Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn , Issue 29, 2014, Pages 9952-9975

  Wang, David Q H ^a,b   Carey, Martin C ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bear bile; Bile acids; Bile pigments; Bilirubinates; Liquid crystals; Materia medica; Mixed micelles; Ox gallstones; Paleo pharmacology; Phospholipids

Indexed keywords

23R HYDROXYCHOLIC ACID; 3 ALPHA,7 ALPHA,12 ALPHA TRIHYDROXY 25 ALPHA COPROST 23 ENIC ACID; 3 ALPHA,7 ALPHA,12 ALPHA TRIHYDROXYCOPROST 22 ENE 24 CARBOXYLIC ACID; 3 ALPHA,7 ALPHA,12 ALPHA TRIHYDROXYCOPROSTANIC ACID; 3 ALPHA,7 ALPHA,12 ALPHA,22 TETRAHYDROXYCOPROSTANIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ALPHA HYOCHOLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIALLERGIC AGENT; AVICHOLIC ACID; BILE ACID; BILE PIGMENT; BILIRUBIN; BITOCHOLIC ACID; CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; CHOLIC ACID; DEOXYCHOLIC ACID; GLUCURONIDE; MATERIA MEDICA; MELATONIN; MURICHOLIC ACID; PYTHOCHOLIC ACID; RETINOL; SEDATIVE AGENT; SPASMOLYTIC AGENT; TAUROCHOLIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN K GROUP; BILIRUBIN GLUCURONIDE; HEME; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; SPHINGOMYELIN;

AMPHIBIA; ANIMAL PRODUCT; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY; ARTHROPOD; ARTIFICIAL SKIN; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOPHYSICS; BIRD; BURN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHINA; CHINESE MEDICINE; CHRONOLOGY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; EAR DISEASE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EPISTAXIS; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; EYE DISEASE; FEVER; FISH; GALLSTONE; GROWTH INHIBITION; GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; JAPAN; LIPID MEMBRANE; LIQUID CRYSTAL; LIVER CONGESTION; LIVER FUNCTION; MAMMAL; MENTAL DISEASE; MICELLE; MOUTH DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NOSE DISEASE; REPTILE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SKIN DISEASE; THROAT DISEASE; URINARY TRACT DISEASE; VIRUS INFECTION; WOUND; ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT; ABDOMINAL DISTENSION; ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUPUNCTURE; ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ANIMAL BILE; ASCARIASIS; BAT; BILE; BILE COMPOSITION; BLEPHARITIS; CARBUNCLE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHILL; CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA; CHRONIC RHINITIS; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COMA; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; CONSTIPATION; CROW; CRUCIAN CARP; DACRYOCYSTITIS; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DELIRIUM; DENTAL CARIES; DERMATITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DOG; DRUG ANALYSIS; DYSENTERY; ECZEMA; EPIGASTRIC PAIN; EPILEPSY; EPIPHORA; EYE SWELLING; FEBRILE CONVULSION; FOOD POISONING; FURUNCULOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL REFLUX; GINGIVITIS; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HEARTBURN; HEMORRHOID; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HORSESHOE CRAB; HUMAN BILE; IMPOTENCE; JAUNDICE; LEPROSY; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; NIGHT BLINDNESS; NOSE POLYP; OLIGURIA; OPISTHORCHIASIS; OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY; PARONYCHIA; PIG; POLYDIPSIA; PRESCRIPTION; RESTLESSNESS; SKIN INFECTION; SKIN INJURY; SNAKE; STIFF NECK; SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA; SYPHILIS; THERAPY EFFECT; TINEA CAPITIS; TONGUE SWELLING; TORTOISE; TRISMUS; TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS; TURTLE; URETHRAL PAIN; VIROGENESIS; VISUAL ACUITY; VOMITING; WILD BOAR; YAK; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; CHEMISTRY; HISTORY; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BILE; CHINA; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; MATERIA MEDICA; MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL; ORGANOTHERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84905825369     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952     Document Type: Review

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