Beyond the disease: Is Toxoplasma gondii infection causing population declines in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus)?

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 102-112

  Fancourt, Bronwyn A ^a   Nicol, Stewart C ^a   Hawkins, Clare E ^a   Jones, Menna E ^a   Johnson, Chris N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Felis catus; Feral cat; Population decline; Toxoplasmosis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904858572     PISSN: 22132244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Abbott I. Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia, with a discussion of the magnitude of its early impact on native fauna. Wildl. Res. 2002, 29:51-74.
2. Abbott I. Mammalian faunal collapse in Western Australia, 1875-1925: the hypothesised role of epizootic disease and a conceptual model of its origin, introduction, transmission, and spread. Aust. Zool. 2006, 33:530-561.
3. Aramini J.J., Stephen C., Dubey J.P., Engelstoft C., Schwantje H., Ribble C.S. Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Epidemiol. Infect. 1999, 122:305-315.
4. Arantes T.P., Lopes W.D.Z., Ferreira R.M., Pieroni J.S.P., Pinto V.M.R., Sakamoto C.A., daCosta A.J. Toxoplasma gondii: evidence for the transmission by semen in dogs. Exp. Parasitol. 2009, 123:190-194.
5. Attwood H.D., Woolley P.A., Rickard M.D. Toxoplasmosis in dasyurid marsupials. J. Wildl. Dis. 1975, 11:543-551.
6. Bailey T.L., Hudson R.S., Powe T.A., Riddell M.G., Wolfe D.F., Carson R.L. Caliper and ultrasonographic measurements of bovine testicles and a mathematical formula for determining testicular volume and weight in vivo. Theriogenology 1998, 49:581-594.
7. Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., 2013. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.0-5.
8. Berdoy M., Webster J.P., MacDonald D.W. Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Proc. R. Soc. B 2000, 267:1591-1594.
9. Bettiol, S.S., 2000. Diseases of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) with special reference to toxoplasmosis and the marsupial immune system. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
10. Bettiol S.S., Obendorf D.L., Nowarkowski M., Goldsmid J.M. Pathology of experimental toxoplasmosis in eastern barred bandicoots in Tasmania. J. Wildl. Dis. 2000, 36:141-144.
11. Beverley J.K.A. Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis through successive generations of mice. Nature 1959, 183:1348-1349.
12. Blackhall S. Diet of the Eastern Native-Cat, Dasyurus viverrinus (Shaw), in southern Tasmania. Aust. Wildl. Res. 1980, 7:191-197.
13. Blader I.J., Saeij J.P. Communication between Toxoplasma gondii and its host: Impact on parasite growth, development, immune evasion, and virulence. APMIS 2009, 117:458-476.
14. Blanchard T.W., Santiago N.T., Lipscomb T.P., Garber R.L., McFee W.E., Knowles S. Two novel alphaherpesviruses associated with fatal disseminated infections in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. J. Wildl. Dis. 2001, 37:297-305.
15. Blaustein A.R., Gervasi S.S., Johnson P.T.J., Hoverman J.T., Belden L.K., Bradley P.W., Xie G.Y. Ecophysiology meets conservation: understanding the role of disease in amphibian population declines. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2012, 367:1688-1707.
16. Bowie W.R., King A.S., Werker D.H., Isaac-Renton J.L., Bell A., Eng S.B., Marion S.A. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. Lancet 1997, 350:173-177.
17. Brown L.D., Cai T.T., DasGupta A. Interval estimation for a binomial proportion. Stat. Sci. 2001, 16:101-117.
18. Bryant S.L. Seasonal variation of plasma testosterone in a wild population of male eastern quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae), from Tasmania. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1986, 64:75-79.
19. Burns R., Williams E.S., O'Toole D., Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii infections in captive black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes), 1992-1998: clinical signs, serology, pathology, and prevention. J. Wildl. Dis. 2003, 39:787-797.
20. Cabello J., Altet L., Napolitano C., Sastre N., Hidalgo E., Dávila J.A., Millán J. Survey of infectious agents in the endangered Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes): High prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Vet. Microbiol. 2013, 167:448-454.
21. Canfield P.J., Hartley W.J., Dubey J.P. Lesions of toxoplasmosis in Australian marsupials. J. Comp. Pathol. 1990, 103:159-166.
22. Canfield P.J., Cunningham A.A. Disease and mortality in Australasian marsupials held at London Zoo, 1872-1972. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 1993, 24:158-167.
23. Carruthers V.B., Suzuki Y. Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the brain. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33:745-751.
24. Caughley G. Directions in conservation biology. J. Anim. Ecol. 1994, 63:215-244.
25. Chadwick E., Cable J., Chinchen A., Francis J., Guy E., Kean E., Paul S., Perkins S., Sherrard-Smith E., Wilkinson C., Forman D. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in England and Wales. Parasites Vectors 2013, 6:75.
26. Cross J. The Feral Cat - Justification for its Control 1990, Charles Sturt University, Riverina.
27. Cross T.A., Arsnoe D., Minnis R., King D., Swafford S., Pedersen K., Owen J. Prevalence of avian paramyxovirus 1 and avian influenza virus in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in eastern North America. J. Wildl. Dis. 2013, 49:965-977.
28. Cunningham A.A., Daszak P. Extinction of a species of land snail due to infection with a microsporidian parasite. Conserv. Biol. 1998, 12:1139-1141.
29. Daszak P., Berger L., Cunningham A., Hyatt A., Green D., Speare R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1999, 5:735-748.
30. Daszak P., Cunningham A.A., Hyatt A.D. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 2000, 287:443-449.
31. Davey C., Sinclair A.R.E., Pech R.P., Arthur A.D., Krebs C.J., Newsome A.E., Hik D., Molsher R., Allcock K. Do exotic vertebrates structure the biota of Australia? An experimental test in New South Wales. Ecosystems 2006, 9:992-1008.
32. De Castro F., Bolker B. Mechanisms of disease-induced extinction. Ecol. Lett. 2005, 8:117-126.
33. de Moraes É.P.B.X., Batista A.M., Faria E.B., Freire R.L., Freitas A.C., Silva M.A.R., Braga V.A., Mota R.A. Experimental infection by Toxoplasma gondii using contaminated semen containing different doses of tachyzoites in sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 170:318-322.
34. Desmonts G., Couvreur J. Congenital Toxoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1974, 290:1110-1116.
35. Desmonts G., Remington J.S. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1980, 11:562-568.
36. Dubey J.P., Miller N.L., Frenkel J.K. The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat faeces. J. Exp. Med. 1970, 132:636-662.
37. Dubey J.P., Frenkel J.K. Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats. J. Protozool. 1972, 19:155-177.
38. Dubey J.P., Frenkel J.K. Feline toxoplasmosis from acutely infected mice and the development of toxoplasma cysts. J. Protozool. 1976, 23:537-546.
39. Dubey J.P., Desmonts G. Serological responses of equids fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Equine Vet. J. 1987, 19:337-339.
40. Dubey J.P. Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T. gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1988, 49:910-913.
41. Dubey J.P., Ott-Joslin J., Torgerson R.W., Topper M.J., Sundberg J.P. Toxoplasmosis in black-faced kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus melanops). Vet. Parasitol. 1988, 30:97-105.
42. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis - a waterborne zoonosis. Vet. Parasitol. 2004, 126:57-72.
43. Dubey J.P., Navarro I.T., Sreekumar C., Dahl E., Freire R.L., Kawabata H.H., Vianna M.C.B., Kwok O.C.H., Shen S.K., Thulliez P., Lehmann T. Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats from Paraná, Brazil: seroprevalence, tissue distribution, and biologic and genetic characterization of isolates. J. Parasitol. 2004, 90:721-726.
44. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans 2010, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
45. Dubey J.P., Hill D., Zarlenga D., Choudhary S., Ferreira L.R., Oliveira S., Verma S.K., Kwok O.C.H., Driscoll C.P., Spiker H., Su C. Isolation and characterization of new genetic types of Toxoplasma gondii and prevalence of Trichinella murrelli from black bear (Ursus americanus). Vet. Parasitol. 2013, 196:24-30.
46. Ekanayake D.K., Rajapakse R.P.V.J., Dubey J.P., Dittus W.P.J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. J. Parasitol. 2004, 90:870-871.
47. Eleni C., De Liberato C., Azam D., Morgan E.R., Traversa D. Angiostrongylus vasorum in wolves in Italy. Int. J. Parasitol. 2014, 3:12-14.
48. Eymann J., Herbert C.A., Cooper D.W., Dubey J.P. Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) from urban Sydney, Australia. J. Parasitol. 2006, 92:267-272.
49. Fancourt, B.A., 2010. Spatial and Temporal Variation in Declining Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) Populations in Tasmania. B.Sc.(Hons) Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, School of Zoology.
50. Fancourt B.A., Nicol S.C., Hawkins C.E. Evidence of rapid population decline of the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) in Tasmania. Aust. Mammal. 2013, 35:195-205.
51. Fancourt, B.A., Jackson, R.B., In review. Regional seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in feral and stray cats (Felis catus) from Tasmania. Aust. J. Zool.
52. Freeland W.J. Parasites, pathogens and the impacts of introduced organisms on the balance of nature in Australia. Conservation Biology in Australia and Oceania 1993, 171-180. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW. C. Moritz, J. Kikkawa (Eds.).
53. Frenkel J.K., Dubey J.P., Miller N.L. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science 1970, 167:893-896.
54. Frenkel J.K. Toxoplasmosis: parasite life cycle, pathology and immunology. The Coccidia 1973, 343-410. Baltimore University Park Press, Baltimore. D.A. Hammond, P.L. Long (Eds.).
55. Frenkel J.K. Breaking the transmission chain of Toxoplasma: a program for the prevention of human toxoplasmosis. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 1974, 50:228-235.
56. Frenkel J.K., Ruiz A., Chinchilla M. Soil survival of Toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1975, 24:439-443.
57. Gauthier-Clerc M., Eterradossi N., Toquin D., Guittet M., Kuntz G., Le Maho Y. Serological survey of the king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, in Crozet Archipelago for antibodies to infectious bursal disease, influenza A and Newcastle disease viruses. Polar Biol. 2002, 25:316-319.
58. Godsell J. The population ecology of the Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia), in southern Tasmania. Carnivorous Marsupials 1982, 199-207. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. M. Archer (Ed.).
59. Godsell, J., 1983. Ecology of the Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia). Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
60. Green R.H. Notes on the devil (Sarcophilus harrisi) and the quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) in north-eastern Tasmania. Rec. Queen Victoria Mus. 1967, 27:1-13.
61. Guiler E.R. The former distribution and decline of the thylacine. Aust. J. Sci. 1961, 23:207-210.
62. Haigh, S.A., Gaynor, W.T., Morris, K.D., 1994. A health monitoring program for captive, wild and translocated chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii). Proceedings of the 1994 Conference of the Australian Association of Veterinary Conservation Biologists, pp. 52-66.
63. Hartley W.J., Dubey J.P., Spielman D.S. Fatal toxoplasmosis in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). J. Parasitol. 1990, 76:271-272.
64. Hawkins C.E., Baars C., Hesterman H., Hocking G.J., Jones M.E., Lazenby B., Mann D., Mooney N., Pemberton D., Pyecroft S., Restani M., Wiersma J. Emerging disease and population decline of an island endemic, the Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 131:307-324.
65. Hay J., Aitken P., Hair D., Hutchison W., Graham D. The effect of congenital Toxoplasma infection on mouse activity and relative preference for exposed areas over a series of trials. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1984, 78:611-618.
66. Hill D., Dubey J. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2002, 8:634-640.
67. Hill D.E., Chirukandoth S., Dubey J.P. Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2005, 6:41-61.
68. Hollings T., Jones M., Mooney N., McCallum H. Wildlife disease ecology in changing landscapes: mesopredator release and toxoplasmosis. Int. J. Parasitol. 2013, 2:110-118.
69. Howe L., Hunter S., Burrows E., Roe W. Four cases of fatal toxoplasmosis in three species of endemic New Zealand birds. Avian Dis. 2014, 58:171-175.
70. Huijbregts B., De Wachter P., Sosthene L., Obiang N., Akou M.E. Ebola and the decline of gorilla Gorilla gorilla and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes populations in Minkebe Forest, north-eastern Gabon. Oryx 2003, 37:437-443.
71. Hutchison W.M. Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. Nature 1965, 206:961-962.
72. Innes E.A. Toxoplasmosis: Comparative species susceptibility and host immune response. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1997, 20:131-138.
73. Jokelainen P., Nylund M. Acute fatal toxoplasmosis in three Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) caused by genotype II of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Wildl. Dis. 2012, 48:454-457.
74. Jones M.E., Cockburn A., Hamede R., Hawkins C., Hesterman H., Lachish S., Mann D., McCallum H., Pemberton D. Life-history change in disease-ravaged Tasmanian devil populations. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:10023-10027.
75. Kaňková Š., Kodym P., Frynta D., Vavřinová R., Kuběna A., Flegr J. Influence of latent toxoplasmosis on the secondary sex ratio in mice. Parasitology 2007, 134:1709-1717.
76. Kaňková Š., Šulc J., Nouzová K., Fajfrlík K., Frynta D., Flegr J. Women infected with parasite Toxoplasma have more sons. Naturwissenschaften 2007, 94:122-127.
77. Kotula A.W., Dubey J.P., Sharar A.K., Andrews C.D., Shen S.K., Lindsay D.S. Effect of freezing on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. J. Food Prot. 1991, 54:687-690.
78. Krebs C., Singleton G. Indexes of Condition for Small Mammals. Aust. J. Zool. 1993, 41:317-323.
79. Lafferty K.D., Gerber L.R. Good medicine for conservation biology: the intersection of epidemiology and conservation theory. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16:593-604.
80. Leroy E.M., Rouquet P., Formenty P., Souquiere S., Kilbourne A., Froment J.-M., Bermejo M., Smit S., Karesh W., Swanepoel R., Zaki S.R., Rollin P.E. Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of Central African wildlife. Science 2004, 303:387-390.
81. Luft B.J., Brooks R.G., Conley F.K., McCabe R.E., Remington J.S. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1984, 252:913-917.
82. Lukešová D., Literák I. Shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by Felidae in zoos in the Czech Republic. Vet. Parasitol. 1998, 74:1-7.
83. McCallum H. Quantifying the impact of disease on threatened species. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 1994, 1:107-117.
84. McCallum H., Dobson A. Detecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1995, 10:190-194.
85. McKnight, M., 2008. Dasyurus viverrinus, IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2.
86. Miller N.L., Frenkel J.K., Dubey J.P. Oral infections with Toxoplasma cysts and oocysts in felines, other mammals and in birds. J. Parasitol. 1972, 58:928-937.
87. Munday B.L. A serological study of some infectious diseases of Tasmanian wildlife. J. Wildl. Dis. 1972, 8:169-175.
88. Muths E., Stephen Corn P., Pessier A.P., Earl Green D. Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Colorado. Biol. Conserv. 2003, 110:357-365.
89. Obendorf D., Statham P., Driessen M. Detection of agglutinating antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sera from free-ranging eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii). J. Wildl. Dis. 1996, 32:623-626.
90. Obendorf D.L., Munday B.L. Toxoplasmosis in wild Tasmanian wallabies. Aust. Vet. J. 1983, 60:62.
91. Packer C., Altizer S., Appel M., Brown E., Martenson J., O'Brien S.J., Roelke-Parker M., Hofmann-Lehmann R., Lutz H. Viruses of the Serengeti: patterns of infection and mortality in African lions. J. Anim. Ecol. 1999, 68:1161-1178.
92. Pan S., Thompson R.A., Grigg M.E., Sundar N., Smith A., Lymbery A.J. Western Australian marsupials are multiply infected with genetically diverse strains of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS One 2012, 7:e45147.
93. Parameswaran N., O'Handley R.M., Grigg M.E., Wayne A., Thompson R.C. Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian marsupials. Parasitology 2009, 136:939-944.
94. Parameswaran N., Thompson R.C.A., Sundar N., Pan S., Johnson M., Smith N.C., Grigg M.E. Non-archetypal Type II-like and atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii infecting marsupials of Australia. Int. J. Parasitol. 2010, 40:635-640.
95. Peacock, D.E., Abbott, I., submitted for publication. When the "native cat" would "plague": historical hyper-abundance in the quoll (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) and the role of disease, cats and foxes in its curtailment. Aust. J. Zool.
96. Pedersen A.B., Greives T.J. The interaction of parasites and resources cause crashes in a wild mouse population. J. Anim. Ecol. 2008, 77:370-377.
97. Pereira-Bueno J., Quintanilla-Gozalo A., Pérez-Pérez V., Álvarez-García G, Collantes-Fernández E., Ortega-Mora L.M. Evaluation of ovine abortion associated with Toxoplasma gondii in Spain by different diagnostic techniques. Vet. Parasitol. 2004, 121:33-43.
98. Phillips, A., 2009. Helminth parasites and Toxoplasma gondii in Tasmanian Devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). University of Sydney.
99. Power V., Lambert C., Matson P. Reproduction of the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus): observations from a captive breeding program. Aust. Mammal. 2009, 31:25-30.
100. R Development Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2013, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
101. Recher H., Hutchings P., Rosen S. The biota of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment: reconstruction and restoration. Aust. Zool. 1993, 29:3-41.
102. Reddacliff G.L., Hartley W.J., Dubey J.P., Cooper D.W. Pathology of experimentally-induced, acute toxoplasmosis in macropods. Aust. Vet. J. 1993, 70:4-6.
103. Remington J.S., Thulliez P., Montoya J.G. Recent developments for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:941-945.
104. Rhyan J.C., Spraker T.R. Emergence of diseases from wildlife reservoirs. Vet. Pathol. Online 2010, 47:34-39.
105. Saitoh Y., Itagaki H. Dung beetles Onthophagus spp. as potential transport hosts of feline coccidia. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 1990, 52:293-297.
106. Santana L.F., Rossi G.A.M., Gaspar R.C., Pinto V.M.R., Oliveira G.P.D., Costa A.J.D. Evidence of sexual transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in goats. Small Ruminant Res. 2013, 115:130-133.
107. Sato K., Matsuda H., Sasaki A. Pathogen invasion and host extinction in lattice structured populations. J. Math. Biol. 1994, 32:251-268.
108. Scott M.E. The impact of infection and disease on animal populations: implications for conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 1988, 2:40-56.
109. Seddon H. Diseases in Domestic Animals in Australia. Part 4: Protozoan and Viral Diseases 1952, A.H. Pettifer, Government Printer, Sydney.
110. Skerratt L.F., Phelan J., McFarlane R., Speare R. Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a common wombat. J. Wildl. Dis. 1997, 33:346-351.
111. Sleeman J.M., Manning E.J.B., Rohm J.H., Sims J.P., Sanchez S., Gerhold R.W., Keel M.K. Johne's disease in a free-ranging white-tailed deer from Virginia and subsequent surveillance for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J. Wildl. Dis. 2009, 45:201-206.
112. Smith A., Clark P., Averis S., Lymbery A.J., Wayne A.F., Morris K.D., Thompson R.C.A. Trypanosomes in a declining species of threatened Australian marsupial, the brush-tailed bettong Bettongia penicillata (Marsupialia: Potoroidae). Parasitology 2008, 135:1329-1335.
113. Smith K.F., Sax D.F., Lafferty K.D. Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment. Conserv. Biol. 2006, 20:1349-1357.
114. Szabo K.A., Mense M.G., Lipscomb T.P., Felix K.J., Dubey J.P. Fatal toxoplasmosis in a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). J. Parasitol. 2004, 90:907-908.
115. Tasmanian Planning Commission State of the Environment Tasmania 2009 2009, Tasmanian Planning Commission, Hobart, Tasmania.
116. Tenter A.M., Heckeroth A.R., Weiss L.M. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000, 30:1217-1258.
117. Thorne E.T., Williams E.S. Disease and endangered species: the black-footed ferret as a recent example. Conserv. Biol. 1988, 2:66-74.
118. van Riper C., van Riper S.G., Goff M.L., Laird M. The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecol. Monogr. 1986, 56:327-344.
119. Vyas A., Kim S.K., Giacomini N., Boothroyd J.C., Sapolsky R.M. Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104:6442-6447.
120. Wallace G.D. Serologic and epidemiologic observations on toxoplasmosis on three Pacific atolls. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1969, 90:103-111.
121. Wallace G.D. Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by filth-flies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1971, 20:411-413.
122. Wallace G.D. Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by cockroaches. J. Infect. Dis. 1972, 126:545-547.
123. Wallace G.D. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis on Pacific Islands, and the influence of ethnic group. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1976, 25:48-53.
124. Walsh P.D., Abernethy K.A., Bermejo M., Beyers R., De Wachter P., Akou M.E., Huijbregts B., Mambounga D.I., Toham A.K., Kilbourn A.M., Lahm S.A., Latour S., Maisels F., Mbina C., Mihindou Y., Ndong Obiang S., Effa E.N., Starkey M.P., Telfer P., Thibault M., Tutin C.E.G., White L.J.T., Wilkie D.S. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature 2003, 422:611-614.
125. Webster J.P., Brunton C.F.A., Macdonald D.W. Effect of Toxoplasma gondii upon neophobic behaviour in wild brown rats, Rattus norvegicus. Parasitology 1994, 109:37-43.
126. Wendte J.M., Gibson A.K., Grigg M.E. Population genetics of Toxoplasma gondii: new perspectives from parasite genotypes in wildlife. Vet. Parasitol. 2011, 182:96-111.
127. Wendum D., Carbonell N., Svrcek M., Chazouillères O., Flejou J. Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a toxoplasma seropositive liver transplant recipient. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002, 55:637.
128. Wilcove D.S., Rothstein D., Dubow J., Phillips A., Losos E. Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. Bioscience 1998, 48:607-615.
129. Wood Jones F. The Mammals of South Australia - Part I 1923, Government printer, Adelaide.
130. Work T., Massey J., Rideout B., Gardiner C., Ledig D., Kwok O., Dubey J. Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii. J. Wildl. Dis. 2000, 36:205-212.
131. Wyatt K.B., Campos P.F., Gilbert M.T.P., Kolokotronis S.-O., Hynes W.H., DeSalle R., Daszak P., MacPhee R.D.E., Greenwood A.D. Historical mammal extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) correlates with introduced infectious disease. PLoS One 2008, 3:1-9.
132. Yilmaz S.M., Hopkins S.H. Effects of different conditions on duration of infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. J. Parasitol. 1972, 58:938-939.