Quantitative and qualitative methods in medical education research: AMEE Guide No 90: Part i

Medical Teacher

Volumn 36, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 746-756

  Tavakol, Mohsen ^a   Sandars, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; RESEARCH;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; HUMANS; RESEARCH; RESEARCH DESIGN;

EID: 84906852065     PISSN: 0142159X     EISSN: 1466187X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2014.915298     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ajzen I. 2005. Attitudes, personality, and behaviour. New York: Open University Press/MaGraw Hill.
2. Alvesson M, Skoldberg K. 2009. Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. Thousand Okas: CA, SAGE.
3. Ary D, Jacobs L, Sorensen C, Razavieh A. 2006. Introduction to research in education. Belmont, CA: Wasdsworth.
4. Ashley P, Boyd B. 2006. Quantitative and qualitative approaches to research in environmental management. Australasian J Environ Manage 13: 70-78.
5. Atkinson P, Pugsley L. 2005. Making sense of ethnography and medical education. Med Educ 39: 228-234.
6. Aveyard H. 2010. Doing a literature review in health and social science care: A practical guide. Glasgow: The McGrawHill Companies.
7. Bower E, Scambler S. 2007. The contributions of qualitative research towards dental public health practice. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 35: 161-9.
8. Brown C. 2010. Conceptualizing research. In: Aparasus R, editor. Research methods for pharmaceutical practice and policy. London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp 17-35.
9. Brown S. 2014. Evidence-based nursing. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
10. Buckley G. 1998. Partial truths-research papers in medical education. Med Edu 32: 1-2.
11. Cochrane A. 1972. Effectiveness and efficiency: Random reflection on health services. London: Nuffield Prvincial Hospitals Trus (original publication, 1972).
12. Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. 2008. Research methods in education. London: Routledge.
13. Creswell J. 2013. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousands Okas: SAGE.
14. Creswell J. 2014. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
15. Crotty M. 1998. The foundations of social research: meaning and perspective in the research process. London: SAGE.
16. Daniel W. 2005. Biostatistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
17. Denzin N, Lincoln Y. 2011. The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In: Denzin N, Lincoln Y, editors. The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Thousands Oaks: SAGE. pp 1-19.
18. Dingwall R, Murphy E, Watson P, Greathbatch D, Parker S. 1998. Catching gold fish: quality in qualitative research. J Health Serv Res Policy 3: 167-172.
19. Erlandson D, Harris E, Skipper B, Allen S. 1993. Doing naturalistic inquiry. London: SAGE.
20. Fereday J, Muir-Chocrane E. 2006. Demonstrating rigour using thematic analysis: Hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development [Online]. [Accessed July 2012] Available from http://www.ualberta. ca/-iiqm/backissues/5-1/pdf/fereday.pdf.
21. Gillis A, Jackson W. 2002. Research for nurses: Methods and interpretation. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
22. Goldstein H. 1968. Longitudinal studies and the measurement of change. Statistician 18: 93-117.
23. Griffin K, Museus S. 2011. Application of mixed-methods approaches to higher education and intersectional analyses. In: Griffin K, Museus S, editors. Using mixed -methods approaches to study intersecrionality in higher education. Ann Arbor: Wiley. pp 15-26.
24. Guba E. 1990. The alternative paradigm dialog. In: Guba E, editor. The Paradigm dialoge. London: Sage Publication. pp 15-27.
25. Halloway I, Biley F. 2011. Being a qualitative researcher. Qual Health Res 21: 968-975.
26. Harris A, Mcgregor J, Perencevich E, Furuno J, Zhu J, Peterson D, Finkeistein J. 2006. The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. J Am Med Inform 13: 16-23.
27. Hart C. 2005. Doing a literature review. London. SAGE.
28. Hebel J, McCarter R. 2012. A study guide to epidemiology and biostatistics. Bulington, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
29. Higgins J, Green S. 2011. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [Online]. The Cochrane Collaboration. [Accessed November 2013] Available from http://handbook.cochrane.org/index.htm#chapter-20/20-qualitative- research-and-cochrane-reviews.htm.
30. Hojat M, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine S, Isenberg G, Veloski J, Gonnella J. 2009. The devil is the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med 84: 1182-91.
31. Kaufim D. 2003. Applying educational theories in practice. BMJ 25: 213-216.
32. Kawulich B. 2009. The role of theory in research. In: Garner M, Wagner C, Kawulich B, editors. Teaching research methods in social sciences. Surrey: Aghgate Publishing Limited.
33. Kerlinger F. 1970. Foundations of behavioural research. New Yourk: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
34. Kevin K. 2006. Study design III: Cross-sectional studies. Evidence-based Dentistry 7: 24-25.
35. Khatami S, Macentee M, Pratt D, Collins J. 2012. Clinical reasoning in dentistry: A conceptual framework for dental education. J Dent Educ 76: 1116-1128.
36. Leedy P, Ormrod J. 2005. Practical research planning and design. New Jersey: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
37. Liehr P, Smith M. 2002. Theoretical frameworks. In: Lobiondo-Wood G, Haber J, editors. Nursing research: Methods, critical appraisal and utilization. St. Louis: Mosby. pp 107-120.
38. Lincoln Y, Guba E. 1985. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
39. Lodico M, Spaulding D, Voegtle K. 2010. Methods in educational research: from theory to practice. San Faransico: John Wiley & Sons.
40. Marshall C, Rossman G. 2006. Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
41. Marshall I, Wolfe C, Mckevitt C. 2012. Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research. BMJ 344: e3953.
42. Mays N, Pope C. 2000. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ 320: 50-52.
43. McBurney D, White T. 2010. Research methods. Bamont, CA: Wadsworth.
44. McEwan M, Espie C, Metcalfe J. 2004. A systematic review of the contribution of qualitative research to the study of quality of life in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Seizure 13: 3-14.
45. McInnes E, Seers K, Tutton L. 2011. Older people's views in relation to risk of falling the need for intervention: A meta-ethnography. J Adv Nurs 67: 2525-2536.
46. Merriam-Webster. 2013. Research [Online]. [Accessed 1 December 2013] Available from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research.
47. Mertens D. 2010. Research and evaluation in education and psychology. London: SAGE.
48. Moan I, Rise J. 2005. Quitting smoking: Applying and extended version of the theory of planned behaviour to predict intention and behaviour. J Appl Biobehav Res 10: 39-68.
49. Morse J. 2005. What is qualitative research? Qual Health Res 15: 859-860.
50. Morse J. 2006. Reconceptualising qualitative evidence. Qual Health Res 16: 415-422.
51. Morse J. 2011. What is qualitative health research. In: Denzin N, Lincoln Y, editors). SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. pp 401-414.
52. Morse J, Field P. 1995. Qualitative research methods for health professionals. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
53. Neuman W. 2003. Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allyan and Bacon.
54. Newman I, Hitchcock J. 2011. Underlying agreements between qualitative and quantitative research: the art short and tall of it all. Human Recourse Dev Rev 10: 381-394.
55. Nieswiadomy R. Foundations of nursing research. Stamford: Appelton & Lange.
56. Norman G. 2002. Research in medical education: three decades of progress. BMJ 324: 1560-2.
57. Ong B, Richardson J. 2006. The contribution of qualitative approaches to musculoskeletal research. Rheumatology 45: 360-70.
58. Polit D, Beck C. 2014. Essentials of nursing research. Philadelphia: Wolters KluwerjLippincott Williams & Wilkins.
59. Reeves S, Kuper A, Hodges B. 2008. Qualitative research methodologies: Ethnography. BMJ 337: a1020.
60. Ritchie J, Lewis J, Cnicholls C, Ormston R. 2013. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: SAGE.
61. Rothstein W, Phuong L. 2007. Ethical attitudes of nurse, physician, and unaffiliated members of institutional review boards. J Nurs Scholarship 39: 75-81.
62. Rubib H, Rubin I. 2012. Qualitative interviewing: the art of hearing data. London: SAGE.
63. Sclater M. 2012. Theorizing from bricolage: researching collaboration in art and design education. In: Adams J, Cochrane M, Dunne L, editors. Applying theory to educational research: An introductory approaches with case studies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp 157-176.
64. Shadish E, Cook T, Campbell D. 2002. Experimental and quasiexperimental designs for generalised casual inference. Boston: Houghoton Mifflin.
65. Silverman D. 2010. Doing qualitative research. London, SAGE.
66. Smith K. 1990. Alternative research paradigms and the problem of criteria. In: Guba E, editor. The paradigms dialogue. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. pp 167-1187.
67. Tashakkori A, Teddlie C. 1998. Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: SAGE.
68. Tavakol M, Gruppen L. 2010. Using evaluation research to improve medical education. Clin Teach 7: 192-196.
69. Tavakol M, Murphy R, Rahemei-Madeseh M, Torabi S. 2008. The involvement of clinicians in medical education research. Qual Prim Care 16: 335-40.
70. Tavakol S, Dennick R, Tavakol M. 2012. Medical students' understanding of empathy: a phenomenological study. Med Edu 46: 306-316.
71. Taylor B. 2013. Mixed method research. In: Taylor B, Francis K, editors. Qualitative research in the health sciences: Methodologies, methods and processes. New York: Routledge. pp 162-176.
72. Toussaint L, Webb J. 2005. Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. J Soc Psychol 14: 673-685.
73. Trice L, Bloom K. 2014. PICOT, problem statement, research ouestion, hypothesis. In: Boswell C, Cannon S, editors. Introduction to nursing research. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
74. Alasuutari P, Bickman L, Brannen J. 2008. The SAGE handbook of social research methods. London: SAGE.
75. Bryant A, Charmaz K. 2010. The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (Paperback Edition). London: SAGE.
76. Corbin J, Strauss A. 2008. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
77. Creswell J, Clark V. 2011. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. London: SAGE.
78. Creswell J. 2011. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson.
79. Denzin N, Lincoln Y. 2011. The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. London: SAGE.
80. Flick U. 2013. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis. London: SAGE
81. Grove M, Overton T. 2011. Getting started in pedagogic research within the STEM disciplines [Online]. The University of Birmingham on behalf of the National HE STEM Programme. [Accessed 1 February 2014] Available from http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-eps/college/stem/ getting-started-in-stem-pedagogicoptimised.pdf.
82. Gruppen L. 2008. Is medical education research 'hard' or 'soft' research? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 13: 1-2.
83. Harland N, Holey H. 2011. Including open-ended questions in quantitative questionnaires. Int J Theory Rehab 18: 482-486.
84. Johnson B, Christnsen L. 2010. Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. London: SAGE Publications.
85. Morse J. 2004. Qualitative comparison: Appropriateness, equivalence, and fit Qual Health Res 14: 1323-1325.
86. Morse J. 2009. Mixed method design: principles and procedures. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
87. Morse J, Dimitroff L, Harper R, Koontz A, Kumra S, Matthew-Maich N, Mihas PCM. 2011. Considering the qualitative-quantitative language divide. Qual Health Res 21: 1302-1303.
88. Norman G, Eva K. 2014. Quantitative research methods in medical education. In: Swanwick T, editor. Understanding medical education: Evidence, theory and practice. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp 349-369.
89. Sandelowski M. 2004. Counting cats in Zanzibar. Res Nurs Health 27: 215-216.
90. Silverman D. 2006. Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London: SAGE.
91. Tavakol M, Wilcox R. 2013. Medical education research: the application of robust statistical methods. Int J Med Educ 4: 93-95.
92. Teddile C, Tashakkori A. 2009. Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioural. London: SAGE.
93. Thomas G. 2013. How to do your research project: A guide for students in education and applied social sciences. London: SAGE
94. Trochim W, Donnely J. 2006. The research methods knowledge base. Ohio: Atomic Dog.
95. Web Centre for social research methods [Online]. [Accessed 1 February 2014]Available from http://socialresearchmethods.-net/.
96. Wilcox R. 2011. Modern statistics for the social and behavioural sciences: A practical introduction. Boca Raton: CRC Press.