Measurement of exciton diffusion in a well-defined donor/acceptor heterojunction based on a conjugated polymer and cross-linked fullerene derivative

ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Volumn 6, Issue 16, 2014, Pages 14108-14115

  Wang, Yanbin ^a   Benten, Hiroaki ^a   Ohara, Shunji ^a   Kawamura, Daichi ^a   Ohkita, Hideo ^a,b   Ito, Shinzaburo ^a  

^a KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

Author keywords

conjugated polymer; cross linking; exciton diffusion coefficient; exciton diffusion length; fluorene based copolymer; fluorescence quenching; fullerene; planar heterojunction

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BUTYRIC ACID; CROSSLINKING; DIFFUSION; EXCITONS; FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING; FULLERENES; HETEROJUNCTIONS; MOLECULAR ORBITALS; PLASTIC COATINGS; POLYMER FILMS; QUENCHING; SPIN COATING;

ELECTRON ACCEPTOR LAYER; EXCITON DIFFUSION; EXCITON DIFFUSION LENGTH; FLUORENES; HIGHEST OCCUPIED MOLECULAR ORBITAL; LOWEST UNOCCUPIED MOLECULAR ORBITAL; PHOTOELECTRON YIELD SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION;

CONJUGATED POLYMERS;

EID: 84906821719     PISSN: 19448244     EISSN: 19448252     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/am503434p     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Søndergaard, R.; Hösel, M.; Angmo, D.; Larsen-Olsen, T. T.; Krebs, F. C. Roll-to-Roll Fabrication of Polymer Solar Cells Mater. Today 2012, 15, 36-49
2. Li, G.; Zhu, R.; Yang, Y. Polymer Solar Cells Nat. Photonics. 2012, 6, 153-161
3. Brabec, C. J.; Gowrisanker, S.; Halls, J. J. M.; Laird, D.; Jia, S.; Williams, S. P. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3839-3856
4. Gregg, B. A. The Photoconversion Mechanism of Excitonic Solar Cells MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 20-22
5. Deibel, C.; Dyakonov, V. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Rep. Prog. Phys. 2010, 73, 096401
6. Ohkita, H.; Ito, S. Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Polymer-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells Polymer 2011, 52, 4397-4417
7. Peumans, P.; Yakimov, A.; Forrest, S. R. Small Molecular Weight Organic Thin-Film Photodetectors and Solar Cells J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 3693-3723
8. Menke, S. M.; Holmes, R. J. Exciton Diffusion in Organic Photovoltaic Cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 499-512
9. Tamai, Y.; Matsuura, Y.; Ohkita, H.; Benten, H.; Ito, S. One-Dimensional Singlet Exciton Diffusion in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystalline Domains J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 399-403
10. Cook, S.; Liyuan, H.; Furube, A.; Katoh, R. Singlet Annihilation in Films of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Estimates for Singlet Diffusion Lengths and the Correlation between Singlet Annihilation Rates and Spectral Relaxation J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 10962-10968
11. Lewis, A. J.; Ruseckas, A.; Gaudin, O. P. M.; Webster, G. R.; Burn, P. L.; Samuel, I. D. W. Singlet Exciton Diffusion in MEH-PPV Films Studied by Exciton-Exciton Annihilation Org. Electron. 2006, 7, 452-456
12. Huijser, A.; Savenije, T. J.; Shalav, A.; Siebbeles, L. D. A. An Experimental Study on the Molecular Organization and Exciton Diffusion in a Bilayer of a Porphyrin and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 034505
13. Pettersson, L. A. A.; Roman, L. S.; Inganäs, O. Modeling Photocurrent Action Spectra of Photovoltaic Devices Based on Organic Thin Films J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 86, 487-496
14. 60 Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cell Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 68, 3120-3122
15. 2 Bilayers J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 7696-7705
16. Leow, C.; Ohnishi, T.; Matsumura, M. Diffusion Lengths of Excitons in Polymers in Relation to External Quantum Efficiency of the Photocurrent of Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 71-76
17. Scully, S. R.; McGehee, M. D. Effects of Optical Interference and Energy Transfer on Exciton Diffusion Length Measurements in Organic Semiconductors J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100, 034907
18. 60 Heterojunction Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61, 12957-12963
19. Haugeneder, A.; Neges, M.; Kallinger, C.; Spirkl, W.; Lemmer, U.; Feldmann, J.; Scherf, U.; Harth, E.; Gügel, A.; Müllen, K. Exciton Diffusion and Dissociation in Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Blends and Heterostructures Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 15346-15351
20. Markov, D. E.; Amsterdam, E.; Blom, P. W. M.; Sieval, A. B.; Hummelen, J. C. Accurate Measurement of the Exciton Diffusion Length in a Conjugated Polymer Using a Heterostructure with a Side-Chain Cross-Linked Fullerene Layer J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 5266-5274
21. Mikhnenko, O. V.; Azimi, H.; Scharber, M.; Morana, M.; Blom, P. W. M.; Loi, M. A. Exciton Diffusion Length in Narrow Bandgap Polymers Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6960-6965
22. Markov, D. E.; Tanase, C.; Blom, P. W. M.; Wildeman, J. Simultaneous Enhancement of Charge Transport and Exciton Diffusion in Poly(p -phenylene vinylene) Derivatives Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 045217
23. Markov, D. E.; Hummelen, J. C.; Blom, P. W. M.; Sieval, A. B. Dynamics of Exciton Diffusion in Poly(p -phenylene vinylene)/Fullerene Heterostructures Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 045216
24. Shaw, P. E.; Ruseckas, A.; Samuel, I. D. W. Exciton Diffusion Measurements in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3516-3520
25. Fushimi, T.; Oda, A.; Ohkita, H.; Ito, S. Triplet Energy Migration in Layer-by-Layer Deposited Ultrathin Polymer Films Bearing Tris(2,2′- bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Moieties J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 18897-18902
26. Masuda, K.; Ikeda, Y.; Ogawa, M.; Benten, H.; Ohkita, H.; Ito, S. Exciton Generation and Diffusion in Multilayered Organic Solar Cells Designed by Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Poly(p -phenylenevinylene) ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 236-245
27. Brabec, C. J.; Zerza, G.; Cerullo, G.; Silvestri, S. D.; Luzzati, S.; Hummelen, J. C.; Sariciftci, S. Tracing Photoinduced Electron Transfer Process in Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions in Real Time Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 340, 232-236
28. Guo, J.; Ohkita, H.; Benten, H.; Ito, S. Charge Generation and Recombination Dynamics in Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Fullerene Blend Films with Different Regioregularities and Morphologies J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6154-6164
29. Yamamoto, S.; Ohkita, H.; Benten, H.; Ito, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Kitazawa, D.; Tsukamoto, J. Efficient Charge Generation and Collection in Amorphous Polymer-Based Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 11514-11521
30. 60 Synth. Met. 1996, 77, 151-154
31. Treat, N. D.; Brady, M. A.; Smith, G.; Toney, M. F.; Kramer, E. J.; Hawker, C. J.; Chabinyc, M. L. Interdiffusion of PCBM and P3HT Reveals Miscibility in a Photovoltaically Active Blend Adv. Energy Mater. 2011, 1, 82-89
32. Rochester, C. W.; Mauger, S. A.; Moulé, A. J. Investigating the Morphology of Polymer/Fullerene Layers Coated Using Orthogonal Solvents J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 7287-7292
33. Stevens, D. M.; Qin, Y.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Frisbie, C. D. Enhancement of the Morphology and Open Circuit Voltage in Bilayer Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 11408-11415
34. Collins, B. A.; Gann, E.; Guignard, L.; He, X.; McNeill, C. R.; Ade, H. Molecular Miscibility of Polymer-Fullerene Blends J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 3160-3166
35. Zuniga, C. A.; Barlow, S.; Marder, S. R. Approaches to Solution-Processed Multilayer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Cross-Linking Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 658-681
36. Huang, F.; Cheng, Y. J.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, M. S.; Jen, A. K. -Y. Crosslinkable Hole-Transporting Materials for Solution Processed Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 4495-4509
37. Khuong, K. S.; Jones, W. H.; Pryor, W. A.; Houk, K. N. The Mechanism of the Self-Initiated Thermal Polymerization of Styrene. Theoretical Solution of a Classic Problem J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 1265-1277
38. Chong, Y. K.; Rizzardo, E.; Solomon, D. H. Confirmation of the Mayo Mechanism for the Initiation of the Thermal Polymerization of Styrene J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 7761-7762
39. Mayo, F. R. The Dimerization of Styrene J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 1289-1295
40. Sun, H.; Liu, Z.; Hu, Y.; Wang, L.; Ma, D.; Jing, X.; Wang, F. Crosslinkable Poly(p -phenylenevinylene) Derivative J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2004, 42, 2124-2129
41. Klärner, G.; Lee, J. I.; Lee, V. Y.; Chan, E.; Chen, J. P.; Nelson, A.; Markiewicz, D.; Siemens, R.; Scott, J. C.; Miller, R. D. Cross-Linkable Polymers Based on Dialkylfluorenes Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 1800-1805
42. Enkelmann, V. Polydiacetylenes. In Adv. Polym. Sci.; Cantow, H. J., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1984; Vol. 63, pp 91-136.
43. Ogawa, T. Diacetylenes in Polymeric Systems Prog. Polym. Sci. 1995, 20, 943-985
44. Lenes, M.; Wetzelaer, G. J. A. H.; Kooistra, F. B.; Veenstra, S. C.; Hummelen, J. C.; Blom, P. W. M. Fullerene Bisadducts for Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltages and Efficiencies in Polymer Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2116-2119
45. Hummelen, J. C.; Knight, B. W.; LePeq, F.; Wudl, F.; Yao, J.; Wilkins, C. L. Preparation and Characterization of Fulleroid and Methanofullerene Derivatives J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 532-538
46. Hsieh, C. H.; Cheng, Y. J.; Li, P. J.; Chen, C. H.; Dubosc, M.; Liang, R. M.; Hsu, C. S. Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Polymer Solar Cells Integrated with a Cross-Linked Fullerene Material as an Interlayer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4887-4893
47. Feng, S.; Wang, Q.; Gao, Y.; Huang, Y.; Qing, F. L. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Amphiphilic Copolymer Capable as Anti-Biofouling Coating Material J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 114, 2071-2078
48. Cho, N.; Yip, H. L.; Hau, S. K.; Chen, K. S.; Kim, T. W.; Davies, J. A.; Zeigler, D. F.; Jen, A. K. -Y. n-Doping of Thermally Polymerizable Fullerenes as an Electron Transporting Layer for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 6956-6961
49. Cheng, Y. J.; Liu, M. S.; Zhang, Y.; Niu, Y.; Huang, F.; Ka, J. W.; Yip, H. L.; Tian, Y.; Jen, A. K. -Y. Thermally Cross-Linkable Hole-Transporting Materials on Conducting Polymer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications for Polymer Light-Emitting Devices Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 413-422
50. Wu, S. Calculation of Interfacial Tension in Polymer Systems J. Polym. Sci., Part C: Polym. Symp. 1971, 34, 19-30
51. Shimizu, R. N.; Demarquette, N. R. Evaluation of Surface Energy of Solid Polymers Using Different Models J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 76, 1831-1845
52. Faist, M. A.; Keivanidis, P. E.; Foster, S.; Wöbkenberg, P. H.; Anthopoulos, T. D.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Durrant, J. R.; Nelson, J. Effect of Multiple Adduct Fullerenes on Charge Generation and Transport in Photovoltaic Blends with Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2011, 49, 45-51
53. Inganäs, O.; Zhang, F.; Andersson, M. R. Alternating Polyfluorenes Collect Solar Light in Polymer Photovoltaics Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1731-1739
54. Mikhnenko, O. V.; Cordella, F.; Sieval, A. B.; Hummelen, J. C.; Blom, P. W. M.; Loi, M. A. Temperature Dependence of Exciton Diffusion in Conjugated Polymers J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 11601-11604
55. Förster, T. Transfer Mechanisms of Electronic Excitation Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1959, 27, 7-17