Ebola and the decline of gorilla Gorilla gorilla and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes populations in Minkebe Forest, north-eastern Gabon

ORYX

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 437-443

  Huijbregts, Bas ^a   De Wachter, Pauwel ^a   Ndong Obiang, Louis Sosthène ^b   Akou, Marc Ella ^a  

^a WWF Gabon Program Office   (Gabon)

^b Ministry of Water and Forests Gabon   (Gabon)

Author keywords

Chimpanzees; Ebola; Gabon; Gorilla gorilla; Great apes; Minkebe; Pan troglodytes

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION STATUS; POPULATION DECLINE; PRIMATE; VIRAL DISEASE;

AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; GABON; MINKEBE FOREST; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WOLEU-NTEM;

GORILLA GORILLA; GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA; PAN; PAN TROGLODYTES; PAN TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES;

EID: 9444228718     PISSN: 00306053     EISSN: 13653008     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0030605303000802     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Adams, H.R., Sleeman, J.M., Rwego, I. & New, J.C. (2001) Self-reported medical history of humans as a measure of health risk to the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 35, 308-312.
2. Barnes, R.F.W., Barnes, K.L, Alers, M.P.T. & Blom, A. (1991) Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of north eastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 54-63.
3. Bermejo, M. (1995) Recensement des gorilles et chimpanzés du Parc National d'Odzala. ECOFAC, Libreville, Gabon.
4. Blake, S. (1993) A reconnaissance survey in the Likouala swamps of northern Congo and its implications for conservation. MSc thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK.
5. Brugière, D., Sakom, D. & Sinassonasibe, J.P. (1999) Estimation des densités et analyse du comportement nidificateur des gorilles et chimpanzés en Forêt de Ngotto. ECOFAC, Libreville, Gabon.
6. Butynski, T.M. (2001) Africa's great apes. In Great Apes & Humans: The Ethics of Coexistence (eds B.B. Beck, T.S. Stoinski, M. Hutchins, T.L. Maple, B. Norton, A. Rowan, E.F. Stevens, & A. Arluke), pp. 3-56. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
7. Carroll, R. (1998) Relative density, range extension and conservation potential of the lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga-Sangha region of southwestern Central African Republic. Mammalia, 53, 309-323.
8. Ekobo, A. (1998) Large Mammals and Vegetation Surveys in the Boumba Bek and Nki Project Area, WWF-Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
9. Fay, J.M. (1989) Partial completion of a census of the lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in southwestern Central African Republic. Mammalia, 53, 203-215.
10. Fay, J.M. & Agnagna, M. (1992) Census of gorillas in northern Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology, 27, 275-284.
11. Furuichi, T., Inagaki, H. & Angoué-Owono, S. (1997) Population density of chimpanzees and gorillas in the Petit Loango Reserve, Gabon: employing a new method to distinguish between nests of the two species. International Journal of Primatology, 18, 1029-1046.
12. Garcia, J.J.E. (1995) Inventario y censo de las poblaciones de primates del Parque Nacional Monte Alen. ECOFAC, Libreville, Gabon.
13. Georges-Courbot, M.C., Sanchez, A., Lu, C.Y., Baize, S., Leroy, E., Lansout-Soukate, J., Tévi-Bénissan, C., Georges, A.J., Trappier, S.G., Zaki, S.R., Swanepoel, R., Leman, P.A., Rollin, P.E., Peters, C.J., Nichol, S.T. & Ksiazek, T.G. (1997) Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3, 59-62.
14. Glanz, W.E. (1982) The terrestrial mammal fauna of Barro Colorado Island: census and long-term changes. In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes (eds E.G. Leig, A.S. Rand & D.M. Windsor), pages 455-468. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
15. Gonzalez-Kirchner, J.P. (1997) Census of western lowland gorilla population in Rio Muni Region, Equatorial Guinea. Folia Zoologica, 46, 15-22.
16. Huijbregts, B.W.T. & Ndong Obiang, L.S. (1999) Chasse commerciale de viande de brousse dans la concession forestière de Bordamur. Mission Report. WWF - Minkebe Project, Libreville, Gabon.
17. Lahm, S.A. (1993) Ecology and economics of human/wildlife interaction in north eastern Gabon. PhD thesis, New York University, USA.
18. Lahm, S.A. (2000) The Impact of Gold Panning and Associated Human Activities on Wildlife and the Environment in the Minkebe Forest, North-eastern Gabon. Report to the CARPE Project, USAID, Washington, DC, USA.
19. Lahm, S.A. & Benga Zobo, J. (1997) Abundance and Distribution of Apes, Elephants and Other Wildlife Species in the Lot 32. Final Report, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon.
20. Le Guenno, B., Formentry, P., Wyers, M., Gounon, P., Walker, F. & Boesch, C. (1995) Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Ebola virus. Lancet, 345, 1271-444.
21. McCallum, H. & Dobson, A. (1995) Detecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 190-194.
22. Milton, K. (1990) Annual mortality patterns of a mammal community in central Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, 493-499.
23. Morally V. (1995) Chimpanzee outbreak heats up search for Ebola origin. Science, 268, 974-975.
24. Morvan, J.M., Deubel, V., Gounon, P., Nakouné, E., Barrière, P., Murri, S., Perpète, O., Selekon, B., Coudrier, D., Gauthier-Hion, A., Colyn, M. & Volehkov, V. (1999) Identification of Ebola virus sequences present as RNA or DNA in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the Central African Republic. Microbes and Infection, 1, 1193-1201.
25. Nzame, D.A. (2000) Problématique de la chasse commerciale dans les concessions forestières: cas de Bordamur, Périphérie Ouest de l'APM. Mémoire de fin de cycle, ENEF et WWF/DFC Projet Minkébé, Libreville, Gabon.
26. Okouyi Okouyi, N.W., Posso, P., Lepretre, A. & Scaps, P. (2001) Estimation des densités de populations des macro-mammifères de la Réserve MAB UNESCO d'Ipassa-Makokou (Gabon). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, Annales du Muséum du Havre, 67, 53-54.
27. Owono, P. (1999) Impact socio-economique et spatial de la chasse commerciale sur le terroir de Konossoville (Périphérie Ouest de la Réserva de Minkébá). Mémoire de fin de cycle, ENEF et WWF-Minkébé, Libreville, Gabon.
28. Owono, P. (2000) Aperçu socio-économique de la rivière Oua. Rapport de mission. Projet WWF- Minkébé, Libreville, Gabon.
29. Quammen, D. (2001) The Green abyss; Megatransect; Part 2. National Geographic Magazine, March 2001, 2-45.
30. Remis, M. & Mbassangao, B. (1998) Gorilla research in the Central African Republic and preliminary results of research on the impacts of human activities on gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Dzanga-Sangha Reserve. Gorilla Conservation News, 12, 9-13.
31. Tutin, C.E.G. (2001) Saving the gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) of the Congo Basin. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 13, 469-476.
32. Tutin, C.E.G. & Fernandez, M. (1983) Recensement des gorilles et des chimpanzés du Gabon. C.I.R.M.F., Gabon and Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, UK.
33. Tutin, C.E.G. & Fernandez, M. (1984) Nationwide census of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) populations in Gabon. American Journal of Primatology, 6, 313-336.
34. van der Wal, M. & Nku, E. (1999) Large Mammals of the Dja Fauna Reserve. Conservation Status and Threats. The Golden Ark Foundation and IUCN/MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
35. White, L. (1990) Report and Data on Animals Seen and Density Estimates for the WWF Minkebe Transect. Unpublished Report for the WWF-Gabon Office, Libreville, Gabon.
36. White, L. & Edwards, A. (2000) Methods for assessing the status of animal populations. In Conservation Research in the African Rain Forests: A Technical Handbook (eds L. White & A. Edwards), pp. 225-275. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.
37. White, K.J.T. (1994) Biomass of rain forest mammals in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 345-367.
38. WHO (2002) WHO blames gorilla for Ebola cases. WHO Press Release, 10 April 2002.
39. Williamson, L. & Usongo, L. (1995) I. Recensement des populations de primates et inventaires des grands mammiferes. II. Recensement des éléphants, gorilles et chimpanzés. ECOFAC, Libreville, Gabon.
40. Williamson, E.A. & Usongo, L. (1995) Réserve de Faune du Dja: Recensement des populations et inventaire des grands mammiferes. ECOFAC, Libreville, Gabon.
41. Wolfe, N.D., Escalante, A.A., Karesh, W.B., Kilbourn, A., Spielman, A. & Lal, A.A. (1998) Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research. The missing link? Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4, 149-158.
42. Woodford, M.H., Butynski, T.M. & Karesh, W.B. (2002) Habituating the great apes: the disease risks. Oryx, 36, 153-160.
43. Young, T.P. (1994) Natural die-offs of large mammals: Implications for conservation. Conservation Biology, 8, 410-418.