Role of oxygen adsorption in nanocrystalline ZnO interfacial layers for polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 118, Issue 34, 2014, Pages 19672-19682

  Wilken, Sebastian ^a   Parisi, Jürgen ^a   Borchert, Holger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC RESISTANCE; FULLERENES; HETEROJUNCTIONS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; OXYGEN; POLYMERS; SOLAR CELLS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); ZINC OXIDE; ADSORPTION; GAS ADSORPTION; NANOCRYSTALS; NANOPARTICLES; PARTICLE SIZE; TIN OXIDES;

BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC; HETEROJUNCTION INTERFACES; ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS; PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE; POLYMER-FULLERENE BLENDS; SPACE-CHARGE-LIMITED CURRENT; VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS; SPACE CHARGE LIMITED CURRENTS;

GAS ADSORPTION; SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 84906857539     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp506641m     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Deibel, C.; Dyakonov, V. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Rep. Prog. Phys. 2010, 73, 096401
2. Steim, R.; Kogler, F. R.; Brabec, C. J. Interface Materials for Organic Solar Cells J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 2499-2512
3. Ratcliff, E. L.; Zacher, B.; Armstrong, N. R. Selective Interlayers and Contacts in Organic Photovoltaic Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 1337-1350
4. Würfel, P. Physics of Solar Cells; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2009.
5. Hau, S. K.; Yip, H.-L.; Baek, N. S.; Zou, J.; O'Malley, K.; Jen, A. K.-Y. Air-Stable Inverted Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Electron Selective Layer Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 253301
6. Huang, J.; Yin, Z.; Zheng, Q. Applications of ZnO in Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3861-3877
7. You, J.; Dou, L.; Yoshimura, K.; Kato, T.; Ohya, K.; Moriarty, T.; Emery, K.; Chen, C.-C.; Gao, J.; Li, G. A Polymer Tandem Solar Cell with 10.6% Power Conversion Efficiency Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1446
8. Pacholski, C.; Kornowski, A.; Weller, H. Self-Assembly of ZnO: From Nanodots to Nanorods Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1188-1191
9. Beek, W. J. E.; Wienk, M. M.; Kemerink, M.; Yang, X.; Janssen, R. A. J. Hybrid Zinc Oxide Conjugated Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 9505-9516
10. Chen, S.; Small, C. E.; Amb, C. M.; Subbiah, J.; Lai, T.-h.; Tsang, S.-W.; Manders, J. R.; Reynolds, J. R.; So, F. Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Reduced Interface Recombination Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2, 1333-1337
11. Wu, Z.; Song, T.; Xia, Z.; Wei, H.; Sun, B. Enhanced Performance of Polymer Solar Cell with ZnO Nanoparticle Electron Transporting Layer Passivated by in Situ Cross-Linked Three-Dimensional Polymer Network Nanotechnology 2013, 24, 484012
12. Shao, S.; Zheng, K.; Pullerits, T.; Zhang, F. Enhanced Performance of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells by Using Poly(ethylene oxide)-Modified ZnO as an Electron Transport Layer ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 380-385
13. Li, M.; Xing, G.; Ah Qune, L. F. N.; Xing, G.; Wu, T.; Huan, C. H. A.; Zhang, X.; Sum, T. C. Tailoring the Charge Carrier Dynamics in ZnO Nanowires: The Role of Surface Hole/Electron Traps Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 3075-3082
14. Ghosh, M.; Ningthoujam, R. S.; Vatsa, R. K.; Das, D.; Nataraju, V.; Gadkari, S. C.; Gupta, S. K.; Bahadur, D. Role of Ambient Air on Photoluminescence and Electrical Conductivity of Assembly of ZnO Nanoparticles J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 110, 054309
15. Gurwitz, R.; Cohen, R.; Shalish, I. Interaction of Light with the ZnO Surface: Photon Induced Oxygen "Breathing," Oxygen Vacancies, Persistent Photoconductivity, and Persistent Photovoltage J. Appl. Phys. 2014, 115, 033701
16. Jin, Y.; Wang, J.; Sun, B.; Blakesley, J. C.; Greenham, N. C. Solution-Processed Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Colloidal ZnO Nanoparticles Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1649-1653
17. Dhara, S.; Giri, P. Enhanced UV Photosensitivity From Rapid Thermal Annealed Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowires Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2011, 6, 504
18. Guo, F.; Yang, B.; Yuan, Y.; Xiao, Z.; Dong, Q.; Bi, Y.; Huang, J. A Nanocomposite Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on Interfacial Trap-Controlled Charge Injection Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 798-802
19. Bora, T.; Lakshman, K. K.; Sarkar, S.; Makhal, A.; Sardar, S.; Pal, S. K.; Dutta, J. Modulation of Defect-Mediated Energy Transfer from ZnO Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Bilirubin Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 714-725
20. Lilliedal, M. R.; Medford, A. J.; Madsen, M. V.; Norrman, K.; Krebs, F. C. The Effect of Post-Processing Treatments on Inflection Points in Current-Voltage Curves of Roll-to-Roll Processed Polymer Photovoltaics Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010, 94, 2018-2031
21. Manor, A.; Katz, E. A.; Tromholt, T.; Krebs, F. C. Enhancing Functionality of ZnO Hole Blocking Layer in Organic Photovoltaics Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012, 98, 491-493
22. Morfa, A. J.; MacDonald, B. I.; Subbiah, J.; Jasieniak, J. J. Understanding the Chemical Origin of Improved Thin-Film Device Performance from Photodoped ZnO Nanoparticles Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014, 124, 211-216
23. Gaynor, W.; Lee, J.-Y.; Peumans, P. Fully Solution-Processed Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Laminated Nanowire Electrodes ACS Nano 2010, 4, 30-34
24. Zhou, Y.; Cheun, H.; Choi, S.; Potscavage, W. J., Jr.; Fuentes-Hernandez, C.; Kippelen, B. Indium Tin Oxide-Free and Metal-Free Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97, 153304
25. Andersen, M.; Carlé, J. E.; Cruys-Bagger, N.; Lilliedal, M. R.; Hammond, M. A.; Winther-Jensen, B.; Krebs, F. C. Transparent Anodes for Polymer Photovoltaics: Oxygen Permeability of PEDOT Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2007, 91, 539-543
26. Seemann, A.; Egelhaaf, H.-J.; Brabec, C. J.; Hauch, J. A. Influence of Oxygen on Semi-Transparent Organic Solar Cells with Gas Permeable Electrodes Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 1424-1428
27. Norrman, K.; Madsen, M. V.; Gevorgyan, S. A.; Krebs, F. C. Degradation Patterns in Water and Oxygen of an Inverted Polymer Solar Cell J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 16883-16892
28. Voroshazi, E.; Verreet, B.; Buri, A.; Müller, R.; Nuzzo, D. D.; Heremans, P. Influence of Cathode Oxidation via the Hole Extraction Layer in Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells Org. Electron. 2011, 12, 736-744
29. Glatthaar, M.; Niggemann, M.; Zimmermann, B.; Lewer, P.; Riede, M.; Hinsch, A.; Luther, J. Organic Solar Cells Using Inverted Layer Sequence Thin Solid Films 2005, 491, 298-300
30. Wilken, S.; Hoffmann, T.; von Hauff, E.; Borchert, H.; Parisi, J. ITO-Free Inverted Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells: Interface Effects and Comparison of Different Semi-Transparent Front Contacts Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012, 96, 141-147
31. Wilken, S.; Scheunemann, D.; Wilkens, V.; Parisi, J.; Borchert, H. Improvement of ITO-Free Inverted Polymer-Based Solar Cells by Using Colloidal Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals as Electron-Selective Buffer Layer Org. Electron. 2012, 13, 2386-2394
32. Snaith, H. J. How Should You Measure Your Excitonic Solar Cells? Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6513-6520
33. Lutterotti, L.; Chateigner, D.; Ferrari, S.; Ricote, J. Texture, Residual Stress and Structural Analysis of Thin Films Using a Combined X-ray Analysis Thin Solid Films 2004, 450, 34-41
34. van Dijken, A.; Meulenkamp, E. A.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Meijerink, A. The Luminescence of Nanocrystalline ZnO Particles: The Mechanism of the Ultraviolet and Visible Emission J. Lumin. 2000, 87-89, 454-456
35. Gong, Y.; Andelman, T.; Neumark, G. F.; O'Brien, S.; Kuskovsky, I. L. Origin of Defect-Related Green Emission from ZnO Nanoparticles: Effect of Surface Modification Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2007, 2, 297-302
36. Janotti, A.; de Walle, C. G. V. Native Point Defects in ZnO Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 165202
37. Tuomisto, F.; Ranki, V.; Saarinen, K.; Look, D. C. Evidence of the Zn Vacancy Acting as the Dominant Acceptor in n-Type ZnO Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 205502
38. Zhao, Q. X.; Klason, P.; Willander, M.; Zhong, H. M.; Lu, W.; Yang, J. H. Deep-Level Emissions Influenced by O and Zn Implantations in ZnO Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 211912
39. Norberg, N. S.; Gamelin, D. R. Influence of Surface Modification on the Luminescence of Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 20810-20816
40. Cooper, J. K.; Ling, Y.; Longo, C.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J. Z. Effects of Hydrogen Treatment and Air Annealing on Ultrafast Charge Carrier Dynamics in ZnO Nanowires under in Situ Photoelectrochemical Conditions J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 17360-17368
41. Teklemichael, S. T.; McCluskey, M. D. Acceptor and Surface States of ZnO Nanocrystals: A Unified Model Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 475703
42. Zhang, L.; Yin, L.; Wang, C.; Lun, N.; Qi, Y.; Key, D. X. Origin of Visible Photoluminescence of ZnO Quantum Dots: Defect-Dependent and Size-Dependent J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 9651-9658
43. Djurišić, A. B.; Leung, Y. H. Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures Small 2006, 2, 944-961
44. Hegedus, S. S.; Shafarman, W. N. Thin-Film Solar Cells: Device Measurements and Analysis Prog. Photovoltaics 2004, 12, 155-176
45. Schroder, D. K. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization; Wiley: New York, 1990.
46. Sandberg, O. J.; Nyman, M.; Österbacka, R. Effect of Contacts in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Phys. Rev. Appl. 2014, 1, 024003
47. Tress, W.; Leo, K.; Riede, M. Influence of Hole-Transport Layers and Donor Materials on Open-Circuit Voltage and Shape of I-V Curves of Organic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 2140-2149
48. Wagenpfahl, A.; Rauh, D.; Binder, M.; Deibel, C.; Dyakonov, V. S-Shaped Current-Voltage Characteristics of Organic Solar Devices Phys. Rev. B 2010, 82, 115306
49. Tress, W.; Inganäs, O. Simple Experimental Test To Distinguish Extraction and Injection Barriers at the Electrodes of (Organic) Solar Cells with S-Shaped Current-Voltage Characteristics Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013, 117, 599-603
50. Cowan, S. R.; Schulz, P.; Giordano, A. J.; Garcia, A.; MacLeod, B. A.; Marder, S. R.; Kahn, A.; Ginley, D. S.; Ratcliff, E. L.; Olson, D. C. Chemically Controlled Reversible and Irreversible Extraction Barriers Via Stable Interface Modification of Zinc Oxide Electron Collection Layer in Polycarbazole-Bsed Organic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 10.1002/adfm.201400158