Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana

Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-income Countries

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 261-283

  Seid, Razak ^a   Drechsel, Pay ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b International Water Management Institute IWMI   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904781958     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666     Document Type: Chapter

References (48)

1. Adjei, A. A., Armah, H., Rodrigues, O., Renner, L., Borketey, P., Ayeh-Kumi, P., Adiku, T., Sifah, E. and Lartey, M. (2004) 'Cryptosporidium spp.: A frequent cause of diarrhoea among children at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana', Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol 57, pp216-19
2. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Henseler, M. and Abaidoo, R.C. (2007) 'Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Microbial contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups', Journal of Water and Health, vol 5, no 3, pp455-66
3. Awuah, E., Nkrumah, E. and Monney, J. G. (1996) 'The performance of the Asokwa Waste Stabilization Pond and the Condition of other Sewage Treatment Plants in Ghana', University of Science and Technology Journal of Science Technology (Ghana), vol 16, nos 1-2, pp121-6
4. Barreto, M. L., Genser, B., Strina, A., Teixeira, M. G., Assis, A. M. O., Rego, R. F., Teles, C. A., Prado, M. S., Matos, S. M. A., Santos, D. N., dos Santos, L. A. and Cairncross, S. (2007) 'Effect of city-wide sanitation programme on reduction in rate of childhood diarrhoea in northeast Brazil: Assessment by two cohort studies', Lancet, vol 370, pp1622-8
5. Blumenthal, U. J. and Peasey, A. (2002) 'Critical review of epidemiological evidence of the health effects of wastewater and excreta use in agriculture', unpublished document prepared for World Health Organization, Geneva, www.who.int/water_sanitation_ health/wastewater/whocriticalrev.pdf
6. Cairncross, S. and Valdmanis, V. (2006) 'Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion', in D. Jamison et al. (eds) Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press and World Bank, Washington, DC, 2nd edition, pp771-92, www. dcp2.org
7. Clasen, T. F. and Haller, L. (2008) Water Quality Interventions to Prevent Diarrhoea: Cost and Cost-Effectiveness, World Health Organization, Geneva, www.who.int/water_ sanitation_health/economic/prevent_diarrhoea/en/index.html
8. CMH (Commission on Macroeconomics and Health) (2001) Macroeconomics and Health:Investing in Health for Economic Development, Center for International Development at Harvard University, Boston, MA
9. Donkor, E. S., Lanyo, R., Akyeh, M. L., Kayang, B. B., and Quaye, J. (2008) 'Monitoring enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the vegetable food chain in Ghana', Research Journal of Microbiology, vol 3, no 6, pp423-8
10. Drechsel, P., Keraita, B., Amoah, P., Abaidoo, R. C., Raschid-Sally, L. and Bahri, A. (2008) 'Reducing health risk from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: Applying the 2006 WHO Guidelines', Water Science and Technology, vol 57, no 9, pp1461-6
11. DuPont, H. L., Chapel, C. L., Sterling, C. R., Okhuysen, P. C., Rose, J. B. and Jakubowski, W. (1995) 'The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers', New England Journal of Medicine, vol 332, no 13, pp855-9
12. Fletcher, M., Levy, M. E. and Griffin, D. D. (2000) 'Foodborne outbreak of Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis among college students: District of Columbia, March-April 2000', MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol 49, pp1131-3
13. Gerba, C. P., Castro-Del Campo, N., Brooks, J. P. and Pepper, I. L. (2008) 'Exposure and risk assessment of Salmonella in recycled residuals', Water Science and Technology, vol 57, no 7, pp1061-5
14. Grimwood, K., Lund, J. C., Coulson, B. S., Hudson, I. L., Bishop, R. F. and Barnes, G. L. (1988) 'Comparison of serum and mucosal antibody responses following severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in young children', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol 26, pp732-8
15. GSS (Ghana Statistical Service) (2002) Population and Housing Census: Special Report on 20 Largest Cities, Ghana Statistical Service, Accra
16. Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. P. (1999) Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, John Wiley & Sons, New York
17. Hamilton, A. J., Stagnitti, F., Premier, R., Boland, A. M. and Hale, G. (2006) 'Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol 76, pp3284-90
18. Havelaar, A. H. and Melse, J. M. (2003) Quantifying Public Health Risk in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: A Burden of Disease Approach, RIVM Report no 734301022/2003, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
19. Hodgson, I. O. A. (2000) 'Treatment of domestic sewage at Akuse (Ghana)', Water SA, vol 26, no 3, pp413-16
20. Hutton, G. and Haller, L. (2004) Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04, World Health Organization, Geneva, www.who.int/water_sanitation_health
21. IWMI (2009) 'Wastewater irrigation and public health: From research to impact - A road map for Ghana', report for Google.org prepared by IWMI, Accra, Ghana
22. Kennedy, M., Villar, R., Vugia, D. J., Rabatsky-Ehr, R., Farley, M. M., Pass, M., Smith, K., Smith, P., Cieslak, P. R., Imhoff, B. and Griffin, P. M. (2004) 'Hospitalizations and deaths due to Salmonella infections, FoodNet, 1996-1999', Clinical Infectious Disease, vol 38, no 3, pp142-8
23. Keraita, B. and Drechsel, P. (2004) 'Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in Ghana', in C. A. Scott, N. I. Faruqui and L. Raschid-Sally (eds) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
24. Keusch, G. T., Fontaine, O., Bhargava, A., Boschi-Pinto, C., Bhutta, Z. A., Gotuzzo, E., Rivera, J. A., Chow, J., Shahid-Salles, S. A. and Laxminarayan, R. (2006) 'Diarrhoeal diseases', in D. T. Jamison et al. (eds) Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York
25. Kolahi, A. A., Rastegarpour, A. and Sohrabi, M. R. (2009) 'The impact of an urban sewerage system on childhood diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran: A concurrent control field trial', Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol 103, no 5, pp 500-505
26. Lunani, I., Labite, H., van der Steen, P., Vairavamoorthy, K., Drechsel, P. and Lens, P. (2009) 'Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana', Water Research (submitted)
27. Lvovsky, K. (2001) 'Health and environment', Environment Strategy Papers Series no. 1, World Bank, Washington, DC
28. Mackenzie, W. R., Hoxie, N. J., Proctor, M. E., Gradus, M. S., Blair, K. A., Peterson, D. E., Kazmierczak, J. J., Addis, D. G., Fox, K. R., Rose, J. B. and David, J. P. (1994) 'A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply', New England Journal of Medicine, vol 331, no 3, pp161-7
29. Mara, D. D., Sleigh, P. A., Blumenthal, U. J. and Carr, R. M. (2007) 'Health risks in wastewater irrigation: Comparing estimates from quantitative microbial risk analyses and epidemiological studies', Journal of Water and Health, vol 5, no 1, pp39-50
30. Mathers, C. D., Stein, C., Ma Fat, D., Rao, C., Inoue, M., Tomijima, N., Bernard, C., Lopez, A. D. and Murray, C. J. L. (2002) Global Burden of Disease 2000: Version 2 Methods and Results, World Health Organization, Geneva
31. McCullough, N. B. and Eisele, C.W. (1951a) 'Experimental human salmonellosis. I. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum obtained from spray dried whole egg', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol 88, no 3, pp278-89
32. McCullough, N. B. and Eisele, C. W. (1951b) 'Experimental human salmonellosis. III. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella newport, Salmonella derby, and Salmonella bareilly obtained from spray dried whole egg', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol 89, no 3, pp209-13
33. McCullough, N. B. and Eisele, C. W. (1951c) 'Experimental human salmonellosis. IV. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella pullorum obtained from spray dried whole egg', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol 89, no 3, pp259-65
34. Mensah, P., Yeboah-Manu, D., Owusu-Darko, K. and Ablordey, A. (2002) 'Street foods in Accra, Ghana: How safe are they?', Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol 80, no 7, pp546-57
35. Murray, C. J. (1994) 'Quantifying the burden of disease: The technical basis for disabilityadjusted life years', Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol 72, no 3, pp429-45
36. Murray, C. J. L. (1996) 'Rethinking DALYs', in C. J. L. Murray and A. D. Lopez (eds) The Global Burden of Disease. A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability for Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp1-97
37. Murray, C. J. L. and Lopez, A. D. (1996) The Global Burden of Disease, Volume 1; A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
38. Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O. O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated Urban Vegetable Production in Ghana: Characteristics, Benefits and Risks, IWMI-RUAF-CPWF, Accra, Ghana, www.ruaf.org/node/1046
39. Prüss-Ustün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008) Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health, World Health Organization, Geneva
40. Reither, K., Ignatius, R., Weitze, T., Seidu-Korkor, A., Anyidoho, L., Saad, E., Djie-Maletz, A., Ziniel, P., Amoo-Sakyi, F., Danikuu, F., Danour, S., Otchwemah, R. N., Schreier, E., Bienzle, U., Stark, K. and Mockenhaupt, F. P. (2007) 'Acute childhood diarrhoea in northern Ghana: Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics', BMC Infectious Diseases, vol 7, no 104, www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/7/104
41. Robberstad, B., Hemed, Y. and Norheim, O. F. (2007) 'Cost-effectiveness of medical interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in a sub-Saharan African country - The case of Tanzania', Cost-Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, vol 5, no 3, www.resourceallocation. com/content/pdf/1478-7547-5-3.pdf
42. Seidu, R., Heistad, A., Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Jenssen, P. D. and Stenström, T.-A. (2008) 'Quantification of the health risks associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: A contribution toward local guidelines', Journal of Water and Health, vol 6, no 4, pp461-71
43. Shuval, H., Lampert, Y. and Fattal, B. (1997) 'Development of a risk assessment approach for evaluating wastewater reuse standards for agriculture', Water Science and Technology, vol 35, nos 11-12, pp15-20
44. Voetsch, A. C., Van Gilder, T. J., Angulo, F. J., Farley, M. M., Shallow, S. and Marcus, R. (2004) 'FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States', Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol 38, pp127-34
45. Ward, R. L., Bernstein, D. I., Young, E. C., Sherwood, J. R., Knowlton, D. R. and Schiff, G. M. (1986) 'Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: Determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol 154, no 5, pp871-80
46. WHO (2003) Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, World Health Organization, Geneva
47. WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 2:Wastewater Use in Agriculture, World Health Organization, Geneva
48. World Bank (1993) World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health, Oxford University Press, New York