Epicardial adipose tissue: The accomplice implicated in the genesis and maintenance of atrial fibrillation

Chinese Medical Journal

Volumn 127, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 2700-2706

  Fang, Ming Cheng ^a,b   Chen, Yang Xin ^a,b   Wang, Jing Feng ^a,b  

^a SUN YAT SEN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OF SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology   (China)

Author keywords

Atrial fibrillation; Cardiovascular diseases; Epicardial adipose tissue

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ANGIOTENSIN II; B LYMPHOCYTE INDUCED MATURATION PROTEIN 1; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; FATTY ACID; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1ALPHA; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PR DOMAIN MISSING 16; PROTEIN; RESISTIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CATHETER ABLATION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GANGLION; GANGLIONATED PLEXUS; HEART ATRIUM ENLARGEMENT; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM REMODELING; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HUMAN; IMAGE DISPLAY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; PATHOLOGY;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS;

EID: 84904439338     PISSN: 03666999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20133267     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Iacobellis G, Bianco AC. Epicardial adipose tissue: emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22: 450-457.
2. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2011; 123: e269-e367.
3. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation-Executive Summary. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 854-906.
4. Iacobellis G. Epicardial and pericardial fat: close, but very different. Obesity 2009; 17: 625.
5. Iacobellis G, Willens HJ. Echocardiographic epicardial fat: a review of research and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22: 1311-1319, 1417-1418.
6. Verhagen SN, Visseren FL. Perivascular adipose tissue as a cause of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214: 3-10.
7. Sengul C, Ozveren O. Epicardial adipose tissue: a review of physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical applications. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2013; 13: 261-265.
8. Lin Y, Chen Y, Chang S, Lin Y, Chen J, Yeh Y, et al. Heart failure epicardial fat increases atrial arrhythmogenesis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167: 1979-1983.
9. Sacks HS, Fain JN, Holman B, Cheema P, Chary A, Parks F, et al. Uncoupling Protein-1 and Related Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Human Epicardial and Other Adipose Tissues: Epicardial Fat Functioning as Brown Fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 3611-3615.
10. Tansey DK, Aly Z, Sheppard MN. Fat in the right ventricle of the normal heart. Histopathology 2005; 46: 98-104.
11. Fei J, Cook C, Blough E, Santanam N. Age and sex mediated changes in epicardial fat adipokines. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212: 488-494.
12. Seale P, Kajimura S, Yang W, Chin S, Rohas LM, Uldry M, et al. Transcriptional Control of Brown Fat Determination by PRDM16. Cell Metab 2007; 6: 38-54.
13. Heaton JM. The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat 1972; 112: 35-39.
14. Elming MB, Lonborg J, Rasmussen T, Kuhl JT, Engstrom T, Vejlstrup N, et al. Measurements of pericardial adipose tissue using contrast enhanced cardiac multidetector computed tomography - comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 29: 1401-1407.
15. Gorter PM, van Lindert ASR, de Vos AM, Meijs MFL, van der Graaf Y, Doevendans PA, et al. Quantification of epicardial and peri-coronary fat using cardiac computed tomography; reproducibility and relation with obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients suspected of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197: 896-903.
16. Marwan M, Achenbach S. Quantification of epicardial fat by computed tomography: why, when and how? J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2013; 7: 3-10.
17. Iozzo P. Myocardial, Perivascular, Epicardial Fat. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: S371-S379.
18. Choi T, Ahmadi N, Sourayanezhad S, Zeb I, Budoff MJ. Relation of vascular stiffness with epicardial and pericardial adipose tissues, and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229: 118-123.
19. Ouwens DM, Sell H, Greulich S, Eckel J. The role of epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14: 2223-2234.
20. Muhib S, Fujino T, Sato N, Hasebe N. Epicardial adipose tissue is associated with prevalent atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J 2013; 54: 297-303.
21. Schairer DO, Levis WR. Letter to the editor--atrial fibrillation: an inflammatory and autoimmune disorder. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9: e2, e2-e3.
22. Al CM, Welles CC, Metoyer R, Ibrahim A, Shapira AR, Cytron J, et al. Pericardial fat is independently associated with human atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 784-788.
23. Liu T, Li G. Periatrial Epicardial Fat, Local Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Balance, and Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 1249.
24. Wong CX, Abed HS, Molaee P, Nelson AJ, Brooks AG, Sharma G, et al. Pericardial fat is associated with atrial fibrillation severity and ablation outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 1745-1751.
25. Tsao HM, Hu WC, Wu MH, Tai CT, Lin YJ, Chang SL, et al. Quantitative analysis of quantity and distribution of epicardial adipose tissue surrounding the left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation and effect of recurrence after ablation. Am J Cardiol 2011; 107: 1498-1503.
26. Nagashima K, Okumura Y, Watanabe I, Nakai T, Ohkubo K, Kofune T, et al. Association between epicardial adipose tissue volumes on 3-dimensional reconstructed CT images and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Circ J 2011; 75: 2559-2565.
27. Thanassoulis G, Massaro JM, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Levy D, Ellinor PT, et al. Pericardial fat is associated with prevalent atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3: 345-350.
28. Chao T, Hung C, Tsao H, Lin Y, Yun C, Lai Y, et al. Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness and Ablation Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation. PLoS One 2013; 8: e74926.
29. Suárez A G, Hornero F, Berjano EJ. Mathematical modeling of epicardial RF ablation of atrial tissue with overlying epicardial fat. Open Biomed Eng J 2010; 4: 47-55.
30. Nakanishi K, Fukuda S, Tanaka A, Otsuka K, Sakamoto M, Taguchi H, et al. Peri-atrial epicardial adipose tissue is associated with new-onset nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2012; 76: 2748-2754.
31. Batal O, Schoenhagen P, Shao M, Ayyad AE, Van Wagoner DR, Halliburton SS, et al. Left atrial epicardial adiposity and atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3: 230-236.
32. Abed H, Wong C, Brooks A. Periatrial fat volume is predictive of atrial fibrillation severity. Heart Rhythm 2010: S327.
33. Shin SY, Yong HS, Lim HE, Na JO, Choi CU, Choi JI, et al. Total and interatrial epicardial adipose tissues are independently associated with left atrial remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22: 647-655.
34. Marcus GM, Smith LM, Ordovas K, Scheinman MM, Kim AM, Badhwar N, et al. Intracardiac and extracardiac markers of inflammation during atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 149-154.
35. Issac TT, Dokainish H, Lakkis NM. Role of inflammation in initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of the published data. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 2021-2028.
36. Engelmann MD, Svendsen JH. Inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2083-2092.
37. Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion J D, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation 2003; 108: 2460-2466.
38. Girerd N, Scridon A, Bessiã RF, Chauveau S, Geloen A, Boussel L, et al. Periatrial epicardial fat is associated with markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation. PLoS One 2013; 8: e77167.
39. Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, Iwasaki YK, Date T, Sagara K, Tanabe H, et al. Recruitment of immune cells across atrial endocardium in human atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2010; 74: 262-270.
40. Chang L, Huang K, Wu Y, Kao H, Chen C, Lai L, et al. The clinical implications of blood adiponectin in cardiometabolic Disorders. J Formos Med Assoc 2009; 108: 353-366.
41. Kourliouros A, Karastergiou K, Nowell J, Gukop P, Tavakkoli Hosseini M, Valencia O, et al. Protective effect of epicardial adiponectin on atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardio-Thorac 2011; 39: 228-232.
42. Ybarra J, Resmini E, Planas F, Navarro-López F, Webb S, Pou JM, et al. Relationship between adiponectin and left atrium size in uncomplicated obese patients: adiponectin, a link between fat and heart. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 1324-1332.
43. Shimano M, Murohara T, Shibata R, Tsuji Y, Kamiya H, Uchikawa T, et al. Circulating adiponectin levels in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2008; 72: 1120.
44. Kitamura K, Shibata R, Tsuji Y, Shimano M, Inden Y, Murohara T. Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents atrial fibrillation associated with heart failure in a rabbit model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300: H1814-H1821.
45. Allessie M, Ausma J, Schotten U. Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54: 230-246.
46. Fox CS, Gona P, Hoffmann U, Porter SA, Salton CJ, Massaro JM, et al. Pericardial fat, intrathoracic fat, and measures of left ventricular structure and function: the framingham heart study. Circulation 2009; 119: 1586-1591.
47. Burstein B, Nattel S. Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 802-809.
48. Shoji F, Yano T, Miura N, Morodomi Y, Yoshida T, Onimaru M, et al. Pericardial fat pad tissue produces angiogenic factors for healing the bronchial stump. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011; 13: 271-275.
49. Venteclef N, Guglielmi V, Balse E, Gaborit B, Cotillard A, Atassi F, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue induces fibrosis of the atrial myocardium through the secretion of adipo-fibrokines. Eur Heart J 2013. Epub ahead of print.
50. Lin Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Chen S, Chen Y. Adipocytes modulate the electrophysiology of atrial myocytes: implications in obesity-induced atrial fibrillation. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107: 293.
51. Higuchi K, Akkaya M, Koopmann M, Blauer JJ, Burgon NS, Damal K, et al. The effect of fat pad modifcation during ablation of atrial fibrillation: late gadolinium enhancement MRI analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013; 36: 467-476.
52. White CM, Sander S, Coleman CI, Gallagher R, Takata H, Humphrey C, et al. Impact of epicardial anterior fat pad retention on postcardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation incidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 298-303.
53. Sakamoto S, Schuessler RB, Lee AM, Aziz A, Lall SC, Damiano RJ. Vagal denervation and reinnervation after ablation of ganglionated plexi. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139: 444-452.
54. Nagashima K, Okumura Y, Watanabe I, Nakai T, Ohkubo K, Kofune M, et al. Does location of epicardial adipose tissue correspond to endocardial high dominant frequency or complex fractionated atrial electrogram sites during atrial fibrillation? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5: 676-683.
55. Nakagawa H, Scherlag BJ, Patterson E, Ikeda A, Lockwood D, Jackman WM. Pathophysiologic basis of autonomic ganglionated plexus ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: S26-S34.
56. Bonnemeier H, Wiegand UK. Autonomic tone variations before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 107: E41, E41.
57. Lu Z, Scherlag BJ, Lin J, Niu G, Fung KM, Zhao L, et al. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: autonomic mechanism for atrial electrical remodeling induced by short-term rapid atrial pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008; 1: 184-192.
58. Chang D, Zhang S, Yang D, Gao L, Lin Y, Chu Z, et al. Effect of epicardial fat pad ablation on acute atrial electrical remodeling and inducibility of atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2010; 74: 885-894.
59. Haghjoo M. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Tehran Heart Cent 2012; 7: 2-9.
60. Steinberg JS. Postoperative atrial fibrillation: a billion-dollar problem. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1001-1003.
61. Cummings JE, Gill I, Akhrass R, Dery M, Biblo LA, Quan KJ. Preservation of the anterior fat pad paradoxically decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 994-1000.
62. Oh S, Choi EK, Zhang Y, Mazgalev TN. Botulinum toxin injection in epicardial autonomic ganglia temporarily suppresses vagally mediated atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4: 560-565.
63. Bisleri G, Bottio T, Morgan JA, Muneretto C. Preservation of the anterior fat pad and incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1308.
64. Oh S, Zhang Y, Bibevski S, Marrouche NF, Natale A, Mazgalev T N. Vagal denervation and atrial fibrillation inducibility: epicardial fat pad ablation does not have long-term effects. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 701-708.
65. Lee HC, Huang KT, Wang XL, Shen WK. Autoantibodies and cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8: 1788-1795.
66. Ding J, Kritchevsky SB, Harris TB, Burke GL, Detrano RC, Szklo M, et al. The association of pericardial fat with calcifed coronary plaque. Obesity 2008; 16: 1914-1919.
67. Chen Y, Wang X, Mai J, Zhao X, Liang Y, Gu M, et al. C-reactive protein promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction partly via activating adipose tissue inflammation in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 2397-2403.
68. Gaborit B, Abdesselam I, Dutour A. Epicardial fat: more than just an "Epi" phenomenon? Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 991-1001.
69. Greif M, von Ziegler F, Wakili R, Tittus J, Becker C, Helbig S, et al. Increased pericardial adipose tissue is correlated with atrial fibrillation and left atrial dilatation. Clin Res Cardiol 2013; 102: 555-562.