Psychometric testing of the agitation severity scale for acute presentation behavioral management patients in the emergency department

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 250-270

  Strout, Tania D ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Emergency psychiatric services; Hospital emergency service; Psychometrics; Psychomotor agitation

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; RESTLESSNESS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHOMETRICS; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84905484171     PISSN: 19314485     EISSN: 19314493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000014     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Allen, M. H. (2000). Managing the agitated psychotic patient: A reappraisal of the evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl. 14), 11-20.
2. Allen, M. H., Currier, G. W., Hughes, D. H., Docherty, J. P., Carpenter, D., & Ross, R. (2003). Treatment of behavioral emergencies: A summary of the expert consensus guidelines. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 9(1), 16-38.
3. American College of Emergency Physicians. ACEP psychiatric and substance abuse survey 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www.acep .org/uploadedFiles/ACEP/Advocacy/federal-issues/PsychiatricBoardingSummary.pdf
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
5. Bartee, R. T., Grandjean, B. D., & Bieber, S. L. (2004). Confirming the reliability of a theory-based questionnaire. American Journal of Health Studies, 19(3). Retrieved October 4, 2013, from https://itunes.apple .com/de/book/confirming-reliability-theory/id512523497?l=en&mt=11
6. Bogner, J. A., Corrigan, J. D., Bode, R. K., & Heinemann, A. W. (2000). Rating Scale analysis of the Agitated Behavior Scale. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15, 656-669.
7. Bogner, J. A., Corrigan, J. D., Stange, M., & Rabold, D. (1999). Reliability of the Agitated Behavior Scale. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 14, 91-96.
8. Bowers, L., Van Der Merwe, M., Paterson, B., & Stewart, D. (2012). Manual restraint and shows of force: The City-128 study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 21, 30-40.
9. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique, and utilization (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.
10. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2009). The concepts of measurement. In N. Burns, & S. K. Grove (Eds.), The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (6th ed., pp. 371-394). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.
11. Carifo, J., & Perla, R. (2008). Resolving the 50-year debate around using and misusing Likert scales. Medical Education, 42, 1150-1152.
12. Carper, B. A. (1978). Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 1, 13-23.
13. Chan, E. W., Taylor, D. M.,Knott, J. C., Liew,D., & Kong, D. C. M. (2012). The pharmacoeconomics of managing acute agitation in the emergency department: What do we know and how do we approach it? Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 12(5), 589-595.
14. Chan, E. W., Taylor, D. M., Knott, J. C., Phillips, G. A., Castle, D. J., & Kong, D. C. M. (2013). Intravenous droperidol or olanzapine as an adjunct to midazolam for the acutely agitated patient: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 61, 72-81.
15. Chinn, P. L., & Kramer, M. K. (2008). Integrated theory and knowledge development in nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier.
16. Coccaro, E. F., Harvey, P. D., Kupsaw-Lawrence, E., Herbert, J. L., & Bernstein, D. P. (1991). Development of neuropharmacologically-based behavioral assessments of impulsive aggressive behavior. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3, S44-S51.
17. Cohen-Mansfield, J. (1986). Agitated behaviors in the elderly: II. Preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 722-727.
18. Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Billig, N. (1986). Agitated behaviors in the elderly. I. A conceptual review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 711-721.
19. Corrigan, J. D. (1989). Development of a scale for assessment of agitation following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 261-277.
20. Corrigan, J. D., & Bogner, J. A. (1994). Factor structure of the Agitated Behavior Scale. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 386-392.
21. Corrigan, J. D., & Mysiw, W. J. (1988). Agitation following traumatic head injury: Equivocal evidence from a discrete stage of cognitive recovery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69, 487-492.
22. Corrigan, J. D., Mysiw, W. J., Gribble, M., & Chock, S. (1992). Agitation, cognition and attention during posttraumatic amnesia. Brain Injury, 6, 155-160.
23. Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
24. Day, R. K. (1999). Psychomotor agitation: Poorly defined and badly measured. Journal of Affective Disorders, 55, 89-98.
25. Derlet, R. W., & Richards, J. R. (2000). Overcrowding in the nation's emergency departments: Complex causes and disturbing effects. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 35, 63-68.
26. Diwan, S., & Phillips, V. L. (2001). Agitation and dementiarelated problem behaviors and case management in long-term care. International Psychogeriatrics, 13, 5-21.
27. Dunkin, J. J., & Anderson-Hanley, C. (1998). Dementia caregiver burden: A review of the literature and guidelines for assessment and intervention. Neurology, 51, S53-S67.
28. Dyck, G. (1997). Management of geriatric behavior problems. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 165-180.
29. Evans, D., Wood, J., & Lambert, L. (2003). Patient injury and physical restraint devices: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41, 274-282.
30. Finkel, S. I., Lyons, J. S., & Anderson, R. L. (1993). A Brief-Agitation Rating Scale (BARS) for nursing home elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 50-52.
31. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
32. Georgieva, I., Mulder, C. L., & Noorthoorn, E. (2013). Reducing seclusion through involuntary medication: A randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Research, 205, 48-53.
33. Gerolamo, A. M. (2006). The conceptualization of physical restraint as a nurse-sensitive adverse outcome in acute psychiatric treatment settings. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20, 175-185.
34. Goren, S., Singh, N. N., & Best, A. M. (1993). The aggression-coercion cycle: Use of seclusion and restraint in a child psychiatric hospital. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2, 61-73.
35. Government Accountability Office. (2009). Hospital emergency departments; crowding continues to occur, and some patients wait longer than recommended time frames (Pub. No. GAO-09-347). Washington, DC: GAO.
36. Government Accountability Office. (2011). Hospital emergency departments: Health center strategies that may help reduce their use (Pub. No. GAO-11-414R). Washington, DC: GAO.
37. Harris, C. E., O'Donnell, C., & Macmillan, R. R. (1991). Use of propofol by infusion for sedation of patients undergoing haemofiltration- assessment of the effect of haemofiltration on the level of sedation and on blood propofol concentration. International Journal of Drug Development, 4, S37-S39.
38. Hatta, K. H., Shibata, N., Ota, T., Usui, C., Ito, M., Nakamura, H., Arai, H. (2007). Association between physical restraint and drug-induced liver injury. Neuropsychobiology, 56, 180-184.
39. Hazlett, S. B., McCarthy, M. L., Londner, M. S., & Onyike, C. U. (2004). Epidemiology of adult psychiatric visits to US emergency departments. Academic Emergency Medicine, 11, 193-195.
40. Heinze, C., Dassen, T., & Grittner, U. (2011). Use of physical restraints in nursing homes and hospitals and related factors: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 1033-1040.
41. Institute of Medicine. (2006). Hospital-based emergency care: At the breaking point. Retrieved October 4, 2013, from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11621 .html#toc
42. Irving, K. (2002). Governing the conduct of conduct: Are restraints inevitable? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40, 405-412.
43. Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
44. Knox, D. K., & Holloman, G. H. (2012). Use and avoidance of seclusion and restraint: Consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry project BETA seclusion and restraint workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(1), 35-40.
45. Kong, E. H. (2005). Agitation in dementia: Concept clarification. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 526-536.
46. Kopecky, H. J., Kopecky, C. R., & Yudofsky, S. C. (1998). Reliability and validity of the Overt Agitation Severity Scale in adult psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 69, 301-323.
47. Kopecky, H. J., & Yudofsky, S. C. (1999). Agitation: Conceptualization, measurement, and treatment. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 63, A31-A52.
48. Kuntzen, M., Mjosund, N. J., Eidhammer, G., Lorentzen, S., Opjordsmoen, S., Sandvik, L., Friis, S. (2011). Characteristics of psychiatric inpatients who experienced restraint and those who did not: A case-control study. Psychiatric Services, 62(5), 492-497.
49. Lindenmayer, J. P. (2000). The pathophysiology of agitation. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl. 14), 5-10.
50. Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1983). Confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod matrices. Journal of Education Measurement, 20, 231-248.
51. Martel, M., Sterzinger, A., Miner, J., Clinton, J., & Biros, M. (2005). Management of acute undifferentiated agitation in the emergency department: A randomized double-blind trial of droperidol, ziprasidone, and midazolam. Academic Emergency Medicine, 12, 1167-1172.
52. McCabe, J. B. (2001). Emergency department overcrowding: A national crisis. Academic Medicine, 76, 672-674.
53. Mion, L. C., Frengley, J. D., Jakovicic, C. A., & Marino, J. A. (1989). A further exploration of the use of physical restraints in hospitalized patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 949-956.
54. Mohler, R., Richter, T., Kopke, S., & Meyer, G. (2012). Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints in long-term geriatric care-a Cochrane review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 3070-3081.
55. Mohr, W. K., Petti, T. A., & Mohr, B. D. (2003). Adverse effects associated with physical restraint. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(5), 330-337.
56. Moore, M. J., Zhu, C. W., & Clipp, E. C. (2001). Informal costs of dementia care: Estimates from the National Longitudinal Caregiver Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, S219-S228.
57. National Center for Health Statistics. (2013). Health, United States, 2012: With special feature on emergency care. Hyattsville, MD: Author.
58. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
59. Owens, P. L., Mutter, R., & Stocks, C. (2010). Mental health and substance abuse-related emergency department visits among adults, 2007 (HCUP Statistical Brief #92). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
60. Pacciardi, B., Mauri, M., Cargioli, C., Belli, S., Cotugno, B., Di Paolo, L., Pini, S. (2013). Issues in the management of acute agitation: How much current guidelines consider safety? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4(26), 1-10.
61. Peplau, H. E. (1952). Interpersonal relations in nursing. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
62. Rabin, E., Kocher, K., McClelland, M., Pines, J., Hwang, U., Rathlev, N., Weber, E. (2012). Solutions to emergency department 'boarding' and crowding are underused and may need to be legislated. Health Affairs, 31(8), 1757-1766.
63. Ramsay, M. A. E., Savege, T. M., Simpson, B. R. J., & Goodwin, R. (1974). Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. British Journal of Medicine, 2, 656-659.
64. Richmond, J. S., Berlin, J. S., Fishkind, A. B., Holloman, G. H., Zeller, S. L.,Wilson,M. P., Ng, A. T. (2012). Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: Consensus statement of the American Association of Emergency Psychiatry project BETA de-escalation workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(1), 17-25.
65. Riker, R., Picard, J. T., & Fraser, G. L. (1999). Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine, 27, 1325-1329.
66. Robbins, L. J., Boyko, E., Lane, J., Cooper, D., & Jahnigen, D. W. (1987). Binding the elderly: A prospective study of the use of mechanical restraints in the acute care hospital. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 35, 290-296.
67. Rosen, J., Burgio, L., Kollar, M., Cain, M., Allison, M., Fogleman, M., Zubenko, G. S. (1994). The Pittsburgh Agitation Scale: A user-friendly instrument for rating agitation in dementia patients. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2, 52-59.
68. Rund,D. A., Ewing, J. D.,Mitzel, K., & Votolato,N. (2006). The use of intramuscular benzodiazepines and antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute agitation or violence in the emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31, 317-324.
69. Sailas, E., & Fenton, M. (2000). Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (issue 1), CD001163.
70. Samus, Q. M., Rosenblatt, A., Steele, C., Baker, A., Harper,M., Brandt, J., Lyketsos, C. G. (2005). The association of neuropsychiatric symptoms and environmentwith quality of life in assisted living residents with dementia. The Gerontologist, 45, 19-26.
71. Schumacher Group. (2010). Emergency department challenges and trends. 2010 survey of hospital emergency department administrators. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www.acep.org/uploadedFiles/ACEP/newsroom/ NewsMediaResources/StatisticsData/schu2010surveyPDF.pdf
72. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092-1097.
73. Strout, T. D. (2010). Perspectives on the experience of being physically restrained: An integrative review of the qualitative literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 19, 416-427.
74. Strout, T. D., & Baumann, M. R. (2009). Content validity testing for the Agitation Severity Scale: Development of a measure for use with acute presentation behavioral management patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 54, s45.
75. Struble, L. M., & Sivertsen, L. (1987). Agitation: Behaviors in confused elderly patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13, 40-44.
76. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). The business case for preventing and reducing restraint and seclusion use (HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4632). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
77. Taft, L. B. (1989). Conceptual analysis of agitation in the confused elderly. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3, 102-107.
78. Tinetti, M. E., Liu, W., & Ginter, S. F. (1992). Mechanical restraint use and fall-related injuries among residents of skilled nursing facilities. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116, 369-374.
79. United States Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2008). 482.13(e): Condition of participation: Patients' rights. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Transmittals/ downloads/R37SOMA.pdf
80. Willis, D. G., Grace, P. J., & Roy, C. (2008). A central unifying focus for the discipline. Facilitating humanization, meaning, choice, quality of life, and healing in living and dying. Advances in Nursing Science, 31, E28-E40.
81. Yudofsky, S. C., Kopecky, H. J., Kunik, M., Silver, J. M., & Endicott, J. (1997). The Overt Agitation Severity Scale for the objective rating of agitation. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 9, 541-548.
82. Yudofsky, S. C., Silver, J. M., & Hales, R. E. (2008). Psychopharmacological treatments for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. In S. C. Yudofsky, J. M. Silver, & R. E. Hales (Eds.), The American psychiatric publishing textbook of neuropsychiatry and behavioral neurosciences (5th ed., pp. 1149-1198). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
83. Yudofsky, S. C., Silver, J. M., Jackson, W., Endicott, J., & Williams, D. (1986). The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 35-39.
84. Zeller, S. L., & Rhoades, R.W. (2010). Systematic reviews of assessment measures and pharmacologic treatments for agitation. Clinical Therapeutics, 32(3), 403-425.
85. Zhang, H., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Xie, S., Xu, X., Shi, J., Karayal, O. N. (2013). Intramuscular ziprasidone versus haloperidol for managing agitation in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33, 178-185.
86. Zun, S. (2003). A prospective study of the complication rate of use of patient restraint in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 24, 119-124.
87. Zun, L. S. (2012). Pitfalls in the care of the psychiatric patient in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 43(5), 829-835.
88. Zun, L. S., & Downey, LaV, A. (2008). Level of agitation of psychiatric patients presenting to the emergency department. The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 108-113.