4
  • 152
    • 84896760077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy bar association panel discussing the smart grid
    • See Energy Bar Association Panel Discussing the Smart Grid, 31 ENERGY L.J. 81, 91 (2009) (attributing to NIST Administrator George Arnold the observation that getting SDOs to work together is like "herding cats").
    • (2009) Energy L.J. , vol.31 , Issue.81 , pp. 91
  • 153
    • 84896781122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • N. AM. ELEC. RELIABILITY CORP., http://www.nerc.com/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013) N. Am. Elec. Relitability Corp.
  • 154
    • 84896803864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West
    • 16 U.S.C.A. §§ 824o(a)(2), (c)(1) (West 2012). Under this section, FERC approves reliability standards that NERC develops and submits to it.
    • (2012) U.S.C.A. §§ 824o(a) (2), (c)(1)
  • 156
    • 84896791655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The introduction of information technologies in the smart grid introduces new cyber vulnerabilities that must be protected against by the rigorous application of cyber security standards
    • See, e.g., INT'L ENERGY AGENCY, TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP: SMART GRIDS 32 (2011), available at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/smartgrids-roadmap.pdf ("The introduction of information technologies in the smart grid introduces new cyber vulnerabilities that must be protected against by the rigorous application of cyber security standards.")
    • (2011) Int'l Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids , vol.32
  • 157
    • 84896746885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Billions to be spent on smart-grid cybersecurity
    • Feb. 4
    • Lance Witney, Billions to be Spent on Smart-Grid Cybersecurity, CNET (Feb. 4, 2010), http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009-3-10447430-83.html.
    • (2010) CNET
    • Witney, L.1
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    • Smart grid initiatives address cyber security, renewable energy Intermittency
    • Jan. 25
    • See Marsha W. Johnston, Smart Grid Initiatives Address Cyber Security, Renewable Energy Intermittency, RENEWABLEENERGYWORLD.COM (Jan. 25, 2012), http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/01/ smart-grid-initiatives-address-cyber-security-renewable-energy-intermittency (noting that renewable energy systems can be owned by consumers, not utilities, and therefore may pose cybersecurity risks).
    • (2012) Renewableenergyworld.Com
    • Johnston, M.W.1
  • 159
    • 84896767857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Smart grid projects failing on security
    • Jan. 27
    • U.S. Smart Grid Projects Failing on Security, INFO. AGE (Jan. 27, 2012), http://www.information-age.com/channels/information-management/news/1687918/ us-smart-grid-projectsfailing-on-security.thtml.
    • (2012) Info. Age
  • 162
    • 84896791653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New FERC office to focus on cyber security
    • Sept. 20
    • See New FERC Office to Focus on Cyber Security, FERC (Sept. 20, 2012), http://www.ferc.gov/media/news-releases/2012/2012-3/09-20-12.asp.
    • (2012) FERC
  • 163
    • 84896744793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grid week analysis: Smart grid losing to EPA
    • Sep. 19 (noting that this leaves the industry having to deal with "51 bar fights")
    • See, e.g., Quinn and Reed, supra note 64, at 881-82; Margaret Ryan, Grid Week Analysis: Smart Grid Losing to EPA, AOLENERGY (Sep. 19, 2011), http://energy.aol.com/2011/09/19/gridweek-analysis-smart-grid-losing-to-epa/ (noting that this leaves the industry having to deal with "51 bar fights").
    • (2011) Aolenergy
    • Ryan, M.1
  • 165
    • 84896741117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles for federal engagement in standards activities to address national priorities
    • Jan 17
    • Aneesh Chopra, Miriam Sopiro, Cass Sunstein, Principles for Federal Engagement in Standards Activities to Address National Priorities, OFFICE OF SCI. TECH. & POL., at 3 (Jan 17, 2012), available at http://www.whitehouse. gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2012/m-12-08-1.pdf ("Agencies considering a convening or active engagement role in private sector standards developing organizations in order to address a national priority area should state their reasons plainly [including why private sector leadership alone is insufficient].").
    • (2012) OFFICE of SCI. TECH. & POL. at , vol.3
    • Chopra, A.1    Sopiro, M.2    Sunstein, C.3
  • 166
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    • Wrong turn in cyberspace: Using ICANN to route around the APA and the constitution
    • See A. Michael Froomkin, Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the Constitution, 50 DUKE L.J. 17, 170 (2000).
    • (2000) Duke L.J. , vol.50 , Issue.17 , pp. 170
    • Michael Froomkin, A.1
  • 167
    • 84899054977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The next step: The integration of energy law and environmental law
    • See, e.g., Amy J. Wildermuth, The Next Step: The Integration of Energy Law and Environmental Law, 31 UTAH ENVTL. L. REV. 369, 382 (2011). The EISA is one of the omnibus energy acts in which Congress periodically reacts to a panoply of contemporary issues, leading to a fragmented body of energy law with "lots of pieces but no overall picture." Its many provisions encourage fossil fuel development, renewable energy, and energy efficiency.
    • (2011) Utah Envtl. L. Rev. , vol.31 , Issue.369 , pp. 382
    • Wildermuth, A.J.1
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  • 174
    • 84896784935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fourth annual conference on competition: Regulation in network industries: Smart grid innovation: Policy
    • JOSEPH P. TOMAIN, FOURTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON COMPETITION AND REGULATION IN NETWORK INDUSTRIES: SMART GRID INNOVATION: POLICY, POLITICS, AND LAW 9 (2011), available at www.crninet.com/2011/d14c.pdf. NIST does not have expertise in keeping the electric grid running. FERC does. It and it alone can evaluate "problems concerning cybersecurity, changes associated with our nation's generation mix including reliance on intermittent renewable resources, and problems that may arise with the development of electric and hybrid vehicles." Id.
    • (2011) Politics and Law , vol.9
    • Tomain, J.P.1
  • 176
    • 84896798372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third smart grid interoperability standards interim roadmap public workshop
    • July 24
    • See, e.g., Third Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Interim Roadmap Public Workshop, 74 Fed. Reg. 36,672 (July 24, 2009) (notice of Washington, DC workshop).
    • (2009) Fed. Reg. , vol.74 , Issue.36 , pp. 672
  • 177
    • 77949645246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to speak up! Get involved developing smart grid standards
    • (Mar.-Apr.)
    • David Owens, Time to Speak Up! Get Involved Developing Smart Grid Standards, IEEE POWER & ENERGY MAG. 87 (Mar.-Apr. 2010) available at http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms-docs-pes/pes/subpages/bullseye-folder/March10/ March-IMV.pdf.
    • (2010) IEEE Power & Energy Mag. , vol.87
    • Owens, D.1
  • 178
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    • SGIP, SGIPGB AND SGIP CHARTER 3 (2012) [hereinafter SGIP BYLAWS AND CHARTER] (on file with the Harvard Law School Library). The SGIP is structurally similar to the Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel. Id. at iii; see also Baird, supra note 166, at 73-75 (describing this panel and declaring it an important and necessary departure from private standardsetting).
    • (2012) SGIP SGIPGB and SGIP CHARTER , vol.3 , pp. 73-75
  • 179
    • 84896742856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the NIST smart grid collaboration wiki
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • Introduction to the NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, NIST SGIP, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIPAbout (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013) Nist Sgip
  • 180
    • 84896751303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welcome to the NIST smart grid collaboration wiki, what is the smart grid interoperability panel?
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • Welcome to the NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, What is the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel?, NIST SGIP, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/ bin/view/SmartGrid/Web Home#What-is-the-Smart-Grid-Interoper (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library). Another organization that provides input to NIST is the Smart Grid Federal Advisory Committee, begun in September 2010, that consists of 15 experts from industry, academia, and trade associations.
    • (2013) Nist Sgip
  • 181
    • 84896794616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • NIST Smart Grid Advisory Committee, NIST, http://www.nist. gov/smartgrid/committee.cfm (last visited Jan. 22, 2012) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2012) NIST Smart Grid Advisory Committee NIST
  • 182
    • 84896769666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain expert working groups
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • NIST FRAMEWORK 1.0, supra note 1, at 16, 160; Domain Expert Working Groups, GRIDWISE ARCHITECTURE COUNCIL, http://www.gridwiseac.org/about/dewg.aspx (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) (discussing formation of DEWGs in conjunction with the GridWise Architecture Council)
    • (2013) Gridwise Architecture Council
  • 184
    • 84896747488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, SGIP Leadership, NIST SGIP, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/WebHome#SGIP- Leadership (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013) NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki SGIP Leadership, NIST SGIP
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    • 84896746784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welcome to the NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, SGIP Site, NIST SGIP, last visited Jan. 22 (on file with the Harvard Law School Library)
    • SGIP STANDARDS CATALOG, supra note 147, at 5 (requiring 75% votes of both to approve a standard for the Catalog of Standards). 254 Welcome to the NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, SGIP Site, NIST SGIP, http://collaborate.nist. gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/WebHome (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
  • 186
    • 84896796691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • last visited Jan. 22
    • For example, NIST's website for PAP10, "Standard Energy Usage Information," details the extensive work that went into the development of the standard, with numerous webinars and open meetings, and outreach activities to other standards organizations. NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, PAP10: Standard Energy Usage Information, NIST SGIP, http://collaborate.nist. gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP10EnergyUsagetoEMS (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library); see infra notes 269-285 and accompanying text.
    • (2013) NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Wiki, PAP10: Standard Energy Usage Information, NIST SGIP , pp. 269-285
  • 187
    • 84896744458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 7. The Smart Energy Profile specification was listed in the set of twenty-five Framework standards. See id. at 57. This specification provides a set of functionality for home area networks designed to meet the requirements established in the Open HAN specification of the Utility Communications Architecture International Users Group, which itself was included as a Framework standard. See UCA INT'L USERS GRP., UTILITY AMI 2008 HOME AREA NETWORK SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION (2008), available at http://osgug.ucaiug.org/sgstore/ Shared%20Documents/UtilityAMI%20HAN%20SRS%20-%20v1.04%20-%20080819-1.pdf
    • (2008) Uca Int'l Users Grp., Utility Ami 2008 Home Area Network System Requirements Specification
  • 190
    • 84896748946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (last visited Jan. 22)
    • SGIP Catalog of Standards, NIST SGIP, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki- sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIPCatalogOfStandards (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library). The process for adding standards to the Catalog was completed in May 2011. NIST FRAMEWORK 2.0, supra note 5, at 65. This was after the initial submission of standards to FERC, and therefore led to criticism that those standards had not completed the full SGIP process life cycle.
    • (2013) SGIP Catalog of Standards NIST SGIP
  • 192
    • 84896757357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The IPRM may be found at smart grid testing & certification committee (SGTCC)
    • Jan.
    • The IPRM may be found at Smart Grid Testing & Certification Committee (SGTCC), NIST SGIP, Jan., 2012, https://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/pub/ SmartGrid/SmartGridTestingAndCertificationCommittee/IPRM-final-011612.pdf.
    • (2012) Nist Sgip
  • 193
    • 84896785172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summaries of first six catalog of standards entries
    • July 26
    • Summaries of First Six Catalog of Standards Entries, NIST (July 26, 2011), http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip-072611-factsheet.cfm.
    • (2011) NIST
  • 195
    • 84896801000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SGIP, REPORT TO THE SGIP GOVERNING BOARD: PAP10 PLAN 2 (2010), available at http://www.naesb.org/pdf4/smart-grid-pap10-062210w6.pdf [hereinafter SGIP PAP10 2010 PLAN] ("PAP10 will not cover all interactions associated with energy in the home or commercial space. Additional standard information models will be necessary to support load management, for example. Additionally, the proposed standard will be limited to defining an information model only. The implementation of messaging using the model and the syntax by which messaging is encoded is left to SDOs and Standards Setting Organizations that will use the 'seed' standard.").
    • (2010) SGIP, REPORT to the SGIP GOVERNING BOARD: PAP10 PLAN , vol.2
  • 198
    • 84896783924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Re-lease Smart Grid Panel Approves Six Standards For Catalog NIST
    • Press Re-lease, Smart Grid Panel Approves Six Standards for Catalog, NIST, http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip-072611.cfm (John McDonald, SGIP Governing Board Chair, commenting that "[t]he energy usage information standard may very well be the most interesting to consumers at this point").
  • 201
    • 84896777496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introducing green button
    • Jan. 20
    • Introducing Green Button, NIST (Jan. 20, 2012), available at http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/1-20-12-Green-Button-Webinar-Wollman-and- Irwin.pdf
    • (2012) NIST
  • 202
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    • How federal legislation could change digital energy data
    • June 1
    • Jeff St. John, How Federal Legislation Could Change Digital Energy Data, GIGAOM (June 1, 2011), http://gigaom.com/cleantech/how-federal-legislation- could-change-digital-energy-data/.
    • (2011) Gigaom
    • John, J.St.1
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    • 84896772422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standards gurus propose way to get more uutilities on board with SGIP
    • Nov. 23
    • Standards Gurus Propose Way to Get More Uutilities on Board with SGIP, SMART GRID TODAY (Nov. 23, 2011), http://www.smartgridtoday.com/public/ 3488print.cfm.
    • (2011) Smart Grid Today
  • 204
    • 84896774362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green Button PGE last visited Jan. 22
    • Green Button, PGE, http://www.pge.com/greenbutton/(last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
  • 205
    • 84896800368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Energy use of new york city's buildings, visualized
    • Feb. 13
    • Mike Orcutt, The Energy Use of New York City's Buildings, Visualized, TECH. REVIEW (Feb. 13, 2012) http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/energy/27550/? nlid=nldly&nld=2012-02-14 (discussing the use of a model for energy consumption in New York that could be improved with better data).
    • (2012) Tech. Review
    • Orcutt, M.1
  • 206
    • 84896749732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welcome To The IEC IEC, last visited Jan. 22
    • Welcome to the IEC, IEC, http://www.iec.ch/about/, (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).
    • (2013)
  • 208
    • 84896753867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NIST's transmittal to FERC was a brief letter naming the standards and describing their role in the Smart Grid
    • Understanding the implications of FERC's decision not to adopt the standards requires some careful thought about two unclear terms in the EISA: the threshold inquiry of "sufficient consensus" and FERC's responsibility to "adopt" standards. NIST's transmittal to FERC was a brief letter naming the standards and describing their role in the Smart Grid. NIST, NIST SMART GRID ADVISORY COMMITTEE (SGAC) REPORT 28 (2012) [hereinafter NIST SGAC REPORT] available at www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/NIST-SGAC-Final- Recommendations-Report-3-05-12-with-Attachments.pdf. That left others free to interpret the statute as they saw fit.
    • (2012) Nist, Nist Smart Grid Advisory Committee (Sgac) Report , vol.28
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    • 84896791125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FERC says "consensus" lacking for smart grid standards: What consensus?
    • July 27
    • See, e.g., Chris King, FERC Says "Consensus" Lacking for Smart Grid Standards: What Consensus?, SMART GRID WATCH (July 27, 2011), http://www.emeter.com/smart-grid-watch/2011/ferc-says-consensus-lacking-for- smart-grid-standards-what-consensus/(noting that Enernex chairman and CTO Erich W. Gunther observed that while FERC did not define "sufficient consensus," it could mean five different things)
    • (2011) Smart Grid Watch
    • King, C.1
  • 211
    • 84896755799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Docket No. RM11-2-000 8 (comments of the Midwest Independent Transmission System Operators, Inc.)
    • Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Docket No. RM11-2-000 8 (comments of the Midwest Independent Transmission System Operators, Inc.), available at https://www.midwestiso.org/Library/Repository/Tariff/FERC%20 Filings/2011-04-22%20Docket%20No.%20RM11-2-000.pdf (calling for FERC to "independently determine whether there is sufficient consensus that the NIST process created appropriate standards").
  • 213
    • 84896754317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart grid interoperability standards: United states of america before the federal energy regulatory commission
    • Smart Grid Interoperability Standards: United States of America Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Docket No. RM-11-2-000 2 (2011) (comments of John A. Lucas, Southern Company Services, Inc.), available at http://www.ferc.gov/eventcalendar/Files/2011013 1084230-Lucas,%20Southern.pdf [hereinafter "Lucas Docket Comments"] (adding that "I must admit Southern is among those who were not aware that these standards would be the first standards provided to the Commission by NIST"). Another commenter observed that sending standards five at a time would lead to piecemeal development and give inadequate guidance to the states. FERC Technical Conference 2011, supra note 10 (statement of Gib Sorebo), at 54.
    • (2011) Docket No. RM-11-2-000 , vol.2
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    • 84896794762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to AWSI, AM. NAT'L STANDARDS INST. last visited Jan. 22
    • Introduction to AWSI, AM. NAT'L STANDARDS INST., http://www.ansi.org/ about-ansi/introduction/introduction.aspx (last visited Jan. 22, 2013) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library) (noting that "[a]ll ANSI-accredited standards developers follow the Essential Requirements which embrace globally-accepted principles of standardization implemented by well-recognized, international standards bodies such as the . . . IEC [International Electrotechnical Commission]")
    • (2013)
  • 215
    • 84896755448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market news, smart grid panel approved first six standards
    • Aug. 23
    • NIST SGAC REPORT, supra note 290, at 31 (noting that "100% of the utility companies could vote against some issue in the SGIP, but it could still carry the day because of the current majority voting procedures"). In practice, the approval level is much higher than the requisite 75%. The first six standards added to the Catalog of Standards (including the NAESB EUI standard) were approved by 90% of the SGIP's members. Market News, Smart Grid Panel Approved First Six Standards, KLEANINDUSTRIES (Aug. 23, 2011), http://www.kleanindustries.com/s/environmental-market-Industry-news.asp? ReportID=475904.
    • (2011) Kleanindustries
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    • 84896751587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Docket No. RM11-2-000 (comments of John Lucas)
    • United States Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Docket No. RM11-2-000 (comments of John Lucas), available at http://www.ferc.gov/eventcalendar/Files/20110131084230-Lucas, %20Southern.pdf.
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    • West
    • See 16 U.S.C. § 824o(e)(3) (West 2012). The EISA, of course, gave FERC the authority to adopt mandatory standards within its jurisdictional area.
    • (2012) U.S.C. § 824o(e)(3) , vol.16
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    • 84896754317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart grid interoperability standards: United states of america before the federal energy regulatory commission
    • Smart Grid Interoperability Standards: United States of America Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Docket No. RM112-000 5-6 (2011) (comments of Colorado Public Utility Commission).
    • (2011) Docket No. RM112-000 , vol.5-6
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    • FERC says "consensus" Lacking for smart grid standards: What consensus?
    • Jul. 27
    • See, e.g., Chris King, FERC Says "Consensus" Lacking for Smart Grid Standards: What Consensus?, SMART GRID WATCH (Jul. 27, 2011), http://www.emeter.com/smart-grid-watch/2011/ferc-says-consensus-lacking-for- smart-grid-standards-what-consensus/("[S]aying that 'consensus has not been reached' alone is too vague without saying consensus on what.")
    • (2011) Smart Grid Watch
    • King, C.1
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    • 84896781516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart grid standards slowdown puts utilities at risk
    • Jul. 26
    • Jesse Berst, Smart Grid Standards Slowdown Puts Utilities at Risk, SMARTGRIDNEWS.COM (Jul. 26, 2011), http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/ Technologies-Standards/Smart-grid-standardsslowdown-puts-utilities-at-risk-3863. html ("FERC also failed to give any guidance on what happens next. Whether the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) should continue to work on the standards. Whether and when FERC should reconsider them. Whether we should just give up and pack it in.").
    • (2011) Smartgridnews.com
    • Berst, J.1
  • 225
    • 84896776606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NEMa responds to ferc ruling on smart grid standards
    • Jul. 21
    • NEMA Responds to FERC Ruling on Smart Grid Standards, NAT'L ELEC. MFRS. ASS'N (Jul. 21, 2011), http://www.nema.org/News/Pages/NEMA-Responds-to-FERC- Ruling-on-Smart-Grid-Standards.aspx.
    • (2011) Nat'l Elec. Mfrs. Ass'n
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    • 84896799562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tide pools and terrorists
    • Jan.-Feb.
    • Cf. Kara Platoni, Tide Pools and Terrorists, STAN. MAG. (Jan.-Feb. 2012), available at http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article-id= 46396 ("Instead of relying on a centralized brain or controller for everything, you farm out the responsibility of searching for and responding to changes in the environment to many, many different agents.").
    • (2012) Stan. Mag.
    • Platoni, K.1
  • 228
    • 73049109611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State innovation and preemption: Lessons from state climate change efforts
    • See Alexandra B. Klass, State Innovation and Preemption: Lessons From State Climate Change Efforts, 41 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 1653 (2008) for a discussion of dynamism under tension between the states and federal government in fashioning climate change solutions"
    • (2008) Loy. L.A. L. Rev. , vol.41 , pp. 1653
    • Klass, A.B.1
  • 229
    • 70349234825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iterative federalism and climate change
    • see also Ann E. Carlson, Iterative Federalism and Climate Change, 103 NW. U. L. REV. 1097, 1100 (2009) (discussing "iterative federalism" whereby "federal law consciously designates a particular and distinct state or group of states to regulate and relies on that regulatory arrangement to enhance compliance with federal standards").
    • (2009) Nw. U. L. Rev. , vol.103 , Issue.1097 , pp. 1100
    • Carlson, A.E.1
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    • Nicholas economides telecommunications regulation: An introduction 45 55-56
    • Richard R. Nelson Ed.
    • See, e.g., Nicholas Economides, Telecommunications Regulation: An Introduction 45, 55-56, in THE LIMITS AND COMPLEXITY OF ORGANIZATIONS (Richard R. Nelson, ed. 2005), available at http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/ Telecommunications-Regulation.pdf. Utilities have led industry transitions before. In the early 20th century, utilities supported the move from municipal franchises to state regulation.
    • (2005) The Limits and Complexity of Organizations


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.