Summer season squall-line simulations: Sensitivity of gravity waves to physics parameterization and implications for their parameterization in global climate models

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 71, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 3376-3391

  Stephan, Claudia ^a   Alexander, M Joan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b NORTHWEST RESEARCH ASSOCIATES   (United States)

Author keywords

Cloud resolving models; Deep convection; Gravity waves; Mesoscale processes; Parameterization

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELS; GRAVITY WAVES; MOMENTUM; PARAMETERIZATION; STORMS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

CLOUD RESOLVING MODEL; COARSE-RESOLUTION MODEL; DEEP CONVECTION; GRAVITY WAVE MOMENTUM; HIGH RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS; MESOSCALE PROCESS; PRECIPITATION STRENGTH; WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING MODELS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLIMATE MODELING; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; GLOBAL CLIMATE; GRAVITY WAVE; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIMULATION; SQUALL LINE; SUMMER; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; WEATHER FORECASTING;

GREAT PLAINS;

EID: 84906739407     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0380.1     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Alexander, M. J., and J. R. Holton, 1997: A model study of zonal forcing in the equatorial stratosphere by convectively induced gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 408-419, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(1997)054,0408:AMSOZF.2.0.CO;2.
2. Alexander, M. J., and K. H. Rosenlof, 2003: Gravity-wave forcing in the stratosphere: Observational constraints from Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and implications for parameterization in global models. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4597, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003373.
3. Alexander, M. J., J. R. Holton, and D. R. Durran, 1995: The gravity wave response above deep convection in a squall line simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2212-2226, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052,2212: TGWRAD.2.0.CO;2.
4. Alexander, M. J., J. H. Richter, and B. R. Sutherland, 2006: Generation and trapping of gravity waves from convection with comparison to parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2963-2977, doi:10.1175/ JAS3792.1.
5. Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy, 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 40, Academic Press, 489 pp.
6. Beres, J. H., 2004: Gravity wave generation by a three-dimensional thermal forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1805-1815, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(2004)061,1805:GWGBAT.2.0.CO;2.
7. Beres, J. H., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton, 2004: A method of specifying the gravity wave spectrumabove convection based on latent heating properties and background wind. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 324-337, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061,0324: AMOSTG.2.0.CO;2.
8. Beres, J. H., R. R. Garcia, B. A. Boville, and F. Sassi, 2005: Implementation of a gravity wave source spectrum parameterization dependent on the properties of convection in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10108, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD005504.
9. Betts, A. K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-691, doi:10.1002/qj.49711247307.
10. Betts, A. K., and M. J. Miller, 1986: Anew convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 693-709, doi:10.1002/qj.49711247308.
11. Choi, H.-J., and H.-Y. Chun, 2011: Momentum flux spectrum of convective gravity waves. Part I: An update of a parameterization using mesoscale simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 739-759, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3552.1.
12. Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1999: A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies. NASA Tech. Rep. NASA/ TM-1999-104606, Vol. 15, 38 pp.
13. Chun, H.-Y., and J.-J. Baik, 1998: Momentum flux by thermally induced internal gravity waves and its approximation for large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3299-3310, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(1998)055,3299:MFBTII.2.0.CO;2.
14. Chun, H.-Y., H.-J. Choi, and I.-S. Song, 2008: Effects of nonlinearity on convectively forced internal gravity waves: Application to a gravity wave drag parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 557- 575, doi:10.1175/2007JAS2255.1.
15. Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/ qj.828.
16. Ek, M. B., K. E. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grunmann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley, 2003: Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD003296.
17. Fovell, R., D. Durran, and J. R. Holton, 1992: Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427-1442, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049,1427: NSOCGS.2.0.CO;2.
18. Grell, G. A., and D. Dévényi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1693, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015311.
19. Hoffmann, L., and M. J. Alexander, 2010: Occurrence frequency of convective gravity waves during the North American thunderstorm season. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20111, doi:10.1029/ 2010JD014401.
20. Holton, J. R., 1983: The influence of gravity wave breaking on the general circulation of the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2497-2507, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040,2497: TIOGWB.2.0.CO;2.
21. Holton, J. R., J. H. Beres, and X. Zhou, 2002: On the vertical scale of gravity waves excited by localized thermal forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2019-2023, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059,2019: OTVSOG.2.0.CO;2.
22. Hong, S.-Y., and J.-O. Lim, 2006: TheWRFSingle-Moment 6-class Microphysics scheme (WSM6). J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 129-151.
23. Holton, J. R., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318-2341, doi:10.1175/MWR3199.1.
24. Janjic, Z., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927-945, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122,0927:TSMECM.2.0.CO;2.
25. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/ detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(1990)047,2784:AODEPM.2.0.CO;2.
26. Kim, Y.-H., A. C. Bushell, D. R. Jackson, and H.-Y. Chun, 2013: Impacts of introducing a convective gravity-wave parameterization upon the QBO in the Met Office Unified Model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1873-1877, doi:10.1002/grl.50353.
27. Koch, S. E., B. S. Ferrier, M. T. Stoelinga, E. J. Szoke, S. J. Weiss, and J. S. Kain, 2005: The use of simulated radar reflectivity fields in the diagnosis of mesoscale phenomena from high-resolution WRF model forecasts. 11th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes/32nd Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque,NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J4J.7. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/ 32Rad11Meso/techprogram/paper_97032.htm.]
28. Kuester, M. A., M. J. Alexander, and E. A. Ray, 2008: A model study of gravity waves over Hurricane Humberto (2001). J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3231-3246, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2372.1.
29. Lane, T. P., M. J. Reeder, and T. L. Clark, 2001: Numerical modeling of gravitywave generation by deep tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1249-1274, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058,1249: NMOGWG.2.0.CO;2.
30. Lim, K.-S., and S.-Y. Hong, 2010: Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1587-1612, doi:10.1175/ 2009MWR2968.1.
31. Manzini, E., and N. A. McFarlane, 1998: The effect of varying the source spectrum of a gravity wave parameterization in a middle atmosphere general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 523-31 539, doi:10.1029/98JD02274.
32. Milbrandt, J. A., and M. K. Yau, 2005: A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II: A proposed threemoment closure and scheme description. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3065-3081, doi:10.1175/JAS3535.1.
33. Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663-16 682, doi:10.1029/ 97JD00237.
34. Morrison, H., and J. Milbrandt, 2011: Comparison of two-moment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized supercell thunderstorm simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1103-1130, doi:10.1175/2010MWR3433.1.
35. Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii, 2009: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 991-1007, doi:10.1175/2008MWR2556.1.
36. Okamoto, K., K. Sato, and H. Akiyoshi, 2011: A study on the formation and trend of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D10117, doi:10.1029/2010JD014953.
37. Pfister, L., and Coauthors, 1993: Gravity waves generated by a tropical cyclone during the STEP tropical field program: A case study. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8611-8638, doi:10.1029/ 92JD01679.
38. Richter, J. H., F. Sassi, and R. R. Garcia, 2010: Toward a physically based gravity wave source parameterization in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 136-156, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3112.1.
39. Salby, M. L., and R. R. Garcia, 1987: Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics. Part I: Excitation and short-time near-field behavior. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458-498, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044,0458:TRTLEH.2.0.CO;2.
40. Scaife, A. A., N. Butchart, C. D. Warner, and R. Swinbank, 2002: Impact of a spectral gravity wave parameterization on the stratosphere in the Met Office Unified Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1473-1489, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059,1473: IOASGW.2.0.CO;2.
41. Skamarock,W. C., 2004: Evaluating mesoscale NWP models using kinetic energy spectra. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 3019-3032, doi:10.1175/MWR2830.1.
42. Thompson, G., P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen, and W. D. Hall, 2008: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5095-5115, doi:10.1175/2008MWR2387.1.
43. Van Weverberg, K., A. M. Vogelmann, H. Morrison, and J. A. Milbrandt, 2012: Sensitivity of idealized squall-line simulations to the level of complexity used in two-moment bulk microphysics schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1883-1907, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00120.1.