Documentary evidence of past floods in Europe and their utility in flood frequency estimation

Journal of Hydrology

Volumn 517, Issue , 2014, Pages 963-973

  Kjeldsen, T R ^a   Macdonald, N ^b   Lang, M ^c   Mediero, L ^d   Albuquerque, T ^e   Bogdanowicz, E ^f   Brazdil R ^g   Castellarin, A ^h   David, V ⁱ   Fleig, A ^j   Gul G O ^k   Kriauciuniene, J ^l   Kohnova S ^m   Merz, B ⁿ   Nicholson, O ^o   Roald, L A ^j   Salinas, J L ^p   Sarauskiene, D ^l   Sraj M ^q   Strupczewski, W ^r   Szolgay, J ^m   Toumazis, A ^s   Vanneuville, W ^t   Veijalainen, N ^u   Wilson, D ^j   more..

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c CENTRE DE LYON VILLEURBANNE   (France)

^d UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^e INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO DE CASTELO BRANCO   (Portugal)

^f INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND WATER MANAGEMENT   (Poland)

^g MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^h UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

ⁱ CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE   (Czech Republic)

^j Norwegian Wat Resourc/Energy Dir   (Norway)

^k DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^l LITHUANIAN ENERGY INSTITUTE   (Lithuania)

^m SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Slovakia)

ⁿ GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^o Office of Public Works   (Ireland)

^p VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

^q UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

^r INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS   (Poland)

^s Dion Toumazis and Associates   (Cyprus)

^t EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY   (Denmark)

^u FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

more..

Author keywords

Europe; Flood frequency estimation; Historical events

Indexed keywords

EUROPE; FLOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATION; HISTORICAL EVENTS;

DATA SET; FLOOD FORECASTING; FLOOD FREQUENCY; HISTORICAL RECORD; MIGRATION; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EUROPE;

EID: 84904861380     PISSN: 00221694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.038     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. AdB-Po, 1999. Progetto di Piano stralcio per lassetto Idrogeologico (pai) - Interventi sulla rete idrografica e sui versanti, 1. Relazione Generale (Master plan for the hydrogeological risk mitigation in the Po River Basin PAI - General Report, in Italian). Tech. rep., Autorit di bacino del Fiume Po, Parma, Italy.
2. Aldrete G. Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome 2007, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
3. Baker V.R., Webb R.H., House P.K. The scientific and societal value of paleoflood hydrology. Water Sci. Appl. 2002, 5:1-19.
4. Baptista M., Miranda J., Omira R., Antunes C. Potential inundation of Lisbon downtown by a 1755-like tsunami. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2011, 11(12):3319-3326.
5. Barriendos M., Coeur D., Lang M., Llasat M., Naulet R., Lemaitre F., Barrera A. Stationarity analysis of historical flood series in France and Spain (14th-20th centuries). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 1999, 3(6):583-592.
6. Bayliss A., Reed D. The Use of Historical Data in Flood Frequency Estimation 2001, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK.
7. Benito G., Thorndycraft V.R. Palaeoflood hydrology: insight into rare events and extreme flood discharges. La Houille Blanche 2006, (5):91-96.
8. Benito G., Di´ez-Herrero A., de Villalta M.F. Magnitude and frequency of flooding in the Tagus basin (Central Spain) over the last millennium. Clim. Change 2003, 58(1-2):171-192.
9. Benito G., Lang M., Barriendos M., Llasat M.C., France´s F., Ouarda T., Thorndycraft V., Enzel Y., Bardossy A., Coeur D., et al. Use of systematic, palaeoflood and historical data for the improvement of flood risk estimation. Nat. Hazards Rev. Sci. Methods 2004, 31(3):623-643.
10. Black A.R., Law F.M. Development and utilization of a national web-based chronology of hydrological events. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2004, 49(2).
11. Bo¨hm O., Wetzel K.F. Flood history of the danube tributaries lech and Islar in the alpine foreland of Germany. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2006, 51(2):784-798.
12. Bra´zdil R., Glaser R., Pfister C., Dobrovolny´ P., Antoine J.-M., Barriendos M., Camuffo D., Deutsch M., Enzi S., Guidoboni E., et al. Flood events of selected European rivers in the sixteenth century. Clim. Change 1999, 43(1):239-285.
13. Bra´zdil R., Dobrovolny´ P., Elleder L., Kakos V., Kotyza O., Kveˇtonˇ V., Mackova´ J., Mu¨ller M., Sˇtekl J., Tolasz R., Vala´sˇek H. Historical and Recent Floods in the Czech Republic 2005, Masaryk University, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Brno, Praha, 370p.
14. Bra´zdil R., Kundzewicz Z.W., Benito G. Historical hydrology for studying flood risk in Europe. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2006, 51(5):739-764.
15. Bra´zdil R., Ma´cˇka Z., Rezni´cˇkova´ L., Soukalova´ E., Dobrovolny´ P., Grygar T.M. Floods and floodplain changes of the River Morava, the Stra´zˇnicke´ Pomoravi´ region (Czech Republic) over the past 130 years. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2011, 56(7):1166-1185.
16. Bra´zdil R., Rezni´cˇkova´ L., Vala´sˇek H., Havli´cˇek M., Dobrovolny´ P., Soukalova´ E., Reha´nek T., Skokanova´ H. Fluctuations of floods of the River Morava (Czech Republic) in the 1691-2009 period: interactions of natural and anthropogenic factors. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2011, 56(3):468-485.
17. Bra´zdil R., Kundzewicz Z.W., Benito G., Demare´e G., Macdonald N., Roald L.A. Historical floods in Europe in the past millennium. Changes in Flood Risk in Europe. IAHS Special Publication 10 2012, 21-166. IAHS Press and CRC Press/Balkema, Wallingford. Z.W. Kundzewicz (Ed.).
18. Calenda G., Mancini C.P., Volpi E. Selection of the probabilistic model of extreme floods: the case of the River Tiber in Rome. J. Hydrol. 2009, 371(1):1-11.
19. Castellarin, A., Kohnova, S., Gaal, L., Fleig, A., Salinas, J., Toumazis, A., Kjeldsen, T., Macdonald, N., 2012. Review of Applied-statistical Methods for Flood-frequency Analysis in Europe. WG2 Milestone Report, COST Action ES0901, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 122p. iSBN 9781906698324.
20. Claps, P., Laio, F., 2008. ARPIEM - Analisi Regionale delle PIEne nei bacini Montani (con applicazione alla valutazione delle piene in Piemonte) (ARPIEM - Regional Flood Frequency Analysis in Mountainous Basins with Application Flood Estimation in Piedmont, Italy). Tech. Rep., vol. 1. . http://www.idrologia.polito.it/piene/.
21. Cohn T.A., Stedinger J.R. Use of historical information in a maximum-likelihood framework. J. Hydrol. 1987, 96(1):215-223.
22. Cohn T., Lane W., Baier W. An algorithm for computing moments-based flood quantile estimates when historical flood information is available. Water Resour. Res. 1997, 33(9):2089-2096.
23. Dezileau L., Terrier B., Berger J., Blanchemanche P., Latapie A., Freydier R., Bremond L., Paquier A., Lang M., Delgado J. A multidating approach applied to historical slackwater flood deposits of the Gardon River, SE France. Geomorphology 2014, 214:56-68.
24. DSI, 2012. Design Guidelines for Flood Hydrology - Tas¸kinlar Hidrolojisi Tasarim Rehberi. Guideline no. 008, State Hydraulic Works (DSI), Ankara, Turkey.
25. Dub, O., Nemec, J., 1969. Hydrologie. technicky´ pruvodce c.34. ( Hydrology. Technical Guidelines no 34.). Tech. Rep., SNTL, Praha.
26. DVWK, 1999. Wahl des Bemessungshochwassers. DVWK Schriften Heft 101, Deutscher Verband fu¨r Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg.
27. DWA, 2008. Erschließung und Einbeziehung historischer Informationen fu¨r die Ermittlung extremer Hochwasserabflu¨sse; Fallbeispiele und Empfehlungen. DWA-Themenheft 90 S, German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste, Hennef.
28. DWA, 2012. Ermittlung von Hochwasserwahrscheinlichkeiten (Estimation of Flood Probabilities). Merkblatt DWA-M 552, German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste.
29. El Adlouni S., Ouarda T., Zhang X., Roy R., Bobe´e B. Generalized maximum likelihood estimators for the nonstationary generalized extreme value model. Water Resour. Res. 2007, 43(3).
30. Elleder L., Herget J., Roggenkamp T., Nießen A. Historic floods in the city of Prague - a reconstruction of peak discharges for 1481-1825 based on documentary sources. Hydrol. Res. 2013, 44(2):202-214.
31. Gaa´l L., Szolgay J., Kohnova´ S., Hlavcˇova´ K., Viglione A. Inclusion of historical information in flood frequency analysis using a Bayesian MCMC technique: a case study for the power dam Orli´k, Czech Republic. Contrib. Geophys. Geodesy 2010, 40(2):121-147.
32. Gaa´l L., Kohnova´ S., Szolgay J., Hlavcˇova´ K. Assessing t-year flood quantiles by means of Bayesian MCMC simulations: a case study at the Myjava River, Slovakia. Comprehensive Flood Risk Management: Research for policy and practice 2013, 169-176. CRC Press/Balkema, London, iSBN 978-0-415-62144-1.
33. Gaume E., Gaa´l L., Viglione A., Szolgay J., Kohnova´ S., Blo¨schl G. Bayesian MCMC approach to regional flood frequency analyses involving extraordinary flood events at ungauged sites. J. Hydrol. 2010, 394(1):101-117.
34. Gilli A., Anselmetti F.S., Glur L., Wirth S.B. Lake sediments as archives of recurrence rates and intensities of past flood events. Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones 2013, 225-242. Springer.
35. Glaser R., Stangl H., Lang M. Floods in Central Europe since AD 1300 and their regional context. La Houille Blanche 2004, 5:43-49.
36. Glaser R., Riemann D., Scho¨nbein J., Barriendos M., Bra´zdil R., Bertolin C., Camuffo D., Deutsch M., Dobrovolny´ P., van Engelen A., et al. The variability of European floods since AD 1500. Clim. Change 2010, 101(1-2):235-256.
37. Gregory K.J., Benito G. Palaeohydrology: Understanding Global Change 2003, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
38. Guo S., Cunnane C. Evaluation of the usefulness of historical and palaeological floods in quantile estimation. J. Hydrol. 1991, 129(1):245-262.
39. Guzzetti F., Tonelli G., et al. Information system on hydrological and geomorphological catastrophes in Italy (SICI): a tool for managing landslide and flood hazards. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2004, 4(2):213-232.
40. Guzzetti, F., Cardinali, M., Reichenbach, P., 1996. Map of Sites Historically Affected by Landslides and Floods. CNR Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dalle Catastrofi Idrogeologiche Publication number 1356, scale 1:1 200 000.
41. Herget J., Meurs H. Reconstructing peak discharges for historic flood levels in the city of Cologne, Germany. Global Planet. Change 2010, 70(1):108-116.
42. Hosking J., Wallis J. Paleoflood hydrology and flood frequency analysis. Water Resour. Res. 1986, 22(4):543-550.
43. Hosking J., Wallis J.R. Regional Frequency Analysis: An approach based on L-moments 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, iSBN 0521430453.
44. Huang C.C., Pang J., Zha X., Zhou Y., Su H., Zhang Y., Wang H., Gu H. Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits along the lower Jinghe River valley, middle Yellow River basin, China. J. Quatern. Sci. 2012, 27(5):485-493.
45. Jeon J.-J., Kim Y.-O., Kim Y. Expected probability weighted moment estimator for censored flood data. Adv. Water Resour. 2011, 34(8):933-945.
46. Jime´nez-A´lvarez A., Garci´a-Montañe´s C., Mediero L., Inicio L., Garrote J. Map of maximum flows of intercommunity basins in Spain. Rev. Obras Pu´blicas 2012, (3533):7-32.
47. Jime´nez-A´lvarez A., Garci´a-Montañe´s C., Mediero L., Incio L., Garrote J. Bases metodolo´gicas del mapa de caudales ma´ximos de las cuencas intercomunitarias 2013, Centro de Publicaciones del CEDEX, Monografi´a M-120, Madrid, Spain, 96p.
48. Jin M., Stedinger J.R. Flood frequency analysis with regional and historical information. Water Resour. Res. 1989, 25(5):925-936.
49. Jones A., Brewer P.A., Macklin M.G. Geomorphological and sedimentological evidence for variations in holocene flooding in welsh river catchments. Global Planet. Change 2010, 70(1):92-107.
50. Kasˇpa´rek, L., 1984. O povodni´ch z let 1872 a 1981 na Litavce a jejich vy´znam pro odhad N-lety´ch prutoku (On floods at Litavka in 1872 and 1981 their importance for the estimation of N-years floods). Pra´ce a studie (Works and studies), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague.
51. Kobold M. Comparison of floods in september 2010 with registered historic flood events. Ujma 2011, 25:48-56. (in Slovenian).
52. Kundzewicz Z.W., Pin´skwar I., Brakenridge G.R. Large floods in Europe, 1985-2009. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2013, 58(1):1-7.
53. Laio F., Ganora D., Claps P., Galeati G. Spatially smooth regional estimation of the flood frequency curve (with uncertainty). J. Hydrol. 2011, 408(1):67-77.
54. Lang M., Fernandez Bono J.F., Recking A., Naulet R., Grau P. Methodological guide for paleoflood and historical peak discharge estimation. Systematic, palaeoflood and Historical Data for the Improvement of Flood Risk Estimation: Methodological Guidelines 2004, CSIC Madrid, Spain, pp. 43-53.
55. Lang M., Renard B., Dindar L., Lemairte F., Bois P., Webb B., Arnell N., Onof C., MacIntyre N., Gurney R., et al. Use of a statistical test based on the Poisson process for the detection of changes in peak-over threshold series. Hydrology: Science and Practice for the 21st Century. Proceedings of the British Hydrological Society International Conference, Imperial College, London, July 2004 2004, 158-164. British Hydrological Society.
56. Lang M., Pobanz K., Renard B., Renouf E., Sauquet E. Extrapolation of rating curves by hydraulic modelling, with application to flood frequency analysis. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2010, 55(6):883-898.
57. Lang M., Coeur D., Bard A., Bacq B., Becker T., Bignon E., Blanchard R., Bruckmann L., Delserieys M., Edelblutte C., et al. Preliminary flood risk assessment for the European Directive: Inventory of French past floods. Flood Risk Manage.: Sci. Policy Pract.: Closing Gap 2012, 303.
58. Llasat M.-C., Barriendos M., Barrera A., Rigo T. Floods in Catalonia (NE Spain) since the 14th century. Climatological and meteorological aspects from historical documentary sources and old instrumental records. J. Hydrol. 2005, 313(1):32-47.
59. Macdonald N. An underutilized resource: Historical flood chronologies a valuable resource in determining periods of hydro-geomorphic change. Sediment Dynamics and the Hydromorphology of Fluvial Systems 2006, 120-127. IAHS Press. IAHS Publ. 306, Wallingford. J.S. Rowan, R.W. Duck, A. Werritty (Eds.).
60. Macdonald N. Trends in flood seasonality of the River Ouse (Northern England) from archive and instrumental sources since AD 1600. Clim. Change 2012, 110(3-4):901-923.
61. Macdonald N. Reassessing flood frequency for the River Trent through the inclusion of historical flood information since AD 1320. Hydrol. Res. 2013, 44(2):215-233.
62. Macdonald N., Black A.R. Reassessment of flood frequency using historical information for the River Ouse at York, UK (1200-2000). Hydrol. Sci. J. 2010, 55(7):1152-1162.
63. Macdonald N., Werritty A., Black A., McEwen L. Historical and pooled flood frequency analysis for the River Tay at Perth, Scotland. Area 2006, 38(1):34-46.
64. Macdonald N., Kjeldsen T., Prosdocimi I., Sangster H. Reassessing flood frequency for the Sussex Ouse, Lewes: the inclusion of historical flood information since AD 1650. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2013, 1:7615-7646.
65. Mackereth F.J.H. Some chemical observations on post-glacial lake sediments. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. B, Biol. Sci. 1966, 250(765):165-213.
66. Madsen, H., Lawrence, D., Lang, M., Martinkova, M., Kjeldsen, T., 2012. A review of applied methods in Europe for flood-frequency analysis in a changing environment. WG4 Report for COST Action ES0901: European Procedures for Flood Frequency Estimation (FloodFreq), published by Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, 189p.
67. MARM, 2011. Gua metodolo´gica para el desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Cartografa de Zonas Inundables. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, madrid, Spain, 349p.
68. McEwen L.J., Werritty A. The Muckle Spate of 1829: the physical and societal impact of a catastrophic flood on the River Findhorn, Scottish Highlands. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 2007, 32(1):66-89.
69. McEwen L., Reeves D., Brice J., Meadley F., Lewis K., Macdonald N. Archiving memories of changing flood risk: interdisciplinary explorations around knowledge for resilience. J. Arts Commun. 2013, 2(5).
70. Merz R., Blo¨schl G. Flood frequency hydrology: 2. Combining data evidence. Water Resour. Res. 2008, 44(8):W08433.
71. Merz R., Blo¨schl G., Humer G. National flood discharge mapping in Austria. Nat. Hazards 2008, 46(1):53-72.
72. Miquel, J., 1984. Guide pratique d'estimation des probabilite´s de crues. Tech. rep., ed. Eyrolles, 160p.
73. Naulet R., Lang M., Ouarda T.B., Coeur D., Bobe´e B., Recking A., Moussay D. Flood frequency analysis on the Ardeche River using French documentary sources from the last two centuries. J. Hydrol. 2005, 313(1):58-78.
74. Neppel L., Renard B., Lang M., Ayral P.-A., Coeur D., Gaume E., Jacob N., Payrastre O., Pobanz K., Vinet F. Flood frequency analysis using historical data: accounting for random and systematic errors. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2010, 55(2):192-208.
75. NERC, 1975. Flood Studies Report., Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), London, UK.
76. Noren A.J., Bierman P.R., Steig E.J., Lini A., Southon J. Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch. Nature 2002, 419(6909):821-824.
77. Novicky´, O., Kasˇpa´rek, L., Kotla´rˇova´, S., 1992. Hydrologicka´ data pro na´vrhove´ u´cˇely (Hydrologic data for design purposes). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, 143p.
78. Pappenberger F., Dutra E., Wetterhall F., Cloke H. Deriving global flood hazard maps of fluvial floods through a physical model cascade. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2012, 9(5):6615-6647.
79. Paquet E., Garavaglia F., Garc¸on R., Gailhard J. The SCHADEX method: a semi-continuous rainfall-runoff simulation for extreme flood estimation. J. Hydrol. 2013, 495:23-37.
80. Parent E., Bernier J. Bayesian POT modeling for historical data. J. Hydrol. 2003, 274(1):95-108.
81. Payrastre O., Gaume E., Andrieu H. Usefulness of historical information for flood frequency analyses: developments based on a case study. Water Resour. Res. 2011, 47(8).
82. Peka´rova´ P., Skoda P., Majerca´kova´ O., Mikla´nek P. Important floods of the past on the territory of Slovakia. Acta Hydrol. Slovaca 2011, 12(1):65-73.
83. Peka´rova´ P., Halmova´ D., Mikla´nek P., Bacˇova´-Mitkova´ V., Peka´r J., Skoda P. Historical floods and flood frequency analysis of the Danube River at Bratislava, Slovakia. J. Hydrol. Hydromech. 2013, 61:326-333.
84. Potter, H.R., 1978. The Use of Historical Records for the Augmentation of Hydrological Data. Institute of Hydrology, Institute of Hydrology Report No. 46, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
85. Reed, D., Robson, A., 1999. Procedures for Flood Frequency Estimation, Vol. 3: Statistical Procedures for Flood Frequency Estimation. Vol. 5. Institute of Hydrology.
86. Reis D., Stedinger J. Bayesian MCMC flood frequency analysis with historical information. J. Hydrol. 2005, 313(1):97-116.
87. Rossi F., Fiorentino M., Versace P. Two-component extreme value distribution for flood frequency analysis. Water Resour. Res. 1984, 20(7):847-856.
88. Santos P., Tavares A., Andrade A. Comparing historical-hydrogeomorphological reconstitution and hydrological-hydraulic modelling in the estimation of flood-prone areas - a case study in Central Portugal. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2011, 11(6):1669-1681.
89. Schillereff D., Chiverrell R., Macdonald N., Hooke J. Flood stratigraphies in lake sediments: a review. Earth Sci. Rev. 2014, 135:17-37.
90. Stedinger J.R., Cohn T.A. Flood frequency analysis with historical and paleoflood information. Water Resour. Res. 1986, 22(5):785-793.
91. Stedinger J.R., Griffis V.W. Getting from here to where? Flood frequency analysis and climate. JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2011, 47(3):506-513.
92. Strupczewski W., Kochanek K., Bogdanowicz E. Flood frequency analysis supported by the largest historical flood. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2013, 1(6):6133-6153.
93. Sturm K., Glaser R., Jacobeit J., Deutsch M., Bra´zdil R., Pfister C., Luterbacher J., Wanner H. Hochwasser in Mitteleuropa seit 1500 und ihre Beziehung zur atmospha¨rischen Zirkulation. Pettermans Geographische Mitteilungen, Gotha: Justus Perthes Verlag 2001, 145(6):14-23.
94. Swierczynski T., Lauterbach S., Dulski P., Delgado J., Merz B., Brauer A. Mid-to late Holocene flood frequency changes in the northeastern Alps as recorded in varved sediments of Lake Mondsee (Upper Austria). Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2013, 80:78-90.
95. Szolgay, J., Kohnova´, S., Hlavcˇova´, K., Gaa´l, L., Baciga´l, T., 2008. Posu´denie hydrologicky´ch na´vrhovy´ch velici´n vodne´ho diela Orli´k. [Assessment of hydrological design values of the Orlik water structure]. Tech. Rep., SUT Bratsilava, 126p.
96. USWRC, 1982. Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency. Bulletin 17B, United States Water Resources Committee, Washington, DC, USA.
97. Viglione A., Merz R., Salinas J.L., Blo¨schl G. Flood frequency hydrology: 3. A Bayesian analysis. Water Resour. Res. 2013, 49(2):675-692.
98. Wang Q. Unbiased estimation of probability weighted moments and partial probability weighted moments from systematic and historical flood information and their application to estimating the GEV distribution. J. Hydrol. 1990, 120(1):115-124.
99. Werritty A., Paine J., Macdonald N., Rowan J., McEwen L. Use of multi-proxy flood records to improve estimates of flood risk: Lower River Tay, Scotland. Catena 2006, 66(1):107-119.
100. Wilhelm B., Arnaud F., Sabatier P., Magand O., Chapron E., Courp T., Tachikawa K., Fanget B., Malet E., Pignol C., et al. Palaeoflood activity and climate change over the last 1400 years recorded by lake sediments in the north-west European Alps. J. Quatern. Sci. 2013, 28(2):189-199.
101. Williams A., Archer D. The use of historical flood information in the English Midlands to improve risk assessment. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2002, 47(1):57-76.