Intravenous droperidol or olanzapine as an adjunct to midazolam for the acutely agitated patient: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Annals of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 72-81

  Chan, Esther W ^a   Taylor, David M ^b   Knott, Jonathan C ^c   Phillips, Georgina A ^d   Castle, David J ^e   Kong, David C M ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^c ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^f MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; DROPERIDOL; HALOPERIDOL; MIDAZOLAM; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SODIUM CHLORIDE; ZUCLOPENTHIXOL;

ACUTE DISEASE; AGITATION; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG USE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; LENGTH OF STAY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN SATURATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BENZODIAZEPINES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DROPERIDOL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS; INTENTION TO TREAT ANALYSIS; KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATE; MALE; MIDAZOLAM; MIDDLE AGED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871330808     PISSN: 01960644     EISSN: 10976760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.07.118     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. J.G. Brookes, R.J. Dunn The incidence, severity and nature of violent incidents in the emergency department Emerg Med 9 1997 5 9
2. S. Hill, J. Petit The violent patient Emerg Med Clin North Am 18 2000 301 315
3. M.P. Kennedy Violence in emergency departments: under-reported, unconstrained, and unconscionable Med J Aust 183 2005 362 365
4. J.C. Knott, D. Bennett, J. Rawet Epidemiology of unarmed threats in the emergency department Emerg Med Australas 17 2005 351 358
5. M. Allen, G. Currier, D. Hughes Treatment of behavioral emergencies: a summary of the expert consensus guidelines J Psychiatr Pract 9 2003 16 38
6. F. Nobay, B.C. Simon, M.A. Levitt A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients Acad Emerg Med 11 2004 744 749
7. M. Martel, A. Sterzinger, J. Miner Management of acute undifferentiated agitation in the emergency department: a randomized double-blind trial of droperidol, ziprasidone, and midazolam Acad Emerg Med 12 2005 1167 1172
8. J.C. Knott, D.M. Taylor, D.J. Castle Randomized clinical trial comparing intravenous midazolam and droperidol for sedation of the acutely agitated patient in the emergency department Ann Emerg Med 47 2006 61 67
9. G. Isbister, L. Calver, C. Page Randomized controlled trial of intramuscular droperidol versus midazolam for violence and acute behavioral disturbance: the DORM study Ann Emerg Med 56 2010 392 401
10. J.R. Richards, R.W. Derlet, D.R. Duncan Chemical restraint for the agitated patient in the emergency department: lorazepam versus droperidol J Emerg Med 16 1998 567 573
11. J. Battaglia, S. Moss, J. Rush Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? a multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study Am J Emerg Med 15 1997 335 340
12. H. Thomas, E. Schwartz, R. Petrilli Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients Ann Emerg Med 21 1992 407 413
13. E.W. Chan, D.M. Taylor, J.C. Knott Variation in the management of hypothetical cases of acute agitation in Australasian emergency departments Emerg Med Australas 23 2011 23 32
14. M.E. Cannon, P. Sprivulis, J. McCarthy Restraint practices in Australasian emergency departments Aust N Z J Psychiatry 35 2001 464 467
15. J. Battaglia Pharmacological management of acute agitation Drugs 65 2005 1207 1222
16. D. Gillies, A. Beck, A. McCloud Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2005 10.1002/14651858. CD003079.pub2 CD003079
17. TREC Collaborative Group Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine BMJ 327 2003 708 713
18. J. Alexander, P. Tharyan, C. Adams Rapid tranquillisation of violent or agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting: pragmatic randomised trial of intramuscular lorazepam v. haloperidol plus promethazine Br J Psychiatry 185 2004 63 69
19. J.H. Shale, C.M. Shale, W.D. Mastin Safety of droperidol in behavioural emergencies Expert Opin Drug Saf 3 2004 369 378
20. L.W. Kao, M.A. Kirk, S.J. Evers Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence? Ann Emerg Med 41 2003 546 558
21. G. Reid, M. Hughson Droperidol dropped; consultants not consulted: a survey of the practice of rapid tranquillisation by consultant psychiatrists in the west of Scotland Psychiatr Bull 27 2003 301 304
22. M.P. Szuba, K.S. Bergman, L.R. Baxter Safety and efficacy of high-dose droperidol in agitated patients J Clin Psychopharmacol 12 1992 144 146
23. R.J. Meyer FDA "black box" labeling Ann Emerg Med 41 2003 559 560
24. B.Z. Horowitz, K. Bizovi, R. Moreno Droperidol - behind the black box warning Acad Emerg Med 9 2002 615 618
25. S.J. Cure, J. Rathbone, S.L. Mandriota-Carpenter Droperidol for acute psychosis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2004 10.1002/14651858.CD002830.pub2 CD002830
26. J.C. Knott, A. Pleban, D. Taylor Management of mental health patients attending Victorian emergency departments Aust N Z J Psychiatry 41 2007 759 767
27. E.W. Chan, J.C. Knott, D.M. Taylor Intravenous olanzapine - another option for the acutely agitated patient? Emerg Med Australas 21 2009 241 242
28. E.W. Chan, D.M. Taylor, D.C.M. Kong Intravenous olanzapine for acute agitation in the emergency department J Pharm Prac Res 41 2011 135 137
29. Chan EW, Taylor DM, Phillips GA, et al. May I have your consent? informed consent in clinical trials - feasibility in emergency situations. J Psychiatr Intensive Care. http://dx.doi.org/1017/S1742646411000094.
30. J. Daniel, J. Chamberlain, D. Castle The pharmacological management of behavioural disturbance in psychosis: a naturalistic study Australas Psychiatry 15 2007 380 384
31. D.J. Castle, N. Tran, D. Alderton Management of acute behavioral disturbance in psychosis D.J. Castle, D.L. Copolov, T. Wykes, Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments in Schizophrenia 2nd ed. 2008 Informa Healthcare London, England 111 128
32. P. Pandharipande, E. Ely Sedative and analgesic medications: risk factors for delirium and sleep disturbances in the critically ill Crit Care Clin 22 2006 313 327 vii
33. Behavioural emergencies [revised October 2008] eTG Complete [online] 2011 Therapeutic Guidelines Limited Melbourne, Australia http://online.tg.org.au. proxy1.athensams.net/ip/ Accessed March 2, 2012
34. MIMS Online 2011 MIMS Australia Melbourne, Australia http://www. mimsonline.com.au Accessed July 11, 2011
35. D.A. Rund, J.D. Ewing, K. Mitzel The use of intramuscular benzodiazepines and antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute agitation or violence in the emergency department J Emerg Med 31 2006 317 324
36. N.S. Raveendran, P. Tharyan, J. Alexander TREC-India II Collaborative Group Rapid tranquillisation in psychiatric emergency settings in India: pragmatic randomised controlled trial of intramuscular olanzapine versus intramuscular haloperidol plus promethazine BMJ 335 2007 865
37. G. Huf, E.S.F. Coutinho, C.E. Adams TREC Collaborative Group Rapid tranquillisation in psychiatric emergency settings in Brazil: pragmatic randomised controlled trial of intramuscular haloperidol versus intramuscular haloperidol plus promethazine BMJ 335 2007 869 872
38. W. Lund Parenterals The Pharmaceutical Codex: Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics 12th ed. 1994 Pharmaceutical Press London, England 98
39. D. Spain, J. Crilly, I. Whyte Safety and effectiveness of high-dose midazolam for severe behavioural disturbance in an emergency department with suspected psychostimulant-affected patients Emerg Med Australas 20 2008 112 120
40. Wilson M, Macdonald K, Vilke G, et al. A comparison of the safety of olanzapine and haloperidol in combination with benzodiazepines in emergency department patients with acute agitation. J Emerg Med. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.jemermed.2011.01.024.
41. J. Zacher, J. Roche-Desilets Hypotension secondary to the combination of intramuscular olanzapine and intramuscular lorazepam J Clin Psychiatry 66 2005 1614 1615