Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Meeting the challenge of antimicrobial resistance

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn , Issue 29, 2014, Pages 9898-9911

  Papastergiou, Vasilios ^a   Georgopoulos, Sotirios D ^b   Karatapanis, Stylianos ^a  

^a General Hospital of Rhodes   (Greece)

^b Athens Medical P Faliron Hospital   (Greece)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Bismuth quadruple; Concomitant; Helicobacter pylori; Sequential

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; BISMUTH; CLARITHROMYCIN; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; HELIDAC; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RIFABUTIN; SITAFLOXACIN; TETRACYCLINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL CLEARANCE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENETIC SCREENING; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLISM; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PHARMACOGENOMICS; POINT MUTATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST; MICROBIOLOGY; MUTATION; PATHOGENICITY; PATIENT SELECTION; PHARMACOGENETICS; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL CELL; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG USE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; GENOTYPE; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; MUTATION; PATIENT SELECTION; PHARMACOGENETICS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROBIOTICS; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84905856587     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9898     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Moayyedi P, Hunt RH. Helicobacter pylori public health implications. Helicobacter 2004; 9 Suppl 1: 67-72 [PMID: 15347308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00250.x]
2. Malfertheiner P, Chan FK, McColl KE. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet 2009; 374: 1449-1461 [PMID: 19683340 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7]
3. Kuipers EJ. Helicobacter pylori and the risk and management of associated diseases: gastritis, ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl 1: 71-88 [PMID: 9146793]
4. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7-14 June 1994. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1994; 61: 1-241 [PMID: 7715068]
5. Zhao B, Zhao J, Cheng WF, Shi WJ, Liu W, Pan XL, Zhang GX. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on functional dyspepsia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies with 12-month follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 48: 241-247 [PMID: 24002127 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31829f2e25]
6. Guo Q, Guo S, Zhang Y. Treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma with a focus on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Int J Hematol 2013; 97: 735-742 [PMID: 23616223 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1348-2]
7. Shiotani A, Cen P, Graham DY. Eradication of gastric cancer is now both possible and practical. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23: 492-501 [PMID: 23876852 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.004]
8. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gensini GF, Gisbert JP, Graham DY, Rokkas T, El-Omar EM, Kuipers EJ. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection - the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664 [PMID: 22491499 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084]
9. Banić M, Franceschi F, Babić Z, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2012; 17 Suppl 1: 49-55 [PMID: 22958156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00983.x]
10. Georgopoulos SD, Polymeros D, Triantafyllou K, Spiliadi C, Mentis A, Karamanolis DG, Ladas SD. Hypergastrinemia is associated with increased risk of distal colon adenomas. Digestion 2006; 74: 42-46 [PMID: 17068397 DOI: 10.1159/000096593]
11. Gisbert JP. Is culture necessary before first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection? Intern Med 2011; 50: 2717; author reply 2719-2720 [PMID: 22041399]
12. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1808-1825 [PMID: 17608775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01393.x]
13. Fock KM, Katelaris P, Sugano K, Ang TL, Hunt R, Talley NJ, Lam SK, Xiao SD, Tan HJ, Wu CY, Jung HC, Hoang BH, Kachintorn U, Goh KL, Chiba T, Rani AA. Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 1587-1600 [PMID: 19788600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05982.x]
14. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain C, Bazzoli F, El-Omar E, Graham D, Hunt R, Rokkas T, Vakil N, Kuipers EJ. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56: 772-781 [PMID: 17170018 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.101634]
15. Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection - the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 167-180 [PMID: 11860399]
16. Graham DY, Fischbach L. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gut 2010; 59: 1143-1153 [PMID: 20525969]
17. Jafri NS, Hornung CA, Howden CW. Meta-analysis: sequential therapy appears superior to standard therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in patients naive to treatment. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 923-931 [PMID: 18490667]
18. Malfertheiner P, Bazzoli F, Delchier JC, Celiñski K, Giguère M, Rivière M, Mégraud F. Helicobacter pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 905-913 [PMID: 21345487 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60020-2]
19. Vakil N, Lanza F, Schwartz H, Barth J. Seven-day therapy for Helicobacter pylori in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 99-107 [PMID: 15225176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02029.x]
20. Graham DY, Lu H, Yamaoka Y. A report card to grade Helicobacter pylori therapy. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 275-278 [PMID: 17669098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00518.x]
21. Georgopoulos SD, Ladas SD, Karatapanis S, Mentis A, Spiliadi C, Artikis V, Raptis SA. Factors that may affect treatment outcome of triple Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 63-67 [PMID: 10695615]
22. Kamada T, Haruma K, Komoto K, Mihara M, Chen X, Yoshihara M, Sumii K, Kajiyama G, Tahara K, Kawamura Y. Effect of smoking and histological gastritis severity on the rate of H. pylori eradication with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Helicobacter 1999; 4: 204-210 [PMID: 10469195]
23. Yang JC, Lin CJ. CYP2C19 genotypes in the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of proton pump inhibitor-based therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6: 29-41 [PMID: 19968574 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903386251]
24. Megraud F. Helicobacter pylori and antibiotic resistance. Gut 2007; 56: 1502 [PMID: 17938430 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2007.132514]
25. Versalovic J, Shortridge D, Kibler K, Griffy MV, Beyer J, Flamm RK, Tanaka SK, Graham DY, Go MF. Mutations in 23S rRNA are associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 477-480 [PMID: 8834903]
26. Taylor DE, Ge Z, Purych D, Lo T, Hiratsuka K. Cloning and sequence analysis of two copies of a 23S rRNA gene from Helicobacter pylori and association of clarithromycin resistance with 23S rRNA mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2621-2628 [PMID: 9420030]
27. De Francesco V, Zullo A, Ierardi E, Vaira D. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and different point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene for clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41: 610-611 [PMID: 19200790 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.01.001]
28. De Francesco V, Zullo A, Ierardi E, Giorgio F, Perna F, Hassan C, Morini S, Panella C, Vaira D. Phenotypic and genotypic Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin resistance and therapeutic outcome: benefits and limits. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 327-332 [PMID: 20008044 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp445]
29. Hirata K, Suzuki H, Nishizawa T, Tsugawa H, Muraoka H, Saito Y, Matsuzaki J, Hibi T. Contribution of efflux pumps to clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25 Suppl 1: S75-S79 [PMID: 20586871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06220.x]
30. De Francesco V, Giorgio F, Hassan C, Manes G, Vannella L, Panella C, Ierardi E, Zullo A. Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2010; 19: 409-414 [PMID: 21188333]
31. Aboderin OA, Abdu AR, Odetoyin B', Okeke IN, Lawal OO, Ndububa DA, Agbakwuru AE, Lamikanra A. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori from patients in Ile-Ife, South-west, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2007; 7: 143-147 [PMID: 18052867 DOI: 10.5555/afhs.2007.7.3.143]
32. Seck A, Burucoa C, Dia D, Mbengue M, Onambele M, Raymond J, Breurec S. Primary antibiotic resistance and associated mechanisms in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Senegalese patients. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013; 12: 3 [PMID: 23298145 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-12-3]
33. Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, Kist M, Lopez-Brea M, Hirschl AM, Andersen LP, Goossens H, Glupczynski Y. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013; 62: 34-42 [PMID: 22580412 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302254]
34. Boyanova L, Ilieva J, Gergova G, Davidkov L, Spassova Z, Kamburov V, Katsarov N, Mitov I. Numerous risk factors for Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance revealed by extended anamnesis: a Bulgarian study. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61: 85-93 [PMID: 21873378 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.035568-0]
35. Gao W, Cheng H, Hu F, Li J, Wang L, Yang G, Xu L, Zheng X. The evolution of Helicobacter pylori antibiotics resistance over 10 years in Beijing, China. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 460-466 [PMID: 21083752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00788.x]
36. Horiki N, Omata F, Uemura M, Suzuki S, Ishii N, Iizuka Y, Fukuda K, Fujita Y, Katsurahara M, Ito T, Cesar GE, Imoto I, Takei Y. Annual change of primary resistance to clarithromycin among Helicobacter pylori isolates from 1996 through 2008 in Japan. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 86-90 [PMID: 19751432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00714.x]
37. Boyanova L, Mitov I. Geographic map and evolution of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibacterial agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8: 59-70 [PMID: 20014902 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.113]
38. De Francesco V, Giorgio F, Ierardi E, Zotti M, Neri M, Milano A, Varasano V, Luzza F, Suraci E, Marmo R, Marone A, Manta R, Mirante VG, de Matthaeis M, Pedroni A, Manes G, Pallotta S, Usai P, Liggi M, Gatto G, Peri V, Sacco R, Bresci G, Monica F, Hassan C, Zullo A. Primary clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori: the Multicentric Italian Clarithromycin Resistance Observational (MICRO) study. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2011; 20: 235-239 [PMID: 21961089]
39. Yamaoka Y, Kato M, Asaka M. Geographic differences in gastric cancer incidence can be explained by differences between Helicobacter pylori strains. Intern Med 2008; 47: 1077-1083 [PMID: 18552463]
40. Mégraud F. H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004; 53: 1374-1384 [PMID: 15306603 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.022111]
41. Fischbach L, Evans EL. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 343-357 [PMID: 17635369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03386.x]
42. Katelaris PH, Forbes GM, Talley NJ, Crotty B. A randomized comparison of quadruple and triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication: The QUADRATE Study. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1763-1769 [PMID: 12454831 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37051]
43. Laine L, Hunt R, El-Zimaity H, Nguyen B, Osato M, Spénard J. Bismuth-based quadruple therapy using a single capsule of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter, North American trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 562-567 [PMID: 12650788]
44. Zheng Q, Chen WJ, Lu H, Sun QJ, Xiao SD. Comparison of the efficacy of triple versus quadruple therapy on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and antibiotic resistance. J Dig Dis 2010; 11: 313-318 [PMID: 20883428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00457.x]
45. Venerito M, Krieger T, Ecker T, Leandro G, Malfertheiner P. Meta-analysis of bismuth quadruple therapy versus clarithromycin triple therapy for empiric primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestion 2013; 88: 33-45 [PMID: 23880479 DOI: 10.1159/000350719]
46. Gerrits MM, van der Wouden EJ, Bax DA, van Zwet AA, van Vliet AH, de Jong A, Kusters JG, Thijs JC, Kuipers EJ. Role of the rdxA and frxA genes in oxygen-dependent metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 1123-1128 [PMID: 15496391]
47. Bereswill S, Krainick C, Stähler F, Herrmann L, Kist M. Analysis of the rdxA gene in high-level metronidazole-resistant clinical isolates confirms a limited use of rdxA mutations as a marker for prediction of metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 36: 193-198 [PMID: 12738391]
48. Houben MH, van de Beek D, Hensen EF, de Craen AJ, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN. A systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy - the impact of antimicrobial resistance on eradication rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 1047-1055 [PMID: 10468680]
49. Graham DY, Qureshi WA. Antibiotic-resistant H. pylori infection and its treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2000; 6: 1537-1544 [PMID: 10974150]
50. Osato MS, Reddy R, Reddy SG, Penland RL, Graham DY. Comparison of the Etest and the NCCLS-approved agar dilution method to detect metronidazole and clarithromycin resistant Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17: 39-44 [PMID: 11137647]
51. Wang LH, Cheng H, Hu FL, Li J. Distribution of gyrA mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 2272-2277 [PMID: 20458765 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2272]
52. O'Connor A, Taneike I, Nami A, Fitzgerald N, Ryan B, Breslin N, O'Connor H, McNamara D, Murphy P, O'Morain C. Helicobacter pylori resistance rates for levofloxacin, tetracycline and rifabutin among Irish isolates at a reference centre. Ir J Med Sci 2013; 182: 693-695 [PMID: 23625165 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-013-0957-3]
53. Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Herscheid AJ, Pot RG, Kuipers EJ, Kusters JG, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxycillin, tetracycline and trovafloxacin in The Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 511-515 [PMID: 10350380]
54. Bogaerts P, Berhin C, Nizet H, Glupczynski Y. Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients living in Belgium. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 441-445 [PMID: 16961806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00436.x]
55. Borody TJ, Carrick J, Hazell SL. Symptoms improve after the eradication of gastric Campylobacter pyloridis. Med J Aust 1987; 146: 450-451 [PMID: 3614058]
56. Fischbach LA, van Zanten S, Dickason J. Meta-analysis: the efficacy, adverse events, and adherence related to first-line anti-Helicobacter pylori quadruple therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 1071-1082 [PMID: 15569109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02248.x]
57. Luther J, Higgins PD, Schoenfeld PS, Moayyedi P, Vakil N, Chey WD. Empiric quadruple vs. triple therapy for primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 65-73 [PMID: 19755966 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.508]
58. de Boer WA. A novel therapeutic approach for Helicobacter pylori infection: the bismuth-based triple therapy monocapsule. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10: 1559-1566 [PMID: 11772270 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.8.1559]
59. Kuo CH, Hsu PI, Kuo FC, Wang SS, Hu HM, Liu CJ, Chuah SK, Chen YH, Hsieh MC, Wu DC, Tseng HH. Comparison of 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy with high-dose metronidazole or levofloxacin for second-line Helicobacter pylori therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68: 222-228 [PMID: 22984204 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks361]
60. Liang X, Xu X, Zheng Q, Zhang W, Sun Q, Liu W, Xiao S, Lu H. Efficacy of bismuth-containing quadruple therapies for clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Helicobacter pylori infections in a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 802-807.e1 [PMID: 23376004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.01.008]
61. Georgopoulos SD, Ladas SD, Karatapanis S, Triantafyllou K, Spiliadi C, Mentis A, Artikis V, Raptis SA. Effectiveness of two quadruple, tetracycline- or clarithromycin-containing, second-line, Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 569-575 [PMID: 11876712]
62. Gisbert JP. Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection 2012. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 974594 [PMID: 22536225 DOI: 10.1155/2012/974594]
63. Lee SK, Lee SW, Park JY, Kwon BS, Kim SY, Hyun JJ, Kim JH, Jung SW, Koo JS, Yim HJ, Choi JH. Effectiveness and safety of repeated quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of second-line quadruple therapy: repeated quadruple therapy as a third-line therapy. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 410-414 [PMID: 21923688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00870.x]
64. Garcia N, Calvet X, Gené E, Campo R, Brullet E. Limited usefulness of a seven-day twice-a-day quadruple therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 1315-1318 [PMID: 11192320]
65. Perri F, Festa V, Merla A, Quitadamo M, Clemente R, Andriulli A. Amoxicillin/tetracycline combinations are inadequate as alternative therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2002; 7: 99-104 [PMID: 11966868]
66. Ford AC, Malfertheiner P, Giguere M, Santana J, Khan M, Moayyedi P. Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: systematic review and metaanalysis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 7361-7370 [PMID: 19109870]
67. Gisbert JP, Perez-Aisa A, Rodrigo L, Molina-Infante J, Modolell I, Bermejo F, Castro-Fernández M, Antón R, Sacristán B, Cosme A, Barrio J, Harb Y, Gonzalez-Barcenas M, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Algaba A, Marín AC, McNicholl AG. Third-line rescue therapy with bismuth-containing quadruple regimen after failure of two treatments (with clarithromycin and levofloxacin) for H. pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59: 383-389 [PMID: 24126798 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2900-x]
68. Zullo A, Vaira D, Vakil N, Hassan C, Gatta L, Ricci C, De Francesco V, Menegatti M, Tampieri A, Perna F, Rinaldi V, Perri F, Papadìa C, Fornari F, Pilati S, Mete LS, Merla A, Potì R, Marinone G, Savioli A, Campo SM, Faleo D, Ierardi E, Miglioli M, Morini S. High eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with a new sequential treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 719-726 [PMID: 12641522]
69. Webber MA, Piddock LJ. The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 9-11 [PMID: 12493781]
70. Gatta L, Vakil N, Leandro G, Di Mario F, Vaira D. Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 3069-3079; quiz 1080 [PMID: 19844205 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.555]
71. Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, Xiao SD. Sequential therapy vs. standard triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 34: 41-53 [PMID: 19125902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00969.x]
72. Zullo A, De Francesco V, Hassan C, Morini S, Vaira D. The sequential therapy regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a pooled-data analysis. Gut 2007; 56: 1353-1357 [PMID: 17566020]
73. Gisbert JP, Calvet X, O'Connor A, Mégraud F, O'Morain CA. Sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a critical review. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: 313-325 [PMID: 20054285 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181c8a1a3]
74. Greenberg ER, Anderson GL, Morgan DR, Torres J, Chey WD, Bravo LE, Dominguez RL, Ferreccio C, Herrero R, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Meza-Montenegro MM, Peña R, Peña EM, Salazar-Martínez E, Correa P, Martínez ME, Valdivieso M, Goodman GE, Crowley JJ, Baker LH. 14-day triple, 5-day concomitant, and 10-day sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in seven Latin American sites: a randomised trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 507-514 [PMID: 21777974 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60825-8]
75. Lim JH, Lee DH, Choi C, Lee ST, Kim N, Jeong SH, Kim JW, Hwang JH, Park YS, Lee SH, Shin CM, Jo HJ, Jang ES, Song Is, Jung HC. Clinical outcomes of two-week sequential and concomitant therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized pilot study. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 180-186 [PMID: 23305083 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12034]
76. Sardarian H, Fakheri H, Hosseini V, Taghvaei T, Maleki I, Mokhtare M. Comparison of hybrid and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Iran: a prospective randomized trial. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 129-134 [PMID: 23121338 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12017]
77. Liou JM, Chen CC, Chen MJ, Chen CC, Chang CY, Fang YJ, Lee JY, Hsu SJ, Luo JC, Chang WH, Hsu YC, Tseng CH, Tseng PH, Wang HP, Yang UC, Shun CT, Lin JT, Lee YC, Wu MS. Sequential versus triple therapy for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 205-213 [PMID: 23158886 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61579-7]
78. Yoon H, Lee DH, Kim N, Park YS, Shin CM, Kang KK, Oh DH, Jang DK, Chung JW. Meta-analysis: is sequential therapy superior to standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in Asian adults? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 1801-1809 [PMID: 24118110 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12397]
79. Wu DC, Hsu PI, Wu JY, Opekun AR, Kuo CH, Wu IC, Wang SS, Chen A, Hung WC, Graham DY. Sequential and concomitant therapy with four drugs is equally effective for eradication of H pylori infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 36-41.e1 [PMID: 19804842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.09.030]
80. Gatta L, Vakil N, Vaira D, Scarpignato C. Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy. BMJ 2013; 347: f4587 [PMID: 23926315 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4587]
81. Okada M, Oki K, Shirotani T, Seo M, Okabe N, Maeda K, Nishimura H, Ohkuma K, Oda K. A new quadruple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Effect of pretreatment with omeprazole on the cure rate. J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 640-645 [PMID: 9773927]
82. Treiber G, Ammon S, Schneider E, Klotz U. Amoxicillin/metronidazole/omeprazole/clarithromycin: a new, short quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 1998; 3: 54-58 [PMID: 9546119]
83. Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Update on non-bismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2012; 5: 23-34 [PMID: 22457599 DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S25419]
84. Georgopoulos S, Papastergiou V, Xirouchakis E, Laoudi F, Lisgos P, Spiliadi C, Papantoniou N, Karatapanis S. Nonbismuth quadruple "concomitant" therapy versus standard triple therapy, both of the duration of 10 days, for first-line H. pylori eradication: a randomized trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 228-232 [PMID: 22858517 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31826015b0]
85. Georgopoulos S, Papastergiou V, Xirouchakis E, Laudi F, Papantoniou N, Lisgos P, Spiliadi C, Fragou P, Skorda L, Karatapanis S. Evaluation of a four-drug, three-antibiotic, non-bismuth-containing "concomitant" therapy as first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen in Greece. Helicobacter 2012; 17: 49-53 [PMID: 22221616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00911.x]
86. Kim SY, Lee SW, Hyun JJ, Jung SW, Koo JS, Yim HJ, Park JJ, Chun HJ, Choi JH. Comparative study of Helicobacter pylori eradication rates with 5-day quadruple "concomitant" therapy and 7-day standard triple therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 21-24 [PMID: 22647826 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182548ad4]
87. Nagahara A, Miwa H, Ogawa K, Kurosawa A, Ohkura R, Iida N, Sato N. Addition of metronidazole to rabeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection provides an excellent cure rate with five-day therapy. Helicobacter 2000; 5: 88-93 [PMID: 10849057]
88. Nagahara A, Miwa H, Yamada T, Kurosawa A, Ohkura R, Sato N. Five-day proton pump inhibitor-based quadruple therapy regimen is more effective than 7-day triple therapy regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 417-421 [PMID: 11207518]
89. Essa AS, Kramer JR, Graham DY, Treiber G. Meta-analysis: four-drug, three-antibiotic, non-bismuth-containing "concomitant therapy" versus triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 109-118 [PMID: 19298338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00671.x]
90. Molina-Infante J, Romano M, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Federico A, Gravina AG, Pozzati L, Garcia-Abadia E, Vinagre-Rodriguez G, Martinez-Alcala C, Hernandez-Alonso M, Miranda A, Iovene MR, Pazos-Pacheco C, Gisbert JP. Optimized nonbismuth quadruple therapies cure most patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in populations with high rates of antibiotic resistance. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 121-128.e1 [PMID: 23562754 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.03.050]
91. McNicholl AG, Marin AC, Molina-Infante J, Castro M, Barrio J, Ducons J, Calvet X, de la Coba C, Montoro M, Bory F, Perez-Aisa A, Forné M, Gisbert JP. Randomised clinical trial comparing sequential and concomitant therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication in routine clinical practice. Gut 2014; 63: 244-249 [PMID: 23665990 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304820]
92. Molina-Infante J, Pazos-Pacheco C, Vinagre-Rodriguez G, Perez-Gallardo B, Dueñas-Sadornil C, Hernandez-Alonso M, Gonzalez-Garcia G, Mateos-Rodriguez JM, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Gisbert JP. Nonbismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy: empirical and tailored efficacy versus standard triple therapy for clarithromycin-susceptible Helicobacter pylori and versus sequential therapy for clarithromycin-resistant strains. Helicobacter 2012; 17: 269-276 [PMID: 22759326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00947.x]
93. Georgopoulos SD, Xirouchakis E, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Sgouras DN, Spiliadi C, Mentis AF, Laoudi F. Clinical evaluation of a ten-day regimen with esomeprazole, metronidazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in a high clarithromycin resistance area. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 459-467 [PMID: 23714140 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12062]
94. Hsu PI, Wu DC, Wu JY, Graham DY. Modified sequential Helicobacter pylori therapy: proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin for 14 days with clarithromycin and metronidazole added as a quadruple (hybrid) therapy for the final 7 days. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 139-145 [PMID: 21435092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00828.x]
95. Zullo A, Scaccianoce G, De Francesco V, Ruggiero V, D'Ambrosio P, Castorani L, Bonfrate L, Vannella L, Hassan C, Portincasa P. Concomitant, sequential, and hybrid therapy for H. pylori eradication: a pilot study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013; 37: 647-650 [PMID: 23747131 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.04.003]
96. Hsu PI, Wu DC, Wu JY, Graham DY. Is there a benefit to extending the duration of Helicobacter pylori sequential therapy to 14 days? Helicobacter 2011; 16: 146-152 [PMID: 21435093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00829.x]
97. Berning M, Krasz S, Miehlke S. Should quinolones come first in Helicobacter pylori therapy? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011; 4: 103-114 [PMID: 21694812 DOI: 10.1177/1756283X10384171]
98. Di Caro S, Fini L, Daoud Y, Grizzi F, Gasbarrini A, De Lorenzo A, Di Renzo L, McCartney S, Bloom S. Levofloxacin/amoxicillin-based schemes vs quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in second-line. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 5669-5678 [PMID: 23155306 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5669]
99. Zullo A, De Francesco V, Hassan C, Ridola L, Repici A, Bruzzese V, Vaira D. Modified sequential therapy regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a systematic review. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45: 18-22 [PMID: 23022424 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.08.025]
100. Federico A, Nardone G, Gravina AG, Iovene MR, Miranda A, Compare D, Pilloni PA, Rocco A, Ricciardiello L, Marmo R, Loguercio C, Romano M. Efficacy of 5-day levofloxacin-containing concomitant therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 55-61.e1; quize e13-14 [PMID: 22484118 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.043]
101. Romano M, Cuomo A, Gravina AG, Miranda A, Iovene MR, Tiso A, Sica M, Rocco A, Salerno R, Marmo R, Federico A, Nardone G. Empirical levofloxacin-containing versus clarithromycin-containing sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomised trial. Gut 2010; 59: 1465-1470 [PMID: 20947881 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.215350]
102. Carothers JJ, Bruce MG, Hennessy TW, Bensler M, Morris JM, Reasonover AL, Hurlburt DA, Parkinson AJ, Coleman JM, McMahon BJ. The relationship between previous fluoroquinolone use and levofloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: e5-e8 [PMID: 17173210 DOI: 10.1086/510074]
103. Gisbert JP, Morena F. Systematic review and meta-analysis: levofloxacin-based rescue regimens after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 35-44 [PMID: 16393278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02737.x]
104. Saad RJ, Schoenfeld P, Kim HM, Chey WD. Levofloxacin-based triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for persistent Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 488-496 [PMID: 16542284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.455-t.x]
105. Gisbert JP, Pérez-Aisa A, Bermejo F, Castro-Fernández M, Almela P, Barrio J, Cosme A, Modolell I, Bory F, Fernández-Bermejo M, Rodrigo L, Ortuño J, Sánchez-Pobre P, Khorrami S, Franco A, Tomas A, Guerra I, Lamas E, Ponce J, Calvet X. Second-line therapy with levofloxacin after failure of treatment to eradicate helicobacter pylori infection: time trends in a Spanish Multicenter Study of 1000 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 130-135 [PMID: 22647827 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318254ebdd]
106. Manfredi M, Bizzarri B, de'Angelis GL. Helicobacter pylori infection: sequential therapy followed by levofloxacin-containing triple therapy provides a good cumulative eradication rate. Helicobacter 2012; 17: 246-253 [PMID: 22759323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00945.x]
107. Gisbert JP, Molina-Infante J, Marin AC, Vinagre G, Barrio J, McNicholl AG. Second-line rescue triple therapy with levofloxacin after failure of non-bismuth quadruple "sequential" or "concomitant" treatment to eradicate H. pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 652-656 [PMID: 23556551 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.786132]
108. Hsu PI, Chen WC, Tsay FW, Shih CA, Kao SS, Wang HM, Yu HC, Lai KH, Tseng HH, Peng NJ, Chen A, Kuo CH, Wu DC. Ten-day Quadruple therapy comprising proton-pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline, and levofloxacin achieves a high eradication rate for Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of sequential therapy. Helicobacter 2014; 19: 74-79 [PMID: 24033865 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12085]
109. Di Caro S, Franceschi F, Mariani A, Thompson F, Raimondo D, Masci E, Testoni A, La Rocca E, Gasbarrini A. Second-line levofloxacin-based triple schemes for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41: 480-485 [PMID: 18974025 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.09.013]
110. Wenzhen Y, Kehu Y, Bin M, Yumin L, Quanlin G, Donghai W, Lijuan Y. Moxifloxacin-based triple therapy versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy for first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intern Med 2009; 48: 2069-2076 [PMID: 20009394]
111. Wu C, Chen X, Liu J, Li MY, Zhang ZQ, Wang ZQ. Moxifloxacin-containing triple therapy versus bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for second-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 131-138 [PMID: 21435091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00826.x]
112. Murakami K, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Tanahashi J, Fujioka T, Ikeda F, Muraoka H, Takigawa M, Saika T, Hasegawa M, Kobayashi I. Sitafloxacin activity against Helicobacter pylori isolates, including those with gyrA mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 3097-3099 [PMID: 19380599 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01552-08]
113. Suzuki H, Nishizawa T, Muraoka H, Hibi T. Sitafloxacin and garenoxacin may overcome the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori with gyrA mutation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 1720-1721 [PMID: 19188389 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00049-09]
114. Gisbert JP, Castro-Fernandez M, Perez-Aisa A, Cosme A, Molina-Infante J, Rodrigo L, Modolell I, Cabriada JL, Gisbert JL, Lamas E, Marcos E, Calvet X. Fourth-line rescue therapy with rifabutin in patients with three Helicobacter pylori eradication failures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 941-947 [PMID: 22372560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05053.x]
115. Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 209-221 [PMID: 22129228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04937.x]
116. Vakil N, Vaira D. Treatment for H. pylori infection: new challenges with antimicrobial resistance. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 383-388 [PMID: 23388847 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318277577b]
117. Wenzhen Y, Yumin L, Quanlin G, Kehu Y, Lei J, Donghai W, Lijuan Y. Is antimicrobial susceptibility testing necessary before first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection? Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intern Med 2010; 49: 1103-1109 [PMID: 20558925]
118. Lehours P, Siffré E, Mégraud F. DPO multiplex PCR as an alternative to culture and susceptibility testing to detect Helicobacter pylori and its resistance to clarithromycin. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 112 [PMID: 22004003 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-112]
119. Mégraud F, Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 280-322 [PMID: 17428887 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00033-06]
120. Schabereiter-Gurtner C, Hirschl AM, Dragosics B, Hufnagl P, Puz S, Kovách Z, Rotter M, Makristathis A. Novel real-time PCR assay for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection and simultaneous clarithromycin susceptibility testing of stool and biopsy specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4512-4518 [PMID: 15472302 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4512-4518.2004]
121. Rimbara E, Fischbach LA, Graham DY. Optimal therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 79-88 [PMID: 21293508 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.210]
122. Morris JM, Reasonover AL, Bruce MG, Bruden DL, McMahon BJ, Sacco FD, Berg DE, Parkinson AJ. Evaluation of seaFAST, a rapid fluorescent in situ hybridization test, for detection of Helicobacter pylori and resistance to clarithromycin in paraffin-embedded biopsy sections. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3494-3496 [PMID: 16000488 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.7.3494-3496.2005]
123. Furuta T, Sagehashi Y, Shirai N, Sugimoto M, Nakamura A, Kodaira M, Kenmotsu K, Nagano M, Egashira T, Ueda K, Yoneyama M, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T, Hishida A. Influence of CYP2C19 polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori genotype determined from gastric tissue samples on response to triple therapy for H pylori infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 564-573 [PMID: 15952098]
124. Li Y, Rimbara E, Thirumurthi S, Trespalacios A, Reddy R, Sabounchi S, Attumi TA, Graham DY. Detection of clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori following noncryogenic storage of rapid urease tests for 30 days. J Dig Dis 2012; 13: 54-59 [PMID: 22188917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00549.x]
125. Yilmaz O, Demiray E. Clinical role and importance of fluorescence in situ hybridization method in diagnosis of H pylori infection and determination of clarithromycin resistance in H pylori eradication therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 671-675 [PMID: 17278188]
126. Yilmaz O, Demiray E, Tümer S, Altungöz O, Yörükoʇlu K, Soytürk M, Simşek I. Detection of Helicobacter pylori and determination of clarithromycin susceptibility using formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsy specimens by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 136-141 [PMID: 17309750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00483.x]
127. Kawai T, Yamagishi T, Yagi K, Kataoka M, Kawakami K, Sofuni A, Itoi T, Sakai Y, Moriyasu F, Osaka Y, Takagi Y, Aoki T, Rimbara E, Noguchi N, Sasatsu M. Tailored eradication therapy based on fecal Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin sensitivities. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 Suppl 2: S171-S174 [PMID: 19120893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05408.x]
128. Graham DY, Kudo M, Reddy R, Opekun AR. Practical rapid, minimally invasive, reliable nonendoscopic method to obtain Helicobacter pylori for culture. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 1-3 [PMID: 15691309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00285.x]
129. Baba S, Oishi Y, Watanabe Y, Oikawa R, Morita R, Yoshida Y, Hiraishi T, Maehata T, Nagase Y, Fukuda Y, Nakazawa M, Ishigouoka S, Hattori N, Suzuki H, Toyota M, Niwa H, Suzuki M, Itoh F. Gastric wash-based molecular testing for antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Digestion 2011; 84: 299-305 [PMID: 22057261 DOI: 10.1159/000332570]
130. Lottspeich C, Schwarzer A, Panthel K, Koletzko S, Rüssmann H. Evaluation of the novel Helicobacter pylori Clari-Res real-time PCR assay for detection and clarithromycin susceptibility testing of H. pylori in stool specimens from symptomatic children. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1718-1722 [PMID: 17392440 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00103-07]
131. Lee HJ, Kim JI, Cheung DY, Kim TH, Jun EJ, Oh JH, Chung WC, Kim BW, Kim SS, Park SH, Kim JK. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori according to 23S ribosomal RNA point mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance. J Infect Dis 2013; 208: 1123-1130 [PMID: 23801607 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit287]
132. Cambau E, Allerheiligen V, Coulon C, Corbel C, Lascols C, Deforges L, Soussy CJ, Delchier JC, Megraud F. Evaluation of a new test, genotype HelicoDR, for molecular detection of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 3600-3607 [PMID: 19759218 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00744-09]
133. Goddard AF, Jessa MJ, Barrett DA, Shaw PN, Idström JP, Cederberg C, Spiller RC. Effect of omeprazole on the distribution of metronidazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin in human gastric juice. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 358-367 [PMID: 8690200]
134. Grayson ML, Eliopoulos GM, Ferraro MJ, Moellering RC. Effect of varying pH on the susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori to antimicrobial agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8: 888-889 [PMID: 2512133]
135. Sim SC, Risinger C, Dahl ML, Aklillu E, Christensen M, Bertilsson L, Ingelman-Sundberg M. A common novel CYP2C19 gene variant causes ultrarapid drug metabolism relevant for the drug response to proton pump inhibitors and antidepressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 79: 103-113 [PMID: 16413245 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.10.002]
136. Furuta T, Shirai N, Takashima M, Xiao F, Hanai H, Sugimura H, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T, Kaneko E. Effect of genotypic differences in CYP2C19 on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69: 158-168 [PMID: 11240980 DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2001.113959]
137. Furuta T, Shirai N, Kodaira M, Sugimoto M, Nogaki A, Kuriyama S, Iwaizumi M, Yamade M, Terakawa I, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T, Hishida A. Pharmacogenomics-based tailored versus standard therapeutic regimen for eradication of H. pylori. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81: 521-528 [PMID: 17215846 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100043]
138. Zhao F, Wang J, Yang Y, Wang X, Shi R, Xu Z, Huang Z, Zhang G. Effect of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 532-541 [PMID: 19166419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00643.x]
139. Lee VW, Chau TS, Chan AK, Lee KK, Waye MM, Ling TK, Chan FK. Pharmacogenetics of esomeprazole or rabeprazole-based triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication in Hong Kong non-ulcer dyspepsia Chinese subjects. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 35: 343-350 [PMID: 20831535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01088.x]
140. Pan X, Li Y, Qiu Y, Tang Q, Qian B, Yao L, Shi R, Zhang G. Efficacy and tolerability of first-line triple therapy with levofloxacin and amoxicillin plus esomeprazole or rabeprazole for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection and the effect of CYP2C19 genotype: a 1-week, randomized, openlabel study in Chinese adults. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 2003-2011 [PMID: 21118735 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.11.005]
141. Lesbros-Pantoflickova D, Corthésy-Theulaz I, Blum AL. Helicobacter pylori and probiotics. J Nutr 2007; 137: 812S-818S [PMID: 17311980]
142. Du YQ, Su T, Fan JG, Lu YX, Zheng P, Li XH, Guo CY, Xu P, Gong YF, Li ZS. Adjuvant probiotics improve the eradication effect of triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 6302-6307 [PMID: 23180952 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i43.6302]
143. Efrati C, Nicolini G, Cannaviello C, O'Sed NP, Valabrega S. Helicobacter pylori eradication: sequential therapy and Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 6250-6254 [PMID: 23180945 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i43.6250]
144. Ojetti V, Bruno G, Ainora ME, Gigante G, Rizzo G, Roccarina D, Gasbarrini A. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation on Anti-Helicobacter pylori Levofloxacin-Based Second-Line Therapy. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 740381 [PMID: 22690211 DOI: 10.1155/2012/740381]
145. Manfredi M, Bizzarri B, Sacchero RI, Maccari S, Calabrese L, Fabbian F, De'Angelis GL. Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical practice: probiotics and a combination of probiotics + lactoferrin improve compliance, but not eradication, in sequential therapy. Helicobacter 2012; 17: 254-263 [PMID: 22759324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00944.x]
146. Shavakhi A, Tabesh E, Yaghoutkar A, Hashemi H, Tabesh F, Khodadoostan M, Minakari M, Shavakhi S, Gholamrezaei A. The effects of multistrain probiotic compound on bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized placebo-controlled triple-blind study. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 280-284 [PMID: 23433200 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12047]
147. Navarro-Rodriguez T, Silva FM, Barbuti RC, Mattar R, Moraes-Filho JP, de Oliveira MN, Bogsan CS, Chinzon D, Eisig JN. Association of a probiotic to a Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen does not increase efficacy or decreases the adverse effects of the treatment: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 56 [PMID: 23530767 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-13-56]
148. Wilhelm SM, Johnson JL, Kale-Pradhan PB. Treating bugs with bugs: the role of probiotics as adjunctive therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45: 960-966 [PMID: 21693698 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1Q104]
149. Szajewska H, Horvath A, Piwowarczyk A. Meta-analysis: the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1069-1079 [PMID: 21039671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04457.x]
150. Zou J, Dong J, Yu X. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus containing quadruple therapy versus standard triple first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 97-107 [PMID: 19751434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00716.x]
151. Wang ZH, Gao QY, Fang JY. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus-containing and Bifidobacterium-containing probiotic compound preparation in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 25-32 [PMID: 23090045 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318266f6cf]