Children's intergroup helping: The role of empathy and peer group norms

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Volumn 126, Issue , 2014, Pages 369-383

  Sierksma, Jellie ^a   Thijs, Jochem ^a   Verkuyten, Maykel ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Empathy; Group norms; Helping behavior; Intergroup helping; National groups; Social development

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; BEHAVIOR; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; COOPERATION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; MALE; PEER GROUP;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESSES; HELPING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INTENTION; MALE; PEER GROUP; PSYCHOLOGY, CHILD;

EID: 84903776359     PISSN: 00220965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.06.002     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Aboud F.E., Levy S.R. Interventions to reduce prejudice and discrimination in children and adolescents. Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont symposium on applied social psychology 2000, 269-293. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. S. Oskamp (Ed.).
2. Abrams D., Rutland A., Cameron L. The development of subjective group dynamics: Children's judgments of normative and deviant in-group and out-group individuals. Child Development 2003, 74:1840-1856.
3. Abrams D., Rutland A., Cameron L., Ferrell J. Older but wilier: In-group accountability and the development of subjective group dynamics. Developmental Psychology 2007, 43:134-148.
4. Abrams D., Rutland A. The development of subjective group dynamics. Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood 2008, 47-65. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. S.R. Levy, M. Killen (Eds.).
5. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
6. Aloise-Young P.A. The development of self-presentation: Self-promotion in 6- to 10-year-old children. Social Cognition 1993, 11:201-222.
7. Banerjee R., Bennett M., Luke N. Upsetting others and provoking ridicule: Children's reasoning about the self-presentational consequences of rule-violation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2010, 28:941-947.
8. Banerjee R., Yuill N. Children's explanations for self-presentational behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology 1999, 29:105-111.
9. Baumeister R.F., Leary M.R. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117:497-529.
10. Bigler R.S., Jones L.C., Lobliner D.B. Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development 1997, 68:530-543.
11. Brewer M.B. The social psychology of intergroup relations: Social categorization, ingroup bias, and outgroup prejudice. Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles 2007, 695-715. Guilford, New York. A.W. Kruglanski, E.T. Higgins (Eds.).
12. Bryant B.K. An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development 1982, 53:413-425.
13. Castelli L., Tomelleri S. Contextual effects on prejudiced attitudes: When the presence of others leads to more egalitarian responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:679-686.
14. Cialdini R.B., Kallgren C.A., Reno R.R. A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Advances in experimental social psychology 1991, Vol. 24:201-235. Academic Press, San Diego.
15. De França D.X., Monteiro M.B. Social norms and the expression of prejudice: The development of aversive racism in childhood. European Journal of Social Psychology 2013, 43:263-271.
16. Du Bois-Reymond M. Beelden van Nederlandse kinderen over Duitsland en de Duitsers. De samenleving onderzocht: Sociologie in de jaren negentig 1998, 71-94. Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam. J. Godschalk, T. Müller (Eds.).
17. Dunham Y., Degner J. From categories to exemplars (and back again). Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us 2013, 275-280. Oxford University Press, New York. M.R. Banaji, S.A. Gelman (Eds.).
18. Eisenberg N. The caring child 1992, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
19. Eisenberg N., Fabes R.A. Prosocial development. Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development 1998, 701-778. John Wiley, New York. 5th ed. N. Eisenberg (Ed.).
20. Eisenberg N., Murphy B.C., Shepard S. The development of empathic accuracy. Empathic accuracy 1997, 73-116. Guilford, New York. W.J. Ickes (Ed.).
21. Eisenberg N., Shell R., Pasternack J., Lennon R., Beller R., Mathy R.M. Prosocial development in middle childhood: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology 1987, 23:712-718.
22. Eisenberg N., Zhou Q., Koller S. Brazilian adolescents' prosocial moral judgment and behavior: Relations to sympathy, perspective taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics. Child Development 2001, 72:518-534.
23. Elashi F.B., Mills C.M., Grant M.G. In-group and out-group attitudes of Muslim children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2010, 31:379-385.
24. Fehr E., Bernhard H., Rockenbach B. Egalitarianism in young children. Nature 2008, 454:1079-1083.
25. FitzRoy S., Rutland A. Learning to control ethnic intergroup bias in childhood. European Journal of Social Psychology 2010, 40:679-693.
26. Gelfand D.M., Hartmann D.P., Cromer C.C., Smith C.L., Page B.C. The effects of instructional prompts and praise on children's donation dates. Child Development 1975, 46:980-983.
27. Geraci A., Surian L. The developmental roots of fairness: Infants' reactions to equal and unequal distributions of resources. Developmental Science 2011, 14:1012-1020.
28. Hailey S.E., Olson K.R. A social psychologist's guide to the development of racial bias: The critical role of status. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2013, 7:457-469.
29. Hardy C.L., Van Vugt M. Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:1402-1413.
30. Hatch J.A. Impression management in kindergarten classrooms: An analysis of children's face-work in peer interactions. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 1987, 18:100-115.
31. Hopkins N., Reicher S., Harrison K., Cassidy C., Bull R., Levine M. Helping to improve the group stereotype: On the strategic dimension of prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007, 33:776-788.
32. Janoff-Bulman R., Sheikh S., Hepp S. Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: Two faces of moral regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 96:521-537.
33. Killen M., Lee-Kim J., McGlothlin H., Stangor C. How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development 2002, 67. (4, Serial No. 271).
34. Killen M., Rutland A. Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
35. Killen M., Rutland A., Abrams D., Mulvey K.L., Hitti A. Development of intra- and intergroup judgments in the context of moral and social-conventional norms. Child Development 2013, 84:1063-1080.
36. Killen M., Stangor C. Children's social reasoning about inclusion and exclusion in gender and race peer group contexts. Child Development 2001, 72:174-186.
37. Kowalski K., Lo Y.F. The influence of perceptual features, ethnic labels, and sociocultural information on the development of ethnic/racial bias in young children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2001, 32:444-455.
38. Leimgruber K.L., Shaw A., Santos L.R., Olson K.R. Young children are more generous when others are aware of their actions. PLoS One 2012, 7:e48292.
39. Li Y., Li H., Decety J., Lee K. Experiencing a natural disaster alters children's altruistic giving. Psychological Science 2013, 24:1686-1695.
40. Malti T., Gummerum M., Keller M., Buchmann M. Children's moral motivation, sympathy, and prosocial behavior. Child Development 2009, 80:442-460.
41. Martin C.L., Fabes R.A. The stability and consequences of young children's same-sex peer interactions. Developmental Psychology 2001, 37:431-446.
42. Miller J.G., Bersoff D.M., Harwood R.L. Perceptions of social responsibilities in India and in the United States: Moral imperatives or personal decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 58:33-47.
43. Moore C. Fairness in children's resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychological Science 2009, 20:944-948.
44. Nesdale D., Griffiths J., Durkin K., Maass A. Empathy, group norms, and children's ethnic attitudes. Applied Developmental Psychology 2005, 26:623-637.
45. Nesdale D., Lawson M.J. Social groups and children's intergroup attitudes: Can school norms moderate the effects of social group norms?. Child Development 2011, 82:1594-1606.
46. Nesdale D., Maass A., Durkin K., Griffiths J. Group norms, threat, and children's ethnic prejudice. Child Development 2005, 76:1-12.
47. Nesdale D., Maass A., Griffiths J., Durkin K. Effects of in-group and out-group ethnicity on children's attitudes towards members of the in-group and out-group. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2003, 21:177-192.
48. Nesdale D. The development of ethnic prejudice in early childhood: Theories and research. Contemporary perspectives on social learning in early childhood education 2007, 213-240. Information Age, Charlotte, NC. O. Sracho, B. Spodek (Eds.).
49. Nucci L., Turiel E. Capturing the complexity of moral development and education. Mind, Brain, and Education 2009, 3:151-159.
50. Patterson M.M., Bigler R.S. Preschool children's attention to environmental messages about groups: Social categorization and the origins of intergroup bias. Child Development 2006, 77:847-860.
51. Radke-Yarrow M., Zahn-Waxler C., Chapman M. Prosocial dispositions and behavior. Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development 1983, Vol. 4:469-545. John Wiley, New York.
52. Rashbash J., Charlton C., Browne W.J., Healy M., Cameron B. MLwiN Version 2.1. 2009, University of Bristol, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, Bristol, UK.
53. Roberts G. Competitive altruism: From reciprocity to the handicap principle. Proceedings of the Royal Society 1998, 265:427-431.
54. Rutland A. The development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism, and self-stereotypes in British children. British Journal of Social Psychology 1999, 38:55-70.
55. Rutland A., Brown R.J., Cameron L., Ahmavaara A., Arnold K., Samson J. Development of the positive-negative asymmetry effect: In-group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes. European Journal of Social Psychology 2007, 37:171-190.
56. Rutland A., Cameron L., Milne A., McGeorge P. Social norms and self-presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development 2005, 76:451-466.
57. Rutland A., Killen M., Abrams D. A new social-cognitive developmental perspective on prejudice: The role of group identity and morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2010, 5:280-291.
58. Sani F., Bennett M. Developmental aspects of social identity. The development of the social self 2004, 77-100. Psychology Press, New York. M. Bennett, F. Sani (Eds.).
59. Schmidt M.F., Sommerville J.A. Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23223.
60. Shaw A., Olson K.R. Children discard a resource to avoid inequity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2012, 141:382-395.
61. Sierksma J., Thijs J., Verkuyten M. Ethnic helping and group identity: A study among majority group children. Social Development 2014, 10.1111/sode.12077.
62. Sierksma J., Thijs J., Verkuyten M. With a little help from my friends: Bystander context and children's attitude toward peer helping. Journal of Social Psychology 2014, 154:142-154.
63. Sierksma J., Thijs J., Verkuyten M., Komter A. Children's reasoning about the refusal to help: The role of need, costs, and social perspective taking. Child Development 2014, 85:1134-1149.
64. Sloane S., Baillargeon R., Premack D. Do infants have a sense of fairness?. Psychological Science 2012, 23:196-204.
65. Sluckin A. Growing up in the playground: The social development of children 1981, Routledge, London.
66. Smetana J.G., Tasopoulos-Chan M.M., Gettman D.C., Villalobos M., Campione-Barr N., Metzger A. Adolescents' and parents' evaluations of helping versus fulfilling personal desires in family situations. Child Development 2009, 80:280-294.
67. Tajfel H., Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social psychology of intergroup relations 1979, 33-47. Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA. W.G. Austin, S. Worchel (Eds.).
68. Thompson C., Barresi J., Moore C. The development of future-oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers. Cognitive Development 1997, 12:199-212.
69. Turiel E. The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
70. Turner J.C., Reynolds K.J. The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: Theories, themes, and controversies. Intergroup processes 2001, Vol. 4:133-152. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. R. Brown, S. Gaertner (Eds.).
71. Verkuyten M. National identification and intergroup evaluations in Dutch children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2001, 19:559-571.
72. Verkuyten M., Kinket B. Social distances in a multi-ethnic society: The ethnic hierarchy among Dutch pre-adolescents. Social Psychology Quarterly 2000, 63:75-85.
73. Verkuyten M., Thijs J. School satisfaction of elementary school children: The role of performance, peer relations, ethnicity, and gender. Social Indicators Research 2002, 59:203-228.
74. Verkuyten M., Thijs J., Sierksma J. Majority children's evaluation of acculturation preferences of immigrant and emigrant peers. Child Development 2014, 85:176-191.
75. Warneken F., Tomasello M. Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science 2006, 311:1301-1303.
76. Webley P. Children's understanding of economics. Children's understanding of society 2005, 43-67. Psychology Press, New York. M. Barrett, E. Buchanan-Barrow (Eds.).
77. Yee M.D., Brown R. Self-evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine. Child Development 1992, 63:619-629.
78. Zahn-Waxler C., Radke-Yarrow M., Wagner E., Chapman M. Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology 1992, 28:126-136.