Forests of belonging: Identities, ethnicities, and stereotypes in the Congo River Basin

Forests of Belonging: Identities, Ethnicities, and Stereotypes in the Congo River Basin

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-306

  Rupp, Stephanie ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904830262     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (187)

1. Abéga, Séverin Cécile. 1998. Pygmées Baka: Le Droit à la Différence. Yaoundé, Cameroon: INADES Formation.
2. Akolea Alfred. 1994. "L'évolution historique d'une ville du Cameroun 1896-1982: Le cas de Moloundou." Master's thesis, Université de Yaoundé I.
3. Allport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing.
4. Althabe, Gérard. 1965. "Changements sociaux chez les pygmées Baka de l'est Camer-oun. " Cahiers d'Études Africaines 5(20):561-92.
5. Ango, Mengue. 1982. "L'est Camerounais: Une géographie du sous-peuplement et de la marginalité." Ph. D. diss., Université de Bordeaux II.
6. Arcand, Bernard. 1988. "Il n'y a jamais eu de société des chasseurs-cueilleurs." Anthro-pologie et Sociétés 12(1):39-58.
7. Augustat, Karin. 1997a. "Concept de la cellule socio- économique (CSE). Projet de conservation des forêts naturelles au sud-est Cameroun. " Yokadouma, Cameroon: Programme de Conservation et Gestion de la Biodiversité au Cameroun (PRO-FORNAT).
8. -. 1997b. "Rapport de l'étude socio-économique participative (selon la méthode MARP) à Dioula, sud-est Cameroun. 20-29 June, 1997." Yaoundé, Cameroon: Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit.
9. Bahuchet, Serge. 1984. "Circulation et échanges en Afrique tropicale: Relations entre chasseurs-cueilleurs pygmées et agriculteurs de forêt en Centrafrique." Revista de Pré-Historia 11:86-97.
10. -. 1988. "Food supply and uncertainty among the Aka Pygmies (Lobaye, Central African Republic)." In Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, ed. Igor de Garine and Geoffrey A. Harrison, 118-49. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
11. -. 1992. Dans la Forêt d'Afrique Centrale: Les Pygmées Aka et Baka. Paris: Édi-tions Peeters/SELAF.
12. -. 1993a. La Rencontre des Agriculteurs: Les Pygmées parmi les Peuples d'Afrique Centrale. Paris: Peeters/SELAF
13. -. 1993b. "History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: Perspectives from comparative linguistics." In Tropical Forests, People, and Food: Biocul-tural Interactions and Applications for Development, ed. Claude Marcel Hladik, Annette Hladik, et al., 37-54. Paris: UNESCO.
14. -. 1993c. "L'invention des pygmées." Cahiers d'Études Africaines 129(33-1):153-81.
15. -. 1995. "Changements culturels et changements linguistiques dans la forêt d'Afrique centrale." Revue d'Ethnolinguistique (Cahiers du LACITO) 7:43-69.
16. -. 1999. "Aka Pygmies." In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers, ed. Richard B. Lee and Richard Daly, 190-93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Bahuchet, Serge, and Henri Guillaume. 1982. "Aka-Farmer Relations in the Northwest Congo Basin. " In Politics and History in Band Societies, ed. Eleanor Leacock and Richard Lee, 189-211. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Bailey, Robert, and Nadine Peacock. 1988. "Efe Pygmies of northeast Zǎre: Subsistence strategies in the Ituri Forest." In Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, ed. Igore de Garine and Geoffrey A. Harrison, 88-117. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
19. Bailey, Robert, and Robert Aunger. 1989. "Humans as primates: the social relationships of Efe pygmy men in comparative perspective." International Journal of Primatology 11(2):127-46.
20. Barnard, Alan, and Justin Kenrick. 2001. Africa's Indigenous Peoples: "First Peoples" or "Marginalized Minorities"? Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.
21. Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
22. -. 2002. "Boundaries and connections." In Signifying Identities: Anthropological Perspectives on Boundaries and Contested Values, ed. Anthony Cohen, 17-36. London, New York: Routledge.
23. Baumann, Hermann, and Diedrich Westermann. 1948. Peuples et Civilisations de l'Afrique. Paris: Payot.
24. Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. New York: Longman.
25. Biggs, Stephen, and Grant Smith. 2001. "Beyond methodologies: Coalition-building for participatory technology development." World Development 26(2):239-48.
26. Blackburn, Roderick. 1982. "In the land of milk and honey: Okiek adaptations to their forests and neighbours." In Politics and History in Band Societies, ed. Eleanor Lea-cock and Richard Lee, 283-306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Boursier, Daniel. 1994. "Depuis ce jour là⋯" Contes des Pygmées Baka du Sud-Est Cameroun. Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan.
28. -. 1996. Pöli: Mémoire d'une Femme Pygmée: Témoignage Auto-biographique d'une Femme Pygmée-Baka (Sud-Est Cameroun). Translated by Daniel Boursier. Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan.
29. Bringa, Tone. 1995. Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
30. Brisson, Robert. 1999. Mythologie des Pygmées Baka (Sud-Cameroun): Mythologie et Contes. Vols. 1 and 2. Paris: Peeters/SELAF.
31. Brubaker, Rogers and Frederick Cooper. 2000. "Beyond identity." Theory and Society 29:1-47.
32. Burnham, Philip. 1980. Opportunity and Constraint in a Savanna Society: The Gbaya of Meiganga, Cameroon. London: Academic Press.
33. -. 1996. The Politics of Cultural Difference in Northern Cameroon. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
34. -. 2000. "Whose forest? Whose myth? Conceptualisations of community forests in Cameroon. " In Land, Law and Environment: Mythical Land, Legal Boundaries, ed. Allen Abramson and Dimitrios Thodossopoulos, 31-58. London: Pluto Press.
35. Burnham, Philip, Elisabeth Copet-Rougier, and Philip Noss. 1986. "Gbaya and Mkako: Contribution ethno-linguistiqué l'histoire de l'est Cameroun. " Paideuma 32:87-128.
36. Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, ed. 1986. African Pygmies. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
37. Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, eds. 1993. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
38. Christy, Cuthbert. 1924. Big Game and Pygmies: Experiences of a Naturalist in Central African Forests in Quest of the Okapi. London: MacMillan and Co.
39. Clammer, John. 1978. "Concepts and objects in economic anthropology." The New Economic Anthropology, ed. John Clammer. New York: St. Martin's Press.
40. Comaroff, John L., and Jean Comaroff. 2009. Ethnicity, Inc. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Conklin, Harold. 1961. "The study of shifting cultivation. " Current Anthropology 2(1):27-61.
42. Copet-Rougier, Elisabeth. 1998. "Political-economic history of the upper Sangha." In Resource Use in the Trinational Sangha River Region of Equatorial Africa: Histories, Knowledge Forms, and Institutions, ed. Heather Eves, Rebecca Hardin, and Stephanie Rupp, 51-71. New Haven, CT: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Bulletin No. 102.
43. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1972. Le Congo au Temps des Grands Compagnies Concessionnaires, 1892-1930. Paris: Mouton.
44. -. 1998. "The upper-Sangha in the time of the concession companies." In Resource Use in the Trinational Sangha River Region of Equatorial Africa: Histories, Knowledge Forms, and Institutions, ed. Heather Eves, Rebecca Hardin, and Stephanie Rupp, 72-84. New Haven, CT: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Bulletin No. 102.
45. D'Hellemmes, Ignace. 1985. Le Père des Pygmées. Paris: Flammarion.
46. Demesse, Lucien. 1980. Techniques et économie des Pygmées Babinga. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, Musée de l'Homme.
47. Dongmo, Jean-Louis, and Jean-Felix Loung. 1994. "Identification des groupes-cibles dans la region de l'est." Report prepared for SNV-Cameroon, 1-22. Yaoundé, Cameroon.
48. Dounias, Edmond. 1993a. "Perception and use of wild yams by the Baka hunter-gatherers in south Cameroon. " In Tropical Forests, People, and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications for Development, ed. C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik, et al., 621-32. Paris: UNESCO.
49. -. 1993b. "Dymanique et gestion différentielle du systéme de production à domi-nante agricôle des Mvae du sud Cameroun forestier." Ph. D. diss., Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc.
50. Durkheim, Emile, and Marcel Mauss. 1963 [1903]. Primitive Classification. Translated by Rodney Needham. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
51. Eder, James. 1987. On the Road to Tribal Extinction: Depopulation, Deculturation, and Adaptive Well-Being among the Batek of the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.
52. Edjondji, Mempouth Andre Innocent. 1994. "Étude historique des Mpo'oh et appar-entes du sud-est Camerounais des origines 1916." Master's thesis, École Normale Supérieure, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
53. Fairhead, James, and Melissa Leach. 1996. Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Forni, Eric, and Alain Karsenty. 2000. "Potentiel de bois d'œuvre exploitable et gestion durable dans le domaine forestier permanent du Cameroun. " In Audit Économique et Financier du Secteur Forestier au Cameroun. CIRAD-Forêt. Report prepared for Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
55. Foucault, Michel 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books.
56. Frasez, P. 1953. "Pygmées de la Boumba-Ngoko (Cameroun)." In Encyclopedie Mensu-elle d'Outre Mer 3(31):83-88. Aix-en-Provence: Centre des Archives d'Outre Mer. Box 353, file 169.
57. Friedman, John. 1981. The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
58. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
59. Geschiere, Peter. 2004. "Ecology, belonging and xenophobia: The 1994 Forest Law in Cameroon and the issue of 'community.'" In Rights and the Politics of Recognition in Africa, ed. Harri Englund and Francis Nyamanjoh, 237-60. London: Zed Books.
60. -. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. Geschiere, Peter, and Francis Nyamnjoh. 2000. "Capitalism and autochthony: The seesaw of mobility and belonging." Public Culture 12(2):423-52.
62. Giles-Vernick, Tamara. 1999. "We wander like birds: Migration, indigeneity, and the fabrication of frontiers in the Sangha River basin of equatorial Africa." Environmental History 4(2):168-97.
63. -. 2002. Cutting the Vines of the Past: Environmental Histories of the Central African Rain Forest. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
64. Gnangue, Jean-Claude. 1998. "Évolution des techniques de chasse chez les Ban-gando du sud-est Cameroun: Des origines 1994." Master's thesis, École Normale Superieure, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
65. Green, Maia. 2000. "Participatory development and the appropriation of agency in southern Tanzania." Critique of Anthropology (20) 1:67-89.
66. Greenberg, Joseph. 1955. Studies in African Linguistic Classification. New Haven: Compass Publishing Company.
67. -. 1963. The Languages of Africa. Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press.
68. Grinker, Richard Roy. 1990. "Images of denigration: structuring inequality between foragers and farmers in the Ituri Forest, Zǎre." American Ethnologist 17(1):111-30.
69. -. 1994. Houses in the Rainforest: Ethnicity and Inequality among Farmers and Foragers in Central Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
70. -. 2000. In the Arms of Africa: The Life of Colin M. Turnbull. New York: St. Martin's Press.
71. Gupta, Akhil. 1998. Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
72. Guthrie, Malcolm. 1970. Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu Languages. Farnborough: Gregg Press.
73. Guyer, Jane. 1995. "Wealth in people as wealth in knowledge: Accumulation and composition in equatorial Africa." Journal of African History 36(1):91-120.
74. Hall, Jefferson. 1993. "Lobéké report" in Proceedings of the Workshop on Community Forest/Protected Area Management. 12-13 October 1993. Yaoundé, Cameroon: MINEF/WWF.
75. Harms, Robert. 1979. "Oral tradition and ethnicity." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10(1):61-85.
76. -. 1981. River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zǎre Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
77. Hart, John. 1979. "Nomadic hunters and village cultivators: A study of subsistence interdependence in the Ituri Forest, Zaire." Master's thesis, Michigan State University.
78. Hart, John, and Terese Hart. 1984. "The Mbuti of Zaire: Political change and the opening of the Ituri Forest." Cultural Survival Quarterly 8(3):18-20.
79. -. 1986. "The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: The Mbuti of eastern Zaire." Human Ecology 14(1):29-55.
80. Headland, Thomas, and Lawrence Reid. 1989. "Hunter-gatherers and their neighbors from prehistory to the present." Current Anthropology 30(1):43-66.
81. Headland, Thomas, and Robert Bailey. 1991. "Have hunter-gatherers ever lived in tropical rain forest independently of agriculture?" Human Ecology 19(2):115-22.
82. Hewlett, Barry. 2000. "Central African government's and international NGOs' perceptions of Baka Pygmy development." In Hunters and Gatherers of the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-Determination, ed. Peter Schweitzer, Megan Biesele, and Robert Hitchcock, 380-90. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books.
83. Hocart, Arthur Maurice. 1953. The Life-Giving Gift and Other Essays. New York: Grove Press.
84. Hoffman, Carl. 1984. "Punan foragers in the trading networks of Southeast Asia." In Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Societies, ed. Carmel Schrire, 123-49. Orlando: Academic Press.
85. Holtzman, Jon. 2006. "Food and memory." Annual Review of Anthropology 35:361-78.
86. International Labor Organization. 1989. Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. Convention No. 169.
87. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1998. "Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation 1998." Available online at http://www.itto.or.jp/ (accessed 23 July 2000).
88. Jahoda, Gustav. 1999. Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture. London: Routledge.
89. Jenkins, Richard. 1994. "Rethinking ethnicity: Identity, categorization and power." Ethnic and Racial Studies 17(2):197-219.
90. Joiris, Daou Veronique. 1993a. "The mask that is hungry for yams: Ethnoecology of Dioscorea mangenotiana among the Baka, Cameroon. " In Tropical Forests, People, and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications for Development, ed. C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik, et al., 633-41. Paris: UNESCO.
91. -. 1993b. "How to walk side by side with the elephant: Baka pygmy hunting rituals in southern Cameroon. " Civilizations 32(1-2):51-81.
92. -. 1996. "A comparative approach to hunting rituals among Baka Pygmies (Southeastern Cameroon)." In Cultural Diversity among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective, ed. Susan Kent, 245-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
93. -. 1997. "La nature des uns et la nature des autres: Mythe et réalité du monde rural face aux aires protégées d'Afrique centrale." Les Peuples des Forêts Tropicales: Systémes Traditionneles et Développement Rural en Afrique Équatoriale, Grande Amazonie et Asie du Sud-Est. Special volume, Civilizations 44(1-2):94-103.
94. -. 1998. "La chasse, la chance, le chant: Aspects du systéme rituel des Baka du Cameroun. " Ph. D. diss., Université Libre de Bruxelles.
95. Karsenty, Alain. 1999. "Vers la fin de l'état forestier? Appropriation des espaces et par-age de la rente forestière au Cameroun. " Politique Africaine 75:147-61.
96. Keim, Curtis. 1999. Mistaking Africa: Curiosities and Inventions of the American Mind. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
97. Kelly, Robert. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
98. Kenrick, Justin. 2001. "Present predicament of hunter-gatherers and former hunter-gatherers of the central African rainforests." In Africa's Indigenous Peoples: "First Peoples" or "Marginalized Minorities"? ed. Alan Barnard and Justin Kenrick, 39-60. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.
99. -. 2005. "Equalising processes, processes of discrimination, and the forest peoples of central Africa." In Property and Equality: Ritualisation, Sharing, Egalitari-anism, ed. Thomas Widlok and Wolda Gossa Tadesse, 104-28. London: Routledge.
100. Kenrick, Justin, and Jerome Lewis. 2004. "Indigenous people's rights and the politics of the term 'indigenous.'" Anthropology Today 20(2):4-9.
101. Kent, Susan. 1996. Cultural Diversity among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. -. 2002. Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers, and the "Other": Association and Assimilation in Africa. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
103. Kimura, Daiji. 2003. "Bakas' mode of co-presence." Supplementary issue, African Studies Monographs 28:25-36.
104. Klieman, Kairn. 2003. The Pygmies Were Our Compass: Bantu and Batwa in the History of West-Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
105. Komatsu, Kaori. 1998. "The food cultures of the shifting cultivators in central Africa: The diversity in selection of food materials." Supplementary issue, African Studies Monographs 25:149-77.
106. Konings, Piet. 2001. "Mobility and exclusion: Conflicts between autochthons and allochthons during political liberalization in Cameroon. " African Dynamics 1:169-94.
107. Kuper, Adam. 1988. The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion. New York: Routledge.
108. -. 2003. "Return of the native." Current Anthropology 44(4):389-402.
109. Leclerc, Christian. 1998. "Social space, natural space, and development (Baka pygmies, southeastern Cameroon)." APFT-News 5:5-8.
110. -. 2000. "Des pygmées entre la forêt et la savane: Étude comparative de deux campements Medzan (vallée du Mbam, Cameroun)." In Challenging Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multi-Disciplinary Perspective, ed. Karen Biesbrouk, Stefan Elders, and Gerda Rossel, 169-86. Leiden: Research School for Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies.
111. Lee, Richard. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.
112. -. 1992. "Art, science, or politics? The crisis in hunter-gatherer studies." American Anthropologist 94(1):31-54.
113. -. 2005. "Power and property in twenty-first century foragers: A critical examination. " In Property and Equality: Encapsulation, Commercialization, Discrimination, ed. Thomas Widlok and Wolde Gossa Tadesse, 16-31. New York: Berghan Books.
114. Lee, Richard, and Richard Daley, eds. 1999. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
115. Leonard, Yves. 1997. "The Baka: A people between two worlds." Master's thesis, Providence Theological Seminary.
116. Leonhardt, Alec. 1999. "The culture of development in Bakaland: The apparatus of development in relation to Baka hunter-gatherers." Ph. D. diss., Princeton University.
117. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1969. The Raw and the Cooked. Translated by John Weightman and Doreen Weightman. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
118. Lewis, Jerome. 2001. "Forest people or village people: Whose voice will be heard?" In Africa's Indigenous Peoples: "First Peoples" or "Marginalized Minorities"? ed. Alan Barnard and Justin Kenrick, 61-78. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.
119. Li, Tania. 2000. "Articulating indigenous identity in Indonesia: Resource politics and the tribal slot." Comparative Studies of Society and History 42(1):149-79.
120. Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1936. Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
121. MacCormack, Carol, and Marilyn Strathern, eds. 1980. Nature, Culture and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
122. Mbembe, Achille. 2001. "Ways of seeing: Beyond the new nativism." African Studies Review 44(2):1-14.
123. Monga, Yvette. 2000. "'Au village': Space, culture and politics in Cameroon. " Cahiers d' Etudes Africaines 160:723-49.
124. -. 2001. "The politics of identity negotiation in Cameroon. " International Negotiation 6(2):199-228.
125. Moñino, Yves. 1988. Lexique Comparatif des Langues Oubanguiennes. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
126. -. 1995. Le Proto-Gbaya: Essai de Linguistique Comparative sur Vingt-et-une Langues d'Afrique Centrale. Paris: éditions Peeters.
127. Museur, Michel. 1969. "Récentes perspectives sur la culture des Mbuti." Cahiers d'Études Africaines 9(33):150-59.
128. Nagata, Judith. 1981. "In defense of ethnic boundaries: The changing myths and charters of Malay identity." In Ethnic Change, ed. Charles Keyes. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
129. Neba, Aaron. 1987. Géographie Moderne de la République du Cameroun, 2nd ed. Cam-den, NJ: Éditions Neba.
130. Ngombe, Lucien. 1995. "L'évolution des Bangando du sud-est Cameroun: Des origines 1894." Master's thesis, L'École Normale Supérieure, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
131. Nguinguiri, Jean Claude, Georges Mouncharou, and Karin Augustat. 1999. "Gérer le pluralisme dans l'Est et dans le Sud du Cameroun. " Paper presented at the Conférence Internationale sur la Conservation des Écosystémes Forestiers et le Développement du Sud et de l'Est du Cameroun. Yaoundé, Cameroon, 16-17 February 1999.
132. Njoh, Ambe. 2007. "Politico-economic determinants of forestry policy in Cameroon. " GeoJournal 70:109-20.
133. Oyono, Phil René, Jesse Ribot, and Anne Larson. 2006. "Green and black gold in rural Cameroon: Natural resources for local governance, justice, and sustainability." Working Paper Series. Washington, D. C.: World Resources Institute.
134. Jon Pederson and Espen Waehle. 1988. "The complexities of residential organization among the Efe (Mbuti) and the Bagombi (Baka): A critical view of the notion of flux." In Hunters and Gatherers: History, Evolution and Social Change, ed. Tim Ingold, David Riches, and James Woodburn, 75-90. New York: Berg.
135. Pelican, Michaela. 2009. "Complexities of indigeneity and autochthony: An African example." American Ethnologist 36(1):52-65.
136. Peterson, Jean Treloggen. 1978. "Hunter-gatherer/farmer exchange." American Anthropologist 80:335-51.
137. Putnam, Anne E., and Allan Keller. 1954. Madami: My Eight Years of Adventure with the Congo Pygmies. New York: Prentice Hall.
138. Putnam, Patrick. 1948. "The pigmies of the Ituri Forest." In A Reader in General Anthropology, ed. Carleton Coon, 322-41. New York: Henry Holt.
139. Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald, and Daryll Forde. 1950. African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
140. Richards, Paul. 1995. "Participatory rural appraisal: A quick and dirty critique." PLA Notes 24:13-20.
141. Ritvo, Harriet. 1997. The Platypus and the Mermaid, and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
142. Rupp, Stephanie. 2001. "I, you, we, they: Forests of identity in southeastern Cameroon. " Ph. D. diss., Yale University.
143. Safari Club International. 1997. SCI Record Book of Trophy Animals. Africa Field Edition. Edition IX, (1): 2. Tuscon, AZ: Safari Club International.
144. Sato, Hiroaki. 1998. "Folk etiology among the Baka, a group of hunter-gatherers in the African rainforest." Supplementary issue, African Study Monographs 25:33-46.
145. -. 1992. "Notes on the distribution and settlement pattern of hunter-gatherers in northwestern Congo" African Studies Monographs 13(4):203-16.
146. Saugestad, Sidsel. 1998. The Inconvenient Indigenous: Remote Area Development in Botswana, Donor Assistance, and the First People of the Kalahari. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic Africa Institute.
147. -. 1999. "Contested images: Indigenous peoples in Africa." Indigenous Affairs 2:6-9.
148. -. 2001. "Contested images: 'First Peoples' or 'marginalised minorities' in southern Africa." In Africa's Indigenous Peoples: "First Peoples" or "Marginalised Minorities"? ed. Alan Barnard and Justin Kenrick, 299-322. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.
149. Schebesta, Paul. 1940. Les Pygmées. Paris: Gallimard.
150. -. 1952. Les Pygmées du Congo Belge. Bruxelles: Institut Royal Colonial Belge.
151. Schweinfurth, Georg. 1874. Im Herzen von Arika. Resien und Entdeckungen im Afrika während der Jarhre 1868-1873. Ein Beitrag zur Entdeckungsgeschichte von Afrika. 3 vols. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
152. Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
153. Sharpe, Barrie. 1998. "First the forest: Conservation, 'community' and 'participation' in south-west Cameroon. " Africa 68:25-45.
154. Silberbauer, George. 1994. "A sense of place." In Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research, ed. Ernest Burch and Linda Ellanna, 119-46. Oxford: Berg.
155. Simone, AbdouMaliq. 2001. "On the worldling of African cities." African Studies Review 44(2):15-43.
156. Siroto, Leon. 1969. "Masks and social organization among the BaKwele people of western equatorial Africa." Ph. D. diss., Columbia University.
157. Socpa, Antoine. 2006. "Bailleurs autochtones et locataires allogènes: Enjeu foncier et participation politique au Cameroun. " African Studies Review. 49(2):45-67.
158. Solway, Jacqueline, and Richard Lee. 1990. "Foragers, genuine or spurious? Situating the Kalahari San in history." Current Anthropology 31(2):109-46.
159. Spivak, Gayatri. 1988. In Other Worlds: Essays on Cultural Politics. New York: Rout-ledge.
160. Strauss, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
161. Terashima, Hideaki. 1986. "Economic exchange and the symbiotic relationship between the Mbuti (Efe) pygmies and the neighboring farmers." Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7(1):394-405.
162. Tessmann, Günter. 1934. Die Baja: Ein Negerstamm im mittleren Sudan. Stuttgart: Verlag Strecker und Schröder.
163. Thigio, Innocent. 2007. "Opportunities for community-based wildlife management: A case study from the Korup Region, Cameroon. " Ph. D. diss., University of Göttingen.
164. Thomas, Keith. 1983. Man in the Natural World: A History of Modern Sensibility. New York: Pantheon.
165. Tsuru, Daisaku. 1998. "Diversity of ritual spirit performances among the Baka pygmies in southeastern Cameroon. " Supplementary issue, African Study Monographs 25:47-84.
166. Turnbull, Colin. 1961. The Forest People. New York: Touchstone Books.
167. -. 1965. Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies. Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press.
168. -. 1983. The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
169. Tyson, Edward. [1699] 1894. The Anatomy of a Pygmy Compared with That of a Monkey, an Ape and a Man. London: Thomas Bennett at the Half Moon.
170. Union des Populations du Cameroun. 1964. "Declaration Générale." Cameroonian Section of the African Democratic Assembly, Conference of Officials of the UPC, 25-27 September 1964.
171. Vabi, Michael, and Fondo Sikod. 2000. "Challenges of reconciling informal and formal land and resource access tenure: Evidence from WWF-supported conservation sites in Cameroon. " Paper presented at the 2nd Pan-African Symposium on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Africa, July 2000, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
172. Vail, Leroy, ed. 1989. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. London: James Currey.
173. Vallois, Henri Victor. 1950. "Les pygmées du Cameroun. " Sciences 67:271-79.
174. Vallois, H. V., and Paulette. Marquer. 1976. Les Pygmées Baka du Cameroun: Anthro-pologie et Ethnographie avec une Annexe Démographique. Paris: Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
175. Vansina, Jan. 1986. "Do pygmies have a history?" Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7(1):431-45.
176. -. 1990. Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. London: James Currey.
177. -. 1995. "New linguistic evidence and 'The Bantu expansion. '" Journal of African History 36(2):173-95.
178. Waehle, Espen. 1986. "Efe (Mbuti Pygmy) relations to Lese Dese villagers in the Ituri Forest, Zǎre: Historical changes during the last 150 years." Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7(2):375-411.
179. Wilmsen, Edwin. 1989. Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
180. Wilmsen, Edwin, and Patrick McAllister, eds. 1996. The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premises in a World of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
181. Woodburn, James. 1982. "Egalitarian societies." Man (N. S.) 17(3):431-51.
182. -. 1997. "Indigenous discrimination: The ideological basis for discrimination against hunter-gatherer minorities in sub-Saharan Africa." Racial and Ethnic Studies 20(2):345-61.
183. -. 2001. "The political status of hunter-gatherers in present-day and future Africa." In Africa's Indigenous Peoples: "First Peoples" or "Marginalized Minorities"? ed. Alan Barnard and Justin Kenrick, 1-14. Edinburgh: Center of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.
184. -. 2005. "Egalitarian societies revisited." In Property and Equality: Ritualiza-tion, Sharing, Egalitarianism, ed. Thomas Widlok and Wolda Gossa Tadesse, 18-31. New York: Berghahn Books.
185. Worby, Eric. 1996 "Not to plow my master's field: Discourses of ethnicity and the production of inequality in Botswana." Journal of Social Studies 67:73-108.
186. -. 1998. "Tyranny, parody, and ethnic polarity: Ritual engagements with the state in northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Southern African Studies 24(3):561-78.
187. World Resources Institute. 2005. Interactive Forestry Atlas of Cameroon: An Overview. Washington, D. C.: Global Forest Watch. Available online at http://archive.wri.org/publication-detail.cfm?pubid=3864 (accessed 25 June 2008).