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Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A WHO Ten-Country study
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Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A WHO Ten-Country study. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 1992; 20:1-97.
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Jablensky, A.1
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Ernberg, G.3
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Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E. Schizophrenia and migration. In: Gattaz WF, Häfner H, editors. Search for the causes of schizophrenia, V. Darmstadt: Steinkopff/Springer; 2004. pp. 3-25.
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Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E. Schizophrenia and migration. In: Gattaz WF, Häfner H, editors. Search for the causes of schizophrenia, Volume V. Darmstadt: Steinkopff/Springer; 2004. pp. 3-25.
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5
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0023720736
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A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients
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Harrison G, Owens D, Holton A, et al. A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients. Psychol Med 1988; 18:643-657.
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Harrison, G.1
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6
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11844301246
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Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review
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This meta-analysis establishes history of migration as a major risk factor for schizophrenia and shows that migrants from developing countries and migrants with black skin colour are at an extra high risk in Europe
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Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:12-24. This meta-analysis establishes history of migration as a major risk factor for schizophrenia and shows that migrants from developing countries and migrants with black skin colour are at an extra high risk in Europe.
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Am J Psychiatry
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Cantor-Graae, E.1
Selten, J.P.2
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0037313441
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Migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: A Danish population-based cohort study
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Cantor-Graae E, Pedersen CB, McNeil TF, Mortensen PB. Migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182:117-122.
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Cantor-Graae, E.1
Pedersen, C.B.2
McNeil, T.F.3
Mortensen, P.B.4
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8
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0036212515
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Ødegaard's selection hypothesis revisited: Schizophrenia in Surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands
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Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Slaets J, Kahn RS. Ødegaard's selection hypothesis revisited: schizophrenia in Surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:669-671.
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Am J Psychiatry
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Selten, J.P.1
Cantor-Graae, E.2
Slaets, J.3
Kahn, R.S.4
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9
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4444341166
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Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants: A national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents
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Hjern A, Wicks S, Dalman C. Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants: a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents. Psychol Med 2004; 34:1025-1033.
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Hjern, A.1
Wicks, S.2
Dalman, C.3
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10
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Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants. A national cohort study
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Leao TS, Sundquist J, Frank G, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants. A national cohort study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:27-33.
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Leao, T.S.1
Sundquist, J.2
Frank, G.3
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11
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Incidence of mental disorders in second-generation immigrants in Sweden: A four-year cohort study
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Leao TS, Sundquist J, Johansson LM, et al. Incidence of mental disorders in second-generation immigrants in Sweden: A four-year cohort study. Ethn Health 2005; 10:243-256.
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Ethn Health
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Leao, T.S.1
Sundquist, J.2
Johansson, L.M.3
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12
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23344435368
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Increased risk of psychotic disorder among immigrants in Malmö: A 3-year first-contact study
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Cantor-Graae E, Zolkowska K, McNeil TF. Increased risk of psychotic disorder among immigrants in Malmö: a 3-year first-contact study. Psychol Med 2005; 35:1155-1163.
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Psychol Med
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Cantor-Graae, E.1
Zolkowska, K.2
McNeil, T.F.3
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13
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0035066507
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Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to the Netherlands
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Selten JP, Veen ND, Feller WG, et al. Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:367-372.
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Br J Psychiatry
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Selten, J.P.1
Veen, N.D.2
Feller, W.G.3
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14
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33747175394
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Veling W, Selten JP, Veen ND, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: A four-year first-contact study. Schizophr Res 2006; 86:189-193. The study confirms previous findings from the Netherlands and demonstrates an interesting sex difference in the risk for Moroccan immigrants. The risk is excessively high for males and not significantly increased for females.
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Veling W, Selten JP, Veen ND, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: A four-year first-contact study. Schizophr Res 2006; 86:189-193. The study confirms previous findings from the Netherlands and demonstrates an interesting sex difference in the risk for Moroccan immigrants. The risk is excessively high for males and not significantly increased for females.
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15
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33750062845
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Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 2006; 36:1541-1550. Large first-contact incidence study finds alarming incidence rates of schizophrenia and mania for African-Caribbeans and black Africans in the UK (relative risks 6 to 9). These rates are also increased for other ethnic minority groups, but less so. The scientific and public health implications are great.
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Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 2006; 36:1541-1550. Large first-contact incidence study finds alarming incidence rates of schizophrenia and mania for African-Caribbeans and black Africans in the UK (relative risks 6 to 9). These rates are also increased for other ethnic minority groups, but less so. The scientific and public health implications are great.
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16
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0034875310
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Increased first-contact rates for very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis in African- and Caribbean-born elders
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Reeves SJ, Sauer J, Stewart R, et al. Increased first-contact rates for very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis in African- and Caribbean-born elders. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179:172-174.
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Reeves, S.J.1
Sauer, J.2
Stewart, R.3
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17
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Are Black Caribbean patients more likely to receive an incorrect diagnosis of very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis than their white British counterparts?
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Reeves S, Hudson S, Fletcher H, et al. Are Black Caribbean patients more likely to receive an incorrect diagnosis of very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis than their white British counterparts? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11:674-677.
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Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
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Reeves, S.1
Hudson, S.2
Fletcher, H.3
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18
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The effect of ethnicity and gender on first-contact rates for schizophrenia-like psychosis in Bangladeshi, Black and White elders in Tower Hamlets, London
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Mitter PR, Krishnan S, Bell P, et al. The effect of ethnicity and gender on first-contact rates for schizophrenia-like psychosis in Bangladeshi, Black and White elders in Tower Hamlets, London. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19:286-290.
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Mitter, P.R.1
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Bell, P.3
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19
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Migrant status, age, gender and social isolation in very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis
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Mitter P, Reeves S, Romero-Rubiales F, et al. Migrant status, age, gender and social isolation in very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:1046-1051.
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Mitter, P.1
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20
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Risk factors and the prevalence of neurosis and psychosis in ethnic groups in Great Britain
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Brugha T, Jenkins R, Bebbington P, et al. Risk factors and the prevalence of neurosis and psychosis in ethnic groups in Great Britain. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004; 39:939-946.
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Brugha, T.1
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21
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Ethnic variation among adolescent psychiatric in-patients with psychotic disorders
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Tolmac J, Hodes M. Ethnic variation among adolescent psychiatric in-patients with psychotic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:428-431.
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Tolmac, J.1
Hodes, M.2
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Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms
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van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, et al. Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:663-668.
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van Os, J.1
Hanssen, M.2
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23
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33746611187
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Vega WA, Sribney WM, Miskimen TM, et al. Putative psychotic symptoms in the Mexican American population. Prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:471-477. This study found a higher prevalence of psychosis-like symptoms in the second generation than in the first. These results parallel most findings on schizophrenia.
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Vega WA, Sribney WM, Miskimen TM, et al. Putative psychotic symptoms in the Mexican American population. Prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:471-477. This study found a higher prevalence of psychosis-like symptoms in the second generation than in the first. These results parallel most findings on schizophrenia.
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24
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19944391983
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Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, The prevalence rates of reporting psychotic symptoms were higher in people from ethnic minorities, but were not consistent with the much higher relative risks for psychotic disorders
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King M, Nazroo J, Weich S, et al. Psychotic symptoms in the general population of England. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40:375-381. The prevalence rates of reporting psychotic symptoms were higher in people from ethnic minorities, but were not consistent with the much higher relative risks for psychotic disorders.
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Psychotic symptoms in the general population of England
, vol.40
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King, M.1
Nazroo, J.2
Weich, S.3
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25
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10444220912
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Diagnostic stability in a Dutch psychosis incidence cohort
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Veen ND, Selten JP, Schols D, et al. Diagnostic stability in a Dutch psychosis incidence cohort. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185:460-464.
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Br J Psychiatry
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Veen, N.D.1
Selten, J.P.2
Schols, D.3
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26
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20244373350
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Pathways to care and ethnicity. 1: Sample characteristics and compulsory admission. Report from the AESOP study
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Morgan C, Mallett R, Hutchinson G, et al. Pathways to care and ethnicity. 1: Sample characteristics and compulsory admission. Report from the AESOP study. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:281-289.
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Br J Psychiatry
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Morgan, C.1
Mallett, R.2
Hutchinson, G.3
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27
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31144438377
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Morgan C, Fearon P, Hutchinson G, et al. Duration of untreated psychosis and ethnicity in the AESOP first onset psychosis study. Psychol Med 2006; 36:239-247. This study found no significant difference in the duration of untreated psychosis between black and white British patients in the UK.
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Morgan C, Fearon P, Hutchinson G, et al. Duration of untreated psychosis and ethnicity in the AESOP first onset psychosis study. Psychol Med 2006; 36:239-247. This study found no significant difference in the duration of untreated psychosis between black and white British patients in the UK.
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28
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Mulder CL, Koopmans GT, Selten JP. Emergency psychiatry, compulsory admissions and clinical presentation among immigrants to the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:386-391. Black patients in the UK are more likely to be brought to treatment by the police and to be compulsorily admitted. This study demonstrates the same phenomenon among immigrants from nonwestern countries to the Netherlands, the majority of which is not of African origin.
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Mulder CL, Koopmans GT, Selten JP. Emergency psychiatry, compulsory admissions and clinical presentation among immigrants to the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:386-391. Black patients in the UK are more likely to be brought to treatment by the police and to be compulsorily admitted. This study demonstrates the same phenomenon among immigrants from nonwestern countries to the Netherlands, the majority of which is not of African origin.
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29
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11244323938
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Selten JP, Zeyl C, Dwarkasing R, et al. First-contact incidence of schizophrenia in Surinam. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:74-75. This first study of its kind on the South American continent finds a normal risk for residents of Surinam and a significantly lower risk than that for Surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands.
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Selten JP, Zeyl C, Dwarkasing R, et al. First-contact incidence of schizophrenia in Surinam. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:74-75. This first study of its kind on the South American continent finds a normal risk for residents of Surinam and a significantly lower risk than that for Surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands.
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30
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0032421570
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The Mini-International Neuropsychiatrcic Interview: The development and validation of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10
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Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatrcic Interview: the development and validation of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 (Suppl 20):22-33.
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Sheehan, D.V.1
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Excess of psychoses among the French West Indian population
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Ballon N, Ursulet G, Merle S, et al. Excess of psychoses among the French West Indian population. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49:335-338.
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Ballon, N.1
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32
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The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica
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Hickling F, Rodgers-Johnson P. The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167:193-196.
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Bhugra D, Hilwig M, Hossein B, et al. First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia in Trinidad and one-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 169:587-592.
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First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia on Barbados
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Mahy GE, Mallet R, Leff J, Bhugra D. First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia on Barbados. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:28-33.
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Dohrenwend BP, Levav I, Shrout PE, et al. Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: the causation-selection issue. Science 1992; 255: 946-952.
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36
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Immigration and schizophrenia: The social causation hypothesis revisited
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Interesting essay on relationship between schizophrenia and socio-economic status
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Cooper B. Immigration and schizophrenia: the social causation hypothesis revisited. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:361-363. Interesting essay on relationship between schizophrenia and socio-economic status.
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Cooper, B.1
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37
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Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England
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Perceived racial discrimination is associated with the risk for psychosis, but the direction of causality remains uncertain
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Karlsen S, Nazroo JY, McKenzie K, et al. Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England. Psychol Med 2005; 35:1795-1803. Perceived racial discrimination is associated with the risk for psychosis, but the direction of causality remains uncertain.
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Karlsen, S.1
Nazroo, J.Y.2
McKenzie, K.3
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38
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Psychosis, migration and social environment: An age-and-gender controlled study
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Fossion P, Servais L, Rejas MC, et al. Psychosis, migration and social environment: an age-and-gender controlled study. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:338-343.
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Fossion, P.1
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Rejas, M.C.3
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Ethnicity, goal striving and schizophrenia: A case-control study of three ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
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Mallett R, Leff J, Bhugra D, et al. Ethnicity, goal striving and schizophrenia: a case-control study of three ethnic groups in the United Kingdom. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2004; 50:331-344.
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Migration, family dysfunction and psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents
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The findings of this study suggest that family dysfunction and a history of migration act synergistically in the causation of psychosis
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Patino LR, Selten JP, van Engeland H, et al. Migration, family dysfunction and psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:442-443. The findings of this study suggest that family dysfunction and a history of migration act synergistically in the causation of psychosis.
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Patino, L.R.1
Selten, J.P.2
van Engeland, H.3
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41
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The authors introduce the hypothesis that the chronic experience of social defeat leads to sensitisation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and puts the individual at increased risk for schizophrenia. The hypothesis could explain how social factors impact on brain functioning and contribute to the development of a disorder of the brain, like schizophrenia
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Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E. Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry 2005; 187:101-102. The authors introduce the hypothesis that the chronic experience of social defeat leads to sensitisation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and puts the individual at increased risk for schizophrenia. The hypothesis could explain how social factors impact on brain functioning and contribute to the development of a disorder of the brain, like schizophrenia.
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Social defeat: Risk factor for schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry
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Selten, J.P.1
Cantor-Graae, E.2
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Marcelis M, Navarro-Mateu F, Murray RM, et al. Urbanization and psychosis; a study of 1942-1978 birth cohorts in the Netherlands. Psychol Med 1998; 28:871-879.
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A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression and other nonaffective psychoses
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Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, et al. A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:354-360.
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Covington HE, Miczek KA. Repeated social defeat stress, cocaine or morphine. Effects on behavioural sensitisation and intravenous cocaine self-administration. Psychopharmacology 2001; 158:388-398.
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Covington, H.E.1
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