First-contact incidence of psychosis in north-eastern Italy: Influence of age, gender, immigration and socioeconomic deprivation

British Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 205, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 127-134

  Lasalvia, Antonio ^a,g   Bonetto, Chiara ^a   Tosato, Sarah ^a   Zanatta, Gioia ^a,g   Cristofalo, Doriana ^a   Salazzari, Damiano ^a   Lazzarotto, Lorenza ^a,g   Bertani, Mariaelena ^a,g   Bissoli, Sarah ^a,g   De Santi, Katia ^a,g   Cremonese, Carla ^b,g   De Rossi, Moreno ^c,g   Gardellin, Francesco ^d,g   Ramon, Luana ^e,g   Zucchetto, Maria ^f,g   Amaddeo, Francesco ^a   Tansella, Michele ^a   Ruggeri, Mirella ^a,g   Brambilla, P ^g   Marrella, G ^g   Perlini, C ^g   Tito, P ^g   Lunardon, M ^g   Gava, F ^g   Borso, E ^g   Grandina, L ^g   Paliotto, M ^g   Roggia, L ^g   Danieli, A ^g   Poloni, C ^g   Altiero, M R ^g   Piazza, F ^g   Ceccato, E ^g   Busana, C ^g   Campi, A ^g   Zanconato, A ^g   Zamorani, P ^g   Binotto, R ^g   Caneva, A ^g   Lazzarin, E ^g   Zordan, G ^g   Dolce, C ^g   Fanchin, G B ^g   Negro, C ^g   Crestale, M ^g   Paiola, L ^g   Sale, A ^g   Morandin, I ^g   Biondi, E ^g   Cordella, A ^g   Favaretto, G ^g   Geatti, S ^g   Urbani, P ^g   Spessotto, J ^g   Penelope, R ^g   Grando, L ^g   Sgnaolin, M ^g   Tozzini, C ^g   Visentin, G ^g   Schiavon, L ^g   Gentile, B ^g   Bolacchi, M G ^g   Marzotto, L ^g   Moni, F ^g   Rossi, L ^g   Amalric, I ^g   Miceli, C ^g   De Zordo, M R ^g   Russo, S ^g   Rossi, R ^g   Casagrande, G ^g   De Nardo, V ^g   Facchetti, A ^g   Ramaciotti, F ^g   Marangon, V ^g   Coppola, G ^g   Marcolin, A ^g   Meneghini, P ^g   Sbraccia, F ^g   Segato, C ^g   Riolo, R ^g   Cappellari, L ^g   Cutugno, M ^g   Meneghetti, L ^g   Longhin, L ^g   Paoleschi, B ^g   Scalabrin, D ^g   Antonello, L ^g   Purgato, A ^g   Santucci, G ^g   Tosin, C ^g   Volpato, R ^g   Zurlo, R ^g   Pedron, M ^g   Pinton, S ^g   Benetazzo, M ^g   Pavan, L ^g   Semenzin, M ^g   Sifari, L ^g   Zorzi, F ^g   Martucci, M M ^g   Magno, N ^g   Meloni, G ^g   Toniolo, E ^g   Pavanati, M ^g   Destro, E ^g   Finotti, L ^g   Fiorio, R ^g   Marsilio, A ^g   Pedrocco, N ^g   Pollola, P ^g   Nose F ^g   Rossin, P ^g   Vivenza, V ^g   Mazzoncini, R ^g   Urbani, A ^g   Bianchi, L ^g   Carcereri, G ^g   Lunardi, L ^g   Migliorini, G ^g   Perdona G ^g   Piazza, C ^g   La Monaca, D ^g   D'Agostini, G ^g   Boggian, I ^g   Piccione, G ^g   Saladini, E ^g   Gomez, F ^g   Frazzingaro, S ^g   Nicolaou, S ^g   Cordioli, L ^g   Bertolazzi, G ^g   Pagliuca, V ^g   Abate, M ^g   Bortolomasi, M ^g   Giacopuzzi, M ^g   Segala, M ^g   De Nardi, F ^g   Basetto, F ^g   Bernardis, C ^g   Bezzetto, A ^g   Santi, M ^g   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^c Local Health Authority   (Italy)

^d Department of Mental Health NHS Local Health Authority Vicenza   (Italy)

^e Occupational Health Service   (Italy)

^f Padua Local Health Authority   (Italy)

^g NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; AGE; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER; DELUSIONAL DISORDER; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; ICD-10; IMMIGRANT; IMMIGRATION; INCIDENCE; ITALY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIA; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL STATUS; URBAN AREA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMOGRAPHY; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRANT; MULTICENTER STUDY; POVERTY; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; ITALY; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; POVERTY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84905657683     PISSN: 00071250     EISSN: 14721465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.134445     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev 2008; 30: 67-76.
2. Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J. Meta-analyses of the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia: conceptual and methodological issues. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2008; 17: 55-61.
3. Saha S, Chant DC, Welham JL, McGrath JJ. The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia varies with latitude. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 114: 36-9. (Pubitemid 43885483)
4. Saha S, Chant DC, Welham JL, McGrath JJ. Incidence of schizophrenia does not vary with economic status of the country. Evidence from a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41: 338-40. (Pubitemid 43676247)
5. Faraone SV, Chen WJ, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT. Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 625-9. (Pubitemid 24161260)
6. Häfner H, an der Heiden W, Behrens S, Gattaz WF, Hambrecht M, Löffler W, et al. Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Schizoph Bull 1998; 24: 99-113. (Pubitemid 28128492)
7. Aleman A, Kahn RS, Selten JP. Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: evidence from meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 565-71. (Pubitemid 36682313)
8. Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Tarrant J, et al. Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: findings from the 3-center AESOP study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 250-8. (Pubitemid 43345348)
9. Crebbin K, Mitford E, Paxton R, Turkington D. First-episode psychosis: an epidemiological survey comparing psychotic depression with schizophrenia. J Affect Disord 2008; 105: 117-24. (Pubitemid 350236357)
10. Coid JW, Kirkbride JB, Barker D, Cowden F, Stamps R, Yang M, et al. Raised incidence rates of all psychoses among migrant groups: findings from the East London first episode psychosis study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1250-8.
11. van Os J, Takei N, Castle DJ, Wessely S, Der G, MacDonald AM, et al. The incidence of mania: time trends in relation to gender and ethnicity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1996; 31 : 129-36. (Pubitemid 26257963)
12. Lloyd T, Jones PB. The epidemiology of first-onset mania. In Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology (2nd edn) (eds MT Tsuang, M Tohen): 445-58. Wiley-Liss, 2002.
13. Kennedy N, Boydell J, Kalidindi S, Fearon P, Jones PB, van Os J, et al. Gender differences in incidence and age at onset of mania and bipolar disorder over a 35-year period in Camberwell, England. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 257-62. (Pubitemid 40216204)
14. Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 12-24. (Pubitemid 40095666)
15. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med 2011; 41: 897-910.
16. Selten JP, Veen N, Feller W, Blom JD, Khan R, Schols D, et al. Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 367-72. (Pubitemid 32280932)
17. Cantor-Graae E, Pedersen CB. Risk of schizophrenia in second-generation immigrants: a Danish population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 485-94. (Pubitemid 46370426)
18. Veling W, Susser E, van Os J, Mackenbach JP, Selten JP, Hoek HW. Ethnic density of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 66-73. (Pubitemid 351704554)
19. Harrison G, Glazebrook C, Brewin J, Cantwell R, Dalkin T, Fox R, et al. Increased incidence of psychotic disorders in migrants from the Caribbean to the United Kingdom. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 799-806. (Pubitemid 27332167)
20. Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 2006; 36: 1541-50. (Pubitemid 44575800)
21. van Os J. Does the urban environment cause psychosis? Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: 287-8.
22. Krabbendam L, van Os J. Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence - conditional on genetic risk. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31: 795-9. (Pubitemid 41437771)
23. McGrath J, Scott J. Urban birth and risk of schizophrenia: a worrying example of epidemiology where the data are stronger than the hypotheses. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2006; 15: 243-6. (Pubitemid 44954100)
24. Allardyce J, Boydell J. Review: the wider social environment and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 592-8.
25. Croudace TJ, Kayne R, Jones PB, Harrison GL. Non-linear relationship between an index of social deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the incidence of psychosis. Psychol Med 2000; 30: 177-85. (Pubitemid 30099130)
26. Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Fearon P, Dazzan P, Murray RM, Jones PB. Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: re-examining the role of context. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 1413-25. (Pubitemid 47581415)
27. Burns JK, Esterhuizen T. Poverty, inequality and the treated incidence of firstepisode psychosis: an ecological study from South Africa. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43: 331-5.
28. Zammit S, Lewis G, Rasbash J, Dalman C, Gustafsson JE, Allebeck P. Individuals, schools, and neighborhood: a multilevel longitudinal study of variation in incidence of psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 914-22.
29. Pelayo-Terán JM, Pérez-Iglesias R, Ramírez-Bonilla M, González-Blanch C, Martínez-García O, Pardo-García G, et al. Epidemiological factors associated with treated incidence of first-episode non-affective psychosis in Cantabria: insights from the Clinical Programme on Early Phases of Psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2008; 2: 178-87.
30. De Salvia D, Barbato A, Salvo P, Zadro F. Prevalence and incidence of schizophrenic disorders in Portogruaro. An Italian case register study. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181: 275-82. (Pubitemid 23343025)
31. Balestrieri M, Rucci P, Nicolaou S. Gender-specific decline and seasonality of births in operationally defined schizophrenics in Italy. Schizophr Res 1997; 27: 73-81. (Pubitemid 27465725)
32. Preti A, Miotto P. Increase in first admissions for schizophrenia and other major psychoses in Italy. Psychiatry Res 2000; 94: 139-52. (Pubitemid 30243101)
33. Tarricone I, Mimmi S, Paparelli A, Rossi E, Mori E, Panigada S, et al. Firstepisode psychosis at the West Bologna Community Mental Health Centre: results of an 8-year prospective study. Psychol Med 2012; 42: 2255-64.
34. Kirkbride JB, Errazuriz A, Croudace TJ, Morgan C, Jackson D, Boydell J, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in England, 1950-2009: a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One 2012; 7: e31660.
35. Jablensky A. The epidemiological horizon. In Schizophrenia (2nd edn) (eds SR Hirsch, D Weinberger): 203-31. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
36. Bertani M, Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, Tosato S, Cristofalo D, Bissoli S, et al. The influence of gender on clinical and social characteristics of patients at psychosis onset: a report from the Psychosis Incident Cohort Outcome Study (PICOS). Psychol Med 2012; 42: 769-82.
37. Lasalvia A, Tosato S, Brambilla P, Bertani M, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, et al. A multisite study of clinical, social and biological characteristics, patterns of care and predictors of outcome in first-episode psychosis. Background, methodology and overview of the patient sample. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2012; 21 : 281-303.
38. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 1992; 20 : 1-97.
39. World Health Organization. Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. WHO, 1992.
40. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. WHO, 1992.
41. Regione del Veneto. Direzione Statistica Regionale. Popolazione Residente nel Veneto, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 (http://statistica.regione.veneto.it/jsp/ popolazione.jsp).
42. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. ISTAT Atlante Statistico dei Comuni (Edizione 2009). ISTAT, 2009.
43. Tello JE, Mazzi M, Tansella M, Bonizzato P, Jones J, Amaddeo F. Does socioeconomic status affect the use of community-based psychiatric services? A south Verona case register study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112: 215-23. (Pubitemid 41176558)
44. Donisi V, Jones J, Pertile R, Salazzari D, Grigoletti L, Tansella M, et al. The difficult task of predicting the costs of community-based mental health care. A comprehensive case register study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2011; 20: 245-56.
45. McGrath J, Saha S, Welham J, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D. A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Med 2004; 2: 13.
46. Sherazi R, McKeon P, McDonough M, Daly I, Kennedy N. What's new? The clinical epidemiology of bipolar I disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry 200; 14: 273-84.
47. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M, Mors O, Ewald H. Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 1209-15. (Pubitemid 37494074)
48. Brewin J, Cantwell R, Dalkin T, Fox R, Medley I, Glazebrook C, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia in Nottingham. A comparison of two cohorts, 1978-80 and 1992-94. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171: 140-4. (Pubitemid 27345146)
49. Scully PJ, Quinn JF, Morgan MG, Kinsella A, O'Callaghan E, Owens JM, et al. First-episode schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses in a rural Irish catchment area: incidence and gender in the Cavan-Monaghan study at 5 years. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181 (suppl 43): 3-9.
50. Lloyd T, Kennedy N, Fearon P, Kirkbride J, Mallett R, Leff J, et al. Incidence of bipolar affective disorder in three UK cities. Results from the AESOP study. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186: 126-31. (Pubitemid 40193781)
51. Harrison G, Cooper JE, Gancarczyk R. Changes in the administrative incidence of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 811-6.
52. Castle D, Wessely S, Der G, Murray RM. The incidence of operationally defined schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-84. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 790-4.
53. Bamrah JS, Freeman HL, Goldberg DP. Epidemiology of schizophrenia in Salford, 1974-84. Changes in an urban community over ten years. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 802-10.
54. Amaddeo F, Zambello F, Tansella M, Thornicroft G. Accessibility and pathways to psychiatric care in a community-based mental health system. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001; 36: 500-7. (Pubitemid 33114650)
55. Kirkbride JB, Jones PB, Ullrich S, Coid JW. Social deprivation, inequality, and the neighborhood-level incidence of psychotic syndromes in East London. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40: 169-80.
56. Tansella M, Balestrieri M, Meneghelli M, Micciolo R. Trends in the provision of psychiatric care 1979-1988. In Community-Based Psychiatry Long-Term Patterns of Care in South-Verona. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 19 (ed. M Tansella): 1-54. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
57. Leão TS, Sundquist J, Frank G, Johansson LM, Johansson SE, Sundquist K. Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants: a national cohort study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194: 27-33.
58. Cheng F, Kirkbride JB, Lennox BR, Perez J, Masson K, Lawrence K, et al. Administrative incidence of psychosis assessed in an early intervention service in England: first epidemiological evidence from a diverse, rural and urban setting. Psychol Med 2011; 41: 949-58.
59. Kirkbride JB, Stubbins C, Jones PB. Psychosis incidence through the prism of early intervention services. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 200: 156-7.
60. Svedberg B, Mesterton A, Cullberg J. First-episode non-affective psychosis in a total urban population: a 5-year follow-up. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001; 36: 332-7. (Pubitemid 32894735)
61. Welham JL, Thomis RJ, McGrath JJ. Age-at-first-registration for affective psychosis and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2004; 30: 849-53. (Pubitemid 40469521)
62. Edwards J, Harris MG, Bapat S. Developing services for first-episode psychosis and the critical period. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 187 (suppl 48): 91-7.
63. Bhugra D, Leff J, Mallett R, Der G, Corridan B, Rudge S. Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in Whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 791-8. (Pubitemid 27332166)
64. Mahy GE, Mallett R, Leff J, Bhugra D. First-contact incidence rate of schizophrenia on Barbados. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175: 28-33. (Pubitemid 29307852)
65. Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. Migration and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20: 111-5. (Pubitemid 46215415)
66. Kaymaz N, Krabbendam L, de Graaf R, Nolen W, Ten Have M, van Os J. Evidence that the urban environment specifically impacts on the psychotic but not the affective dimension of bipolar disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41: 679-85. (Pubitemid 44363755)
67. Thornicroft G, Bisoffi G, De Salvia D, Tansella M. Urban-rural differences in the associations between social deprivation and psychiatric service utilisation in schizophrenia and all diagnoses: a case-register study in Northern Italy. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 487-96. (Pubitemid 23209243)
68. Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. Urbanicity during upbringing and bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8: 242-7.
69. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Björk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 2009; 373: 234-9.
70. European Network of Schizophrenia Networks for the Study of Gene-Environment Interactions. Schizophrenia aetiology: do gene-environment interactions hold the key? Schizophr Res 2008; 102: 21-6.