Clinical and microbiological characteristics of cryptococcosis in Singapore: Predominance of Cryptococcus neoformans compared with Cryptococcus gattii

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 26, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Chan, Monica ^a   Lye, David ^a   Win, Mar Kyaw ^a   Chow, Angela ^a   Barkham, Tim ^a  

^a TAN TOCK SENG HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Cryptococcus; Epidemiology; Fungus; HIV; Opportunistic infection; Serotype

Indexed keywords

FLUCONAZOLE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CULTURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COUGHING; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; FEMALE; FEVER; HEADACHE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; NECK STIFFNESS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PULMONARY CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; RIGIDITY; SEROTYPE; SINGAPORE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; ADOLESCENT; AGED; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPLICATION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SINGAPORE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84905389196     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.019     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Ellis D.H., Pfeiffer T.J. Ecology, life cycle, and infectious propagule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lancet 1990, 336:923-925.
2. Kwon-Chung K.J., Varma A. Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans?. FEMS Yeast Res 2006, 6:574-587.
3. Enache-Angoulvant A., Chandenier J., Symoens F., Lacube P., Bolognini J., Douchet C., et al. Molecular identification of Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:1261-1265.
4. Park B.J., Wannemuehler K.A., Marston B.J., Govender N., Pappas P.G., Chiller T.M. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2009, 23:525-530.
5. Perfect J.R., Dismukes W.E., Dromer F., Goldman D.L., Graybill J.R., Hamill R.J., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:291-322.
6. Pappas P.G., Perfect J.R., Cloud G.A., Larsen R.A., Pankey G.A., Lancaster D.J., et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:690-699.
7. Mitchell T.G., Perfect J.R. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS-100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995, 8:515-548.
8. Speed B., Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21:28-34. discussion 35-6.
9. Ellis D.H., Pfeiffer T.J. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28:1642-1644.
10. Ellis D., Pfeiffer T. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans. Eur J Epidemiol 1992, 8:321-325.
11. Pfeiffer T.J., Ellis D.H. Environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus tereticornis. J Med Vet Mycol 1992, 30:407-408.
12. Galanis E., Macdougall L. Epidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii, British Columbia, Canada, 1999-2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2010, 16:251-257.
13. Seaton R.A., Hamilton A.J., Hay R.J., Warrell D.A. Exposure to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii-a seroepidemiological study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996, 90:508-512.
14. Seaton R.A., Naraqi S., Wembri J.P., Warrell D.A. Predictors of outcome in Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. QJM 1996, 89:423-428.
15. Mitchell D.H., Sorrell T.C., Allworth A.M., Heath C.H., McGregor A.R., Papanaoum K., et al. Cryptococcal disease of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: influence of cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:611-616.
16. Latouche G.N., Huynh M., Sorrell T.C., Meyer W. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the phospholipase B (PLB1) gene for subtyping of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:2080-2086.
17. Ito-Kuwa S., Nakamura K., Aoki S., Vidotto V. Serotype identification of Cryptococcus neoformans by multiplex PCR. Mycoses 2007, 50:277-281.
18. Update on the HIV/AIDS situation in Singapore. Singapore: Ministry of Health; 2011. Available at: (accessed July 16, 2011). http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/statistics/infectiousDiseasesStatistics/HIV_Stats.html.
19. Tay C.H., Chew W.L., Lim L.C. Cryptococcal meningitis: its apparent increased incidence in the Far East. Brain 1972, 95:825-832.
20. Tjia T.L., Yeow Y.K., Tan C.B. Cryptococcal meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:853-858.
21. Chen S., Sorrell T., Nimmo G., Speed B., Currie B., Ellis D., et al. Epidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand. Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:499-508.
22. Powderly W.G. Cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 17:837-842.
23. Darras-Joly C., Chevret S., Wolff M., Matheron S., Longuet P., Casalino E., et al. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in France: epidemiologic features of and early prognostic parameters for 76 patients who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1996, 23:369-376.
24. Taylor M.B., Chadwick D., Barkham T. First reported isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from a patient in Singapore. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:3098-3099.
25. Datta K., Bartlett K.H., Baer R., Byrnes E., Galanis E., Heitman J., et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii into Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15:1185-1191.
26. Datta K., Bartlett K.H., Marr K.A. Cryptococcus gattii: emergence in western North America: exploitation of a novel ecological niche. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009, 2009:176532.
27. Tay S.T. Epidemiology of cryptococcosis in Malaysia. Mycoses 2009, 53:509-514.
28. Bovers M., Hagen F., Boekhout T. Diversity of the Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Rev Iberoam Micol 2008, 25:S4-S12.
29. Bovers M., Hagen F., Kuramae E.E., Boekhout T. Six monophyletic lineages identified within Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing. Fungal Genet Biol 2008, 45:400-421.
30. Fraser J.A., Giles S.S., Wenink E.C., Geunes-Boyer S.G., Wright J.R., Diezmann S., et al. Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak. Nature 2005, 437:1360-1364.
31. Sorrell T.C. Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med Mycol 2001, 39:155-168.
32. Bartlett K.H., Kidd S.E., Kronstad J.W. The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008, 10:58-65.
33. Kaocharoen S., Ngamskulrungroj P., Firacative C., Trilles L., Piyabongkarn D., Banlunara W., et al. Molecular epidemiology reveals genetic diversity amongst isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013, 7:e2297.
34. Day J.N., Hoang T.N., Duong A.V., Hong C.T., Diep P.T., Campbell J.I., et al. Most cases of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-uninfected patients in Vietnam are due to a distinct amplified fragment length polymorphism-defined cluster of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii VN1. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49:658-664.
35. Chen J., Varma A., Diaz M.R., Litvintseva A.P., Wollenberg K.K., Kwon-Chung K.J. Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14:755-762.
36. Escandon P., Sanchez A., Martinez M., Meyer W., Castaneda E. Molecular epidemiology of clinical and environmental isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex reveals a high genetic diversity and the presence of the molecular type VGII mating type A in Colombia. FEMS Yeast Res 2006, 6:625-635.
37. Silva D.C., Martins M.A., Szeszs M.W., Bonfietti L.X., Matos D., Melhem M.S. Susceptibility to antifungal agents and genotypes of Brazilian clinical and environmental Cryptococcus gattii strains. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012, 72:332-339.