Manual restraint and shows of force: The City-128 study

International Journal of Mental Health Nursing

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 30-40

  Bowers, Len ^a   Van Der Merwe, Marie ^b   Paterson, Brodie ^c   Stewart, Duncan ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aggression; Inpatient; Restraint

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; UNITED KINGDOM;

AGGRESSION; COERCION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; SECURITY MEASURES;

EID: 84855362145     PISSN: 14458330     EISSN: 14470349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00756.x     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Anderson, N. & West, M. (1999). Team Climate Inventory (TCI): User's Guide. Windsor: NFER-NELSON Publishing.
2. Baker, J., Bowers, L. & Owiti, J. (2008). Ward features associated with high rates of medication refusal by patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31, 80-89.
3. Bass, B. & Avolio, B. (1995). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden.
4. Bigwood, S. & Crowe, M. (2008). 'It's part of the job, but it spoils the job': A phenomenological study of physical restraint. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17, 215-222.
5. Bonner, G., Lowe, T., Rawcliffe, D. & Wellman, N. (2002). Trauma for all: A pilot study of the subjective experience of physical restraint for mental health inpatients and staff in the UK. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 9 (4), 465-473.
6. Bowers, L. (2000). The expression and comparison of ward incident rates. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 21 (4), 365-374.
7. Bowers, L. & Allan, T. (2006). The Attitude to Personality Disorder Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and results. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20 (3), 281-293.
8. Bowers, L. & Park, A. (2001). Special observation in the care of psychiatric inpatients: A literature review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 22, 769-786.
9. Bowers, L., Gournay, K. & Duffy, D. (2000). Suicide and self-harm in inpatient psychiatric units: A national survey of observation policies. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (2), 437-444.
10. Bowers, L., Simpson, A., Alexander, J., Ryan, C. & Carr-Walker, P. (2004). Cultures of psychiatry and the professional socialization process: The case of containment methods for disturbed patients. Nurse Education Today, 24, 435-442.
11. Bowers, L., Douzenis, A., Galeazzi, G. etal. (2005). Disruptive and dangerous behaviour by patients on acute psychiatric wards in three European centres. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 822-828.
12. Bowers, L., Flood, C., Brennan, G., LiPang, M. & Oladapo, P. (2006). Preliminary outcomes of a trial to reduce conflict and containment on acute psychiatric wards: City nurses. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13, 165-172.
13. Bowers, L., Jeffery, D., Nijman, H., Simpson, A., Daly, C. & Warren, J. (2007a). Junior staffing changes and the temporal ecology of adverse incidents in acute psychiatry: The Tompkins Acute Ward Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57 (2), 153-160.
14. Bowers, L., Whittington, R., Nolan, P. etal. (2007b). The City 128 Study of Observation and Outcomes on Acute Psychiatric Wards. Report to the NHS SDO Programme. London: NHS SDO Programme.
15. Bowers, L., Whittington, R., Nolan, P. etal. (2008). The relationship between service ecology, special observation and self-harm during acute in-patient care: The City-128 study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193 (5), 395-401.
16. Bowers, L., Allan, T., Simpson, A., Jones, J., Van Der Merwe, M. & Jeffery, D. (2009). Identifying key factors associated with aggression on acute in-patient psychiatric wards. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 260-271.
17. Clinton, C., Pereira, S. & Mullins, B. (2001). Training needs of psychiatric intensive care staff. Nursing Standard, 15 (34), 33-36.
18. Goldstein, H., Browne, W. & Rasbash, J. (2007). Partitioning variation in multilevel models. Understanding Statistics, 1 (4), 223-231.
19. Gudjonsson, G. H., Rabe-Hesketh, S. & Wilson, C. (2000). Violent incidents in a psychiatric hospital. The target of assault and the management of incidents. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 11, 105-118.
20. Gudjonsson, G., Rabe-Hesketh, S. & Szmukler, G. (2004). Management of psychiatric inpatient violence: Patient ethnicity and use of medication, restraint and seclusion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 258-262.
21. Healthcare Commission (2005). Count Me In. Results of A National Census of Inpatients in Mental Health Hospitals and Facilities in England and Wales. London: Healthcare Commission.
22. Henderson, C., Flood, C., Leese, M., Thornicroft, G., Sutherby, K. & Szmukler, G. (2004). Effect of joint crisis plans on use of compulsory treatment in psychiatry: Single blind randomised controlled study. British Medical Journal, 329, 136.
23. Lancaster, G. A., Whittington, R., Lane, S. & Riley, D. M. C. (2008). Does the position of restraint of disturbed psychiatric patients have any association with staff and patient injuries? Journal of Psychaitric and Mental Health Nursing, 15, 306-312.
24. Lee, S., Wright, S., Sayer, J., Parr, A., Gray, R. & Gournay, K. (2001). Physical restraint training in English and Welsh psychiatric intensive care and regional secure units. Journal of Mental Health, 10, 151-162.
25. Lee, S., Gray, R., Gournay, K., Wright, S., Parr, A. M. & Sayer, J. (2003). Views of nursing staff on the use of physical restraint. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 425-430.
26. Leggett, J. & Silvester, J. (2003). Care staff attributions for violent incidents involving male and female patients: A field study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42 (4), 393-406.
27. McCue, R. E., Urcuyo, L., Lilu, Y., Tobias, T. & Champagne, T. (2004). Reducing restraint use in a public psychiatric inpatient service. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 31 (2), 217-224.
28. Mackay, I., Paterson, B. & Cassells, C. (2005). Constant or special observations of inpatients presenting a risk of aggression or violence: Nurses' perceptions of the rules of engagement. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 12, 464-471.
29. Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. (1981). The Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
30. Moos, R. (1974). Ward Atmosphere Scale Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
31. Morrison, A. & Sadler, D. (2001). Death of a psychiatric patient during physical restraint. Excited delirium: A case report. Medicine Science and the Law, 41 (1), 46-50.
32. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2005). Clinical Guideline 25 Violence: The Short-Term Management of Disturbed/Violent Behaviour in Psychiatric Inpatient Settings and Emergency Departments. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
33. Noble, M., Wright, G., Dibben, C. etal. (2004). The English Indices of Deprivation 2004. West Yorkshire: OPDM Publications.
34. Parkes, J. (1996). Control and Restraint training: A Study of its Effectiveness in a Medium Secure Psychiatric Unit. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7 (3), 525-534.
35. Paterson, B., Leadbetter, D. & McComish, A. (1998). Restraint and sudden death from asphyxia. Nursing Times, 94 (44), 62-64.
36. Paterson, B., Bradley, P., Stark, C., Saddler, D., Leadbetter, D. & Allen, D. (2003). Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10 (1), 3-15.
37. Patterson, B. & Miller, G. (2008). Promoting Safe and Therapeutic Services. London: National Health Service Security Management Service.
38. Ryan, C. & Bowers, L. (2006). An analysis of nurses' post-incident manual restraint reports. Journal of Psychaitric and Mental Health Nursing, 13, 527-532.
39. Sequeira, H. & Halstead, S. (2004). The psychological effects on nursing staff of administering physical restraint in a secure pscyhiatric hospital: 'when I go home, it's then that I think about it'. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 6 (1), 3-15.
40. Southcott, J. & Howard, A. (2007). Effectiveness and safety of restraint and breakaway techniques in a psychiatric intensive care unit. Nursing Standard, 21 (36), 35-41.
41. Southcott, J. & Howard, A. (2002). Control and restraint training in acute mental health care. Nursing Standard, 16 (27), 33-36.
42. Tuke, S. (1813). Description of The Retreat, An Institution near York for Insane Persons of the Society of Friends. Bristol: Webb.
43. Ukoumunne, O. C., Gulliford, M., Chinn, S., Sterne, J. & Burney, P. (1999). Methods for evaluating area-wide and organisation-based interventions in health and health care: A systematic review. HTA report 1999. [Cited 16 Jun 2011]. Available from: URL:
44. Wright, S., Sayer, J., Parr, A.-M. G. R., Southern, D. & Gournay, K. (2005). Breakaway and physical restraint techniques in acute psychiatric nursing: Results from a national survey of training and practice. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 16 (2), 380-398.