Hypertension, kidney disease, HIV and antiretroviral therapy among Tanzanian adults: A cross-sectional study

BMC Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Peck, Robert N ^a,b,c   Shedafa, Rehema ^a   Kalluvya, Samuel ^a,b   Downs, Jennifer A ^a,b,c   Todd, Jim ^d   Suthanthiran, Manikkam ^c   Fitzgerald, Daniel W ^c   Kataraihya, Johannes B ^a,b  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES   (Tanzania)

^b Bugando Medical Centre   (Tanzania)

^c WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^d LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Blood pressure; HIV; Hypertension; Kidney disease; Sub Saharan Africa

Indexed keywords

EFAVIRENZ PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADJUSTMENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; FEMALE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MICROALBUMINURIA; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TANZANIAN; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WAIST HIP RATIO; COMORBIDITY; COMPLICATION; HIV INFECTIONS; MIDDLE AGED; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; RISK; STATISTICAL MODEL; TANZANIA;

ADULT; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PREVALENCE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; TANZANIA;

EID: 84906771602     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0125-2     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus LJ, Bahalim AN, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell ML, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce NG, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2224-2260. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8, 23245609.
2. Twagirumukiza M, De Bacquer D, Kips JG, de Backer G, Vander Stichele R, Van Bortel LM. Current and projected prevalence of arterial hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa by sex, age and habitat: an estimate from population studies. J Hypertens 2011, 29:1243-1252. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328346995d, 21540748.
3. Danaei G, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Cowan MJ, Finucane MM, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Lu Y, Rao M, Ezzati M. The global cardiovascular risk transition: associations of four metabolic risk factors with national income, urbanization, and Western diet in 1980 and 2008. Circulation 2013, 127:1493-1502. 1502e1-8, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001470, 23481623.
4. World Health Organization: A Global Brief on Hypertension. Geneva, Switzerland: 2013..
5. Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Lim SS, Riley LM, Ezzati M. National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5 · 4 million participants. Lancet 2011, 377:568-577. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62036-3, 21295844.
6. World Health Organization: WHO HIV Fact Sheet.Available at: . 2013.., http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/index.html
7. World Health Organization: Progress Report 2011: Global HIV/AIDS Response. Geneva, Switzerland 2011..
8. Bor J, Herbst AJ, Newell ML, Ba¨rnighausen T. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment. Science 2013, 339:961-965. 10.1126/science.1230413, 23430655.
9. Bonnet F, Morlat P, Cheˆne G, Mercie´ P, Neau D, Chossat I, Decoin M, Djossou F, Beylot J, Dabis F. Causes of death among HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Bordeaux, France, 1998-1999. HIV Med 2002, 3:195-199. 10.1046/j.1468-1293.2002.00117.x, 12139658.
10. Palella FJ, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Chmiel JS, Wood KC, Brooks JT, Holmberg SD. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006, 43:27-34. 10.1097/01.qai.0000233310.90484.16, 16878047.
11. Barninghausen T, Welze T, Hosegood V, Batzing-Feigenbaum J, Tanser F, Herbst K, Hill C, Newell M. Hiding in the shadows of the HIV epidemic: obesity and hypertension in a rural population with very high HIV prevalence in South Africa. J Hum Hypertens 2008, 22:236-239. 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002308.
12. Dillon DG, Gurdasani D, Riha J, Ekoru K, Asiki G, Mayanja BN, Levitt NS, Crowther NJ, Nyirenda M, Njelekela M, Ramaiya K, Nyan O, Adewole OO, Anastos K, Azzoni L, Boom WH, Compostella C, Dave JA, Dawood H, Erikstrup C, Fourie CM, Friis H, Kruger A, Idoko JA, Longenecker CT, Mbondi S, Mukaya JE, Mutimura E, Ndhlovu CE, Praygod G, et al. Association of HIV and ART with cardiometabolic traits in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2013, 42:1754-1771. 10.1093/ije/dyt198, 24415610.
13. Malaza A, Mossong J, Ba¨rnighausen T, Newell ML. Hypertension and obesity in adults living in a high HIV prevalence rural area in South Africa. PLoS One 2012, 7:e47761. 10.1371/journal.pone.0047761, 23082211.
14. Gazzaruso C, Bruno R, Garzaniti A, Giordanetti S, Fratino P, Sacchi P, Filice G. Hypertension among HIV patients: prevalence and relationships to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 2003, 21:1377-1382. 10.1097/00004872-200307000-00028, 12817187.
15. Jerico´ C, Knobel H, Montero M, Sorli ML, Guelar A, Gimeno JL, Saballs P, Lo´pez-Colome´s JL, Pedro-Botet J. Hypertension in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and related factors. Am J Hypertens 2005, 18:1396-1401. 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.05.016, 16280270.
16. Mattana J, Siegal FP, Sankaran RT, Singhal PC. Absence of age-related increase in systolic blood pressure in ambulatory patients with HIV infection. Am J Med Sci 1999, 317:232-237. 10.1097/00000441-199904000-00004, 10210358.
17. Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Dunlop O, Birkeland K, Bruun JN. Prevalence of hypertension in HIV-positive patients on highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) compared with HAART-nai¨ve and HIV-negative controls: results from a Norwegian study of 721 patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003, 22:731-736. 10.1007/s10096-003-1034-z, 14610658.
18. Schutte AE, Schutte R, Huisman HW, van Rooyen JM, Fourie CMT, Malan NT, Malan L, Mels CM, Smith W, Moss SJ, Towers GW, Kruger HS, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Vorster HH, Kruger A. Are behavioural risk factors to be blamed for the conversion from optimal blood pressure to hypertensive status in Black South Africans? A 5-year prospective study. Int J Epidemiol 2012, 41:1114-1123. 10.1093/ije/dys106, 22825590.
19. Bloomfield GS, Hogan JW, Keter A, Sang E, Carter EJ, Velazquez EJ, Kimaiyo S. Hypertension and obesity as cardiovascular risk factors among HIV seropositive patients in Western Kenya. PLoS One 2011, 6:e22288. 10.1371/journal.pone.0022288, 21779407.
20. Mateen FJ, Kanters S, Kalyesubula R, Mukasa B, Kawuma E, Kengne AP, Mills EJ. Hypertension prevalence and Framingham risk score stratification in a large HIV-positive cohort in Uganda. J Hypertens 2013, 31:1372-1378. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328360de1c, 23615323.
21. Msango L, Downs JA a A, Kalluvya SE, Kidenya BR, Kabangila R, Johnson WD, Fitzgerald DW, Peck RN. Renal dysfunction among HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2011, 25:1421-1425. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328348a4b1, 21572304.
22. Mpondo BC, Kalluvya SE, Peck RN, Kabangila R, Kidenya BR, Ephraim L, Fitzgerald DW, Downs JA. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on renal function among HIV-infected Tanzanian adults: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2014, 9:e89573. 10.1371/journal.pone.0089573, 24586882.
23. Tanzanian Commission on AIDS: HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2013..
24. National AIDS Control Program: National Guidelines for the Management of HIV/AIDS. 3rd edition. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2009..
25. World Health Organization: WHO STEPS Instrument. Geneva, Switzerland 2012..
26. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013, 3:1-150.
27. Van Deventer HE, George JA, Paiker JE, Becker PJ, Katz IJ. Estimating glomerular filtration rate in black South Africans by use of the modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations. Clin Chem 2008, 54:1197-1202. 10.1373/clinchem.2007.099085, 18487286.
28. Wyatt CM, Schwartz GJ, Owino Ong'or W, Abuya J, Abraham AG, Mboku C, M'mene LB, Koima WJ, Hotta M, Maier P, Klotman PE, Wools-Kaloustian K. Estimating kidney function in HIV-infected adults in Kenya: comparison to a direct measure of glomerular filtration rate by iohexol clearance. PLoS One 2013, 8:e69601. 10.1371/journal.pone.0069601, 23950899.
29. Janmohamed MN, Kalluvya SE, Mueller A, Kabangila R, Smart LR, Downs JA, Peck RN. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetic adult out-patients in Tanzania. BMC Nephrol 2013, 14:183. 10.1186/1471-2369-14-183, 24228774.
30. Hasslacher C. Clinical significance of microalbuminuria and evaluation of the Micral-Test. Clin Biochem 1993, 26:283-287. 10.1016/0009-9120(93)90126-Q, 8242889.
31. Chobanian AA, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Roccella EJ. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 2003, 42:1-104. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2.
32. Harrison DG, Guzik TJ, Lob HE, Madhur MS, Marvar PJ, Thabet SR, Vinh A, Weyand CM. Inflammation, immunity, and hypertension. Hypertension 2011, 57:132-140. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163576, 21149826.
33. Harrison DG, Marvar PJ, Titze JM. Vascular inflammatory cells in hypertension. Front Physiol 2012, 3:1-8. 10.3389/fphys.2012.00128.
34. Hunt PW, Cao HL, Muzoora C, Ssewanyana I, Bennett J, Emenyonu N, Kembabazi A, Neilands TB, Bangsberg DR, Deeks SG, Martin JN. Impact of CD8+ T-cell activation on CD4+ T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2011, 25:2123-2131. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834c4ac1, 21881481.
35. Lim A, Tan D, Price P, Kamarulzaman A, Tan HY, James I, French MA. Proportions of circulating T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype increase with HIV-associated immune activation and remain high on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2007, 21:1525-1534. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32825eab8b, 17630546.
36. Ipp H, Zemlin A. The paradox of the immune response in HIV infection: when inflammation becomes harmful. Clin Chim Acta 2013, 416:96-99. 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.025, 23228847.
37. Mutevedzi PC, Rodger AJ, Kowal P, Nyirenda M, Newell M. Decreased chronic morbidity but elevated HIV associated cytokine levels in HIV-infected older adults receiving HIV treatment: benefit of enhanced access to care?. PLoS One 2013, 8:e77379. 10.1371/journal.pone.0077379, 24143226.
38. Messele T, Abdulkadir M, Fontanet AL, Petros B, Hamann D, Koot M, Roos MT, Schellekens PT, Miedema F, de Wit TF R. Reduced naive and increased activated CD4 and CD8 cells in healthy adult Ethiopians compared with their Dutch counterparts. Clin Exp Immunol 1999, 115:443-450. 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00815.x, 10193416.
39. Clerici M, Butto S, Lukwiya M, Saresella M, Declich S, Trabattoni D, Pastori C, Piconi S, Fracasso C, Fabiani M, Ferrante P, Rizzardini G, Lopalco L. Immune activation in africa is environmentally-driven and is associated with upregulation of CCR5: Italian-Ugandan AIDS Project. AIDS 2000, 14:2083-2092. 10.1097/00002030-200009290-00003, 11061648.
40. Dewhurst MJ, Dewhurst F, Gray WK, Chaote P, Orega GP, Walker RW. The high prevalence of hypertension in rural-dwelling Tanzanian older adults and the disparity between detection, treatment and control: a rule of sixths?. J Hum Hypertens 2013, 27:374-380. 10.1038/jhh.2012.59, 23235367.
41. Kayima J, Wanyenze RK, Katamba A, Leontsini E, Nuwaha F. Hypertension awareness, treatment and control in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013, 13:54. 10.1186/1471-2261-13-54, 23915151.
42. Nyirenda M, Chatterji S, Falkingham J, Mutevedzi P, Hosegood V, Evandrou M, Kowal P, Newell M. An investigation of factors associated with the health and well-being of HIV-infected or HIV-affected older people in rural South Africa. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:259. 10.1186/1471-2458-12-259, 22471743.