How to get out of Iraq with integrity

How to Get Out of Iraq with Integrity

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-263

  O'Leary, Brendan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84903685524     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (417)

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4. Epigraphs: President Bush quotation from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2003/05/20030501-15.html
5. Ambassador Crocker quotation from http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/ FC040908/Crocker-Testimony040808.pdf, Testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, 13.
6. Aaron Glantz, How America Lost Iraq (New York: Penguin, 2005)
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8. Larry Diamond, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq (New York: Owl Books, 2005)
9. Peter Galbraith's book, The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006)
10. Jonathan Steele, Defeat: Why America and Britain Lost Iraq (London: I.B. Tauris, 2008), 2
11. Charles Ferguson, No End in Sight: Iraq's Descent into Chaos (New York: Public Affairs, 2008)
12. "Background briefing" by White House Officials to the Press, White House, January 1, 2003.
13. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 80, "Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction," ed. Jeffrey Richelson, at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB80/.
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15. Joseph Cirincione, Jessica T. Matthews, and George Perkovich, WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2004)
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17. Barton Gellman, "Iraq's Arsenal War Only on Paper," Washington Post (January 7, 2004): A1, A14-15
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20. Thomas Powers, "The Vanishing Case for War," New York Review of Books 50 (19) (December 4, 2003): 12-17.
21. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 249.
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23. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0209/18/se.01.html. On March 16, 2003
24. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/cheneymeetthepress.htm.
25. "Why We Went to Iraq," Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2008.
26. Mark Danner, The Secret Way to War: The Downing Street Memo and the Iraq War's Buried History (New York: New York Review of Books, 2006)
27. Roy Suskind, The Way of the World: A Story of Truth and Hope in an Age of Extremism (New York: Harper, 2008)
28. Chaim Kaufmann, "Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas," International Security 29 (1) (2004).
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30. John Prados, Hoodwinked: The Documents That Reveal How Bush Sold Us a War (New York: New Press, 2004)
31. Paul R. Pillar, "Intelligence, Policy, and the War in Iraq," Foreign Affairs 85 (2) (2006): 15-27.
32. http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/pdf/ConflictBarometer-2007.pdf.
33. http://www.iraqbodycount.org/.
34. L. Paul Bremer, III, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 57-58, 223-24.
35. Chapters 6 and 7 of Charles Ferguson, No End in Sight (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs, 2008)
36. Interview in Asharq al-Awsat, January 5, 2005.
37. James A. Baker III, Lee H. Hamilton, Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Edwin Meese, III, Sandra Day O'Connor, Leon E. Panetta, William J. Perry, Charles S. Robb, and Alan K. Simpson, The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward - A New Approach (New York: Vintage, 2006).
38. Ahmed S. Hashim's Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006), 12.
39. Mohammed M. Hafez, Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2007),
40. Hashim's Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq.
41. Hafez, Suicide Bombers in Iraq, 53.
42. Loretta Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq: Al Zarqawi and the New Generation (London: Constable and Robinson, 2005).
43. Patrick Cockburn, Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq (New York: Scribner, 2008).
44. Galbraith, The End of Iraq, 10-11.
45. Mark Etherington, Revolt on the Tigris: The Al-Sadr Uprising and the Governing of Iraq (London: Hurst, 2005).
46. Ala Bashir, The Insider: Trapped in Saddam's Brutal Regime (London: Abacus, 2005).
47. Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008)
48. Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004)
49. Brendan O'Leary, "Afterword: Vistas of Exit from Baghdad," in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. Brendan O'Leary, John McGarry, and Khaled Salih (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 288-89.
50. Fouad Ajami, "No Surrender," Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2008.
51. Brendan O'Leary and Karin Von Hippel, "Winning the War of Ideas," Washington Times, December 1, 2005.
52. Brendan O'Leary and Andrew Silke, "Conclusion: Understanding and Ending Persistent Conflicts, Bridging Research and Policy,"
53. Brendan O'Leary and John Tirman, "Introduction: Thinking About Durable Political Violence," in Terror, Insurgency, and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts, ed. Marianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, and John Tirman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 1-17, 387-426.
54. Ian S. Lustick, Trapped in the War on Terror (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006)
55. Stephen Holmes, The Matador's Cape: America's Reckless Response to Terror (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
56. Juan R. I. Cole, The Ayatollahs and Democracy in Iraq, ISIM Paper 7 (Leiden: International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2006).
57. O'Leary, McGarry, and Salih, eds., The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq.
58. O'Leary, McGarry, and Salih, eds., The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, 317.
59. Karna Ekland, Brendan O'Leary, and Paul R. Williams, "Negotiating a Federation in Iraq," in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. O' Leary, McGarry, and Salih, 116-42, written in the spring of 2004.
60. Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield, "The Implications of Elections for Federalism in Iraq," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 35 (3) (2005): 1-24.
61. Fouad Ajami, "Blind Liberation: Review of Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace," New Republic Online, April 23, 2007.
62. John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary, "Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal Consociation as Political Prescription," International Journal of Constitutional Law 5 (4) (2007): 670-98
63. reprinted in Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?, ed. Sujit Choudhry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 342-68.
64. Brendan O'Leary, "Federalizing Natural Resources in Iraq's Constitution," in Iraq: Preventing a New Generation of Conflict, ed. Markus E. Bouillon, David Malone, and Ben Rowswell (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2007), 189-202.
65. Defeat: Why America and Britain Lost Iraq (Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2008), 227-29.
66. Andrew Cockburn, Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy (New York: Scribner, 2007)
67. Fred Kaplan, Daydream Believers: How a Few Grand Ideas Wrecked American Power (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley, 2008).
68. Christopher Meyer, DC Confidential: The Controversial Memoirs of Britain's Ambassador to the U.S. at the Time of 9/11 and the Run-up to the Iraq War (London: Phoenix, 2006)
69. Richard Lugar, "Key GOP Senator, Richard Lugar, Blasts Bush Iraq Strategy," America Blog, June 25, 2007, http://www.americablog.com/2007/06/ key-gop-senator-richard-lugar-blasts.html.
70. http://warner.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom. StatementsSpeeches&ContentRecord-id=b22a2cb6-7e9c-9af9-7e69- 7e80cdb4c6e3&Region-id=&Issue-id=.
71. Brendan O'Leary, "Iraq's Future 101: The Failings of the Baker-Hamilton Report," Strategic Insights 6 (2) (March 2007).
72. Marion Couldrey and Tim Morris, eds., Iraq's Displacement Crisis: The Search for Solutions (Oxford: Forced Migration Review, June 2007).
73. Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence (New York: New York University Press, 2007).
74. Ümit Cizre, "Turkey's Kurdish Problem: Borders, Identity and Hegemony," in Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders, ed. Brendan O'Leary, Ian S. Lustick, and Thomas M. Callaghy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 222-52.
75. Peter Galbraith, The End of Iraq, 6.
76. Andrew Kohut and Richard Wike, "All the World's a Stage," National Interest Online, May 6, 2008.
77. John Mearsheimer, "Hans Morgenthau and the Iraq War: Realism Versus Neo-Conservatism," openDemocracy, 2005, http://www.opendemocracy.net/node/ 2522/pdf.
78. Stephen M. Walt, "An Unnecessary War," Foreign Policy 134 (January-February 2003): 51-59.
79. Edward Luttwak, "The Logic of Disengagement," Foreign Affairs 84 (1) (January-February 2005): 26-36
80. "To Help Iraq, Let It Fend for Itself," New York Times, February 6, 2007.
81. Daniel Pipes, "Salvaging the Iraq War," New York Sun, July 24, 2007.
82. Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture (London: Frank Cass, 1994
83. In the National Interest (November/December 2006)
84. http://www.danielpipes.org/article/4112.
85. "A Strongman for Iraq?" New York Post, April 28, 2003.
86. "Back Iraq: Why Iran's Enemy Should Be America's Friend," New Republic, April 27, 1987.
87. Nikolas Gvosdev and Ray Takeyh, "Mr. President, This War Is Over," International Herald Tribune, January 11, 2007.
88. Robert Kagan and William Kristol, eds., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000).
89. Lawrence Kaplan and William Kristol, The War over Iraq; Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003).
90. Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003)
91. Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
92. Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (New York: Routledge, 2004)
93. James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet (New York: Viking/Penguin, 2004)
94. Jeffrey Record, Dark Victory: America's Second War Against Iraq (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2004)
95. Ian S. Lustick, Trapped in the War on Terror (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007)
96. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).
97. The 1997 "Statement of Principles" of the Project for a new American Century may be found at http://www.newamericancentury.org/ statementofprinciples.htm.
98. Francis Fukuyama, America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006).
99. Tariq Ali, Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq (London: Verso, 2004).
100. Susan Watkins, "Editorial: Vichy on the Tigris," New Left Review 28 (July-August 2004): 5-17.
101. Emmanuel Todd, After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order, trans. C. J. Delogu (London: Constable, 2004), 209.
102. Noam Chomsky, Transcript: Why Is Iraq Missing from the 2008 Presidential Race? Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report, 2008. Available from http://www.democracynow.org/2008/2/26/noam-chomsky-why-is-iraq-missing.
103. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2008).
104. Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting Empire: Western Footprints and America's Perilous Path in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), x-xi.
105. Review of Kenneth A. Pollack, The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq)," The Nation, March 4, 2003.
106. Greg Pallast, "Was the Invasion of Iraq a Jewish Conspiracy?", 2006, available from http://www.gregpalast.com/was-the-invasion-of-iraq-a- jewish-conspiracy/.
107. Simon Serfaty, "Terms of Estrangement," in Architects of Delusion: Europe, America, and the Iraq War (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 13-45.
108. Thomas P. M. Barnett, The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Putnam, 2004), 282-94
109. Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 66 ff., 120 ff.
110. Peter Galbraith, The End of Iraq, 124
111. Mo Mowlam, "The Real Goal Is the Seizure of Saudi Oil," The Guardian, September 5, 2002.
112. http://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/bg1594.cfm.
113. Olivier Roy, The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East, trans. Ros Schwartz (London: Hurst & CERI, 2007).
114. Daniel Yergin, "What Will Happen to Oil After Saddam?" IEE (Institute of Electrical Engineers) Review (February 2003).
115. "It's Not the End of the Oil Age: Technology and Higher Prices Drive a Supply Buildup," Washington Post, July 31, 2005, B07.
116. Alan Greenspan, "Excerpt: The Age of Turbulence by Alan Greenspan," Financial Times, October 4, 2007.
117. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, "The Israel Lobby," London Review of Books 28 (6) (March 23, 2006).
118. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).
119. Mearsheimer and Walt by Bill Finan, "Is One Special Interest Special?" Current History (December 2007).
120. Jeroen Gunning, "Hamas: Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya,"
121. "Hizballah," in Terror, Insurgency and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts, ed. Marianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, and John Tirman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 123-56, 157-88.
122. Natan Sharansky and Ron Dermer, The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), a book commended by President Bush.
123. Epigraph: Fouad Ajami, "Blind Liberation: Review of Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace," The New Republic Online, April 23, 2007.
124. Bing West, The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics and the Endgame in Iraq (New York: Random House, 2008).
125. "Text of al-Zarqawi Message Threatening More Attacks, April 6, 2004," republished in Robert O. Marlin, ed., What Does Al-Qaeda Want? Unedited Communiqués, with Commentary by Robert O. Marlin IV, Terra Nova Series (Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, 2004), 78-87, 81.
126. Tariq Ali, Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq (London: Verso, 2004)
127. "Editorial: Mid-Point in the Middle East," New Left Review 38 (March-April 2006): 5-19.
128. Noam Chomsky's, The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (London: Pluto Press, 1999).
129. Emmanuel Todd, After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order, trans. C. J. Delogu. (London: Constable, 2004), xxiii.
130. Todd, After the Empire, 204, 206.
131. Andrew Greeley, A Stupid, Unjust and Criminal War: Iraq 2001-2007 (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2007).
132. http://icasualties.org/oif/ (number of U.S. wounded listed at 30,000)
133. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/casualties/ (lists wounded at around 30,000)
134. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq-casualties.htm (totals around 30,000).
135. Mike Allen and Sam Coates, "Bush Says U.S. Will Stay and Finish Task," Washington Post, August 23, 2005, A10.
136. Kanan Makiya, "The Anfal: Uncovering an Iraqi Campaign to Exterminate the Kurds," Harper's Magazine 284 (1704) (1992): 53-61
137. idem, Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising and the Arab World (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993)
138. Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1998)
139. George Packer, The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005).
140. Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003), 289.
141. KRG Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani, "Speech: We Call for International Recognition of Anfal Genocide" (Erbil: Kurdistan Regional Government, January 28, 2008), http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr= 12&smap=02040100&rnr=268&anr=22516.
142. United Nations Refugee Agency, Statistical Year Book 2002: Trends in Displacement, Protection and Solutions (Geneva: Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, July 2004), 337, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/ vtx/statistics/opendoc.pdf.
143. Michael E. O'Hanlon and Jason H. Campbell, Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, July 31, 2008), http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex, accessed August 14, 2008, p. 10 of the downloadable pdf.
144. Frank Wright, Northern Ireland: A Comparative Analysis (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987).
145. Theo Caldwell, "'I Prefer Messy Democracy to the Stability of Tyrants': An Interview with Iraq's Ambassador to Canada," National Post, February 5, 2008.
146. Joseph Stiglitz and Linda J. Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: W.W. Norton, 2008).
147. Stiglitz and Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War, 130-31.
148. The Three Trillion Dollar War, Chapter 8.
149. Grover G. Norquist and Dov S. Zakheim, "Dollars & Sense," National Interest 96 (July-August 2008): 4.
150. Steven J. Davis, Kevin M. Murphy, and Robert H. Topel, "War in Iraq Versus Containment," NBER Working Paper 12092, University of Chicago, 2006. Available from http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/steven.davis/research/War-in-Iraq- versus-Containment-(15February2006).pdf.
151. "The Benefits and the Curse of Oil," The Economist, August 14, 2008.
152. Stiglitz and Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War, 115.
153. Paul Krugman, "The Conscience of a Liberal," New York Times, January 29, 2008, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/29/an-iraq-recession/ .
154. Norquist and Zakheim, "Dollars & Sense," 4.
155. Stiglitz and Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War, 140.
156. Davis, Murphy, and Topel, "War in Iraq Versus Containment."
157. Davis, Murphy, and Topel, "War in Iraq Versus Containment."
158. Brendan O'Leary, ed., The Kurdistan Region: Invest in the Future. An Official Publication of the Kurdistan Region (London and Washington, D.C.: Newsdesk Publications, 2008).
159. O'Hanlon and Campbell, "Iraq Index," accessed August 14, 2008, p. 41 of the downloadable pdf.
160. Anna Bernasek, "An Early Economic Calculation of Iraq's Cost of War," New York Times, October 22, 2006.
161. Davis, Murphy, and Topel, "War in Iraq Versus Containment,"
162. "Executive Summary."
163. O'Hanlon and Campbell, "Iraq Index," 24.
164. O'Hanlon and Campbell, "Iraq Index," 40.
165. Leading Article, "The Iraqi Dustbowl: A Once Fertile Land Is Threatened by Severe Drought," The Times (London), July 29, 2008.
166. http://www.transparency.org/policy-research/surveys-indices/cpi/2007.
167. http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
168. CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, June 26-29, 2008, http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
169. http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
170. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Survey, Princeton Survey Research Associates International, http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
171. Time Poll, conducted by Abt SRBI, http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
172. NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll, June 6-9, 2008, http://www. pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
173. http://www.gallup.com/poll/109294/Exploring-Iraq-Timetable-Issue.aspx.
174. http://www.gallup.com/poll/109165/Nearly-Half-U.S.-Adults-Now-Applaud- Iraq-Surge.aspx;109150/Afghan-War-Edges-Iraq-Most-Important-U.S.aspx;107605/ Peoples-Priorities-Economy-Iraq-Gas-Prices.aspx.
175. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/poll/2008/0308opinion. pdf.
176. "Ebbing Hope in a Landscape of Loss Marks a National Survey of Iraq," ABC News/USA Today/BBC/ARD Poll,
177. "Iraq: Where Things Stand, Summary Released March 19 2007," at http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=2962206&page=1.
178. Amit R. Paley, "Most Iraqis Favor Immediate U.S. Pullout, Polls Show," Washington Post, September 27, 2006: 22
179. David Alexander, "Most Iraqis Favor Withdrawal of U.S. Forces Soon: Poll," Reuters, September 27, 2006, available on-line.
180. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/poll/2008/0308opinion. pdf; responses to Question 26, p. 15.
181. "Ebbing Hope in a Landscape of Loss Marks a National Survey of Iraq," March 19, 2007.
182. Francis Fukuyama, State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004)
183. Francis Fukuyama, ed., Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
184. Trudy Rubin, Willful Blindness: The Bush Administration and Iraq (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Inquirer, 2004)
185. James Fallows, Blind into Baghdad: America's War in Iraq (New York: Vintage, 2006)
186. Fouad Ajami, "Blind Liberation: Review of Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace," New Republic Online, April 23, 2007.
187. Review of Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace," New Republic Online, April 23, 2007.
188. Patricia Crone, God's Rule: Government and Islam: Six Centuries of Medieval Islamic Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
189. The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), especially Part 1.
190. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (or The Matter, Forme & Power of a CommonWealth Ecclesiastical and Civill), ed. Richard Tuck, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991[1651]),
191. Ian S. Lustick, "Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism Versus Control," World Politics 31 (3) (1979): 325-44.
192. Rudolph J. Rummel, Death by Government, with a Foreword by Irving Louis Horowitz (London and New York: Transaction Publishers, 1997).
193. Edward N. Luttwak, "Give War a Chance," Foreign Affairs 78 (4) (1999): 36-44.
194. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/19-03-07-iraqpollnew.pdf.
195. Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, B'athists and Free Officers (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 3rd ed., 2004), 810-11, Table 42-1.
196. Dann Uriel, Iraq Under Qassem: A Political History, 1958-1963 (Tel Aviv: Praeger Publishers, 1969).
197. Nir Rosen, "The Death of Iraq," Current History 2007 (December): 412
198. Barry Posen, "Exit Strategy: How to Disengage from Iraq in 18 Months," Boston Review, Jan.-Feb. 2006.
199. Barry Posen, "Exit Strategy."
200. Jack White, Minority Report: The Protestant Community in the Irish Republic (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1975), frontispiece.
201. John McGarry, "Canadian Lessons for Iraq," in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. Brendan O'Leary, John McGarry, and Khaled Salih (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 92-115.
202. Jack Snyder and Karen Ballentine, "Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas," in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, ed. M. Brown, O. R. Cote, S. Lynn-Jones, and S. E. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996-97), 61-96.
203. H. D. Forbes, Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture and the Contact Hypothesis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997).
204. Richard A. Oppel, Jr., "Iraq Takes Aim at U.S.-Tied Sunni Groups' Leaders," New York Times, August 22, 2008.
205. Peter W. Galbraith, "After Iraq: Picking Up the Pieces," Current History (December 2007): 404.
206. "The Death of Iraq," Current History (December 2007): 411.
207. Richard A. Oppel, Jr., "Iraq Takes Aim at U.S.-Tied Sunni Groups' Leaders," New York Times, August 22, 2008.
208. Erica Goode and Ali Hameed, "Suicide Bomber Kills 15 at a Sunni Mosque in Baghdad," New York Times, August 19, 2008.
209. John Agnew, Thomas W. Gillespie, Jorge Gonzales and Brian Min, "Commentary," in Environment and Planning A 40 (2008): 2285-95.
210. Frederick W. Kagan and Kimberly Kagan, "The Patton of Counterinsurgency: With a Sequence of Brilliant Offensives, Raymond Odierno Adapted the Petraeus Doctrine into a Successful Operational Art," The Weekly Standard 13 (2008): 25.
211. Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006)
212. Qassim Abdul-Zahra and Robert Burns, "Deal Calls for Troop Pullback in Iraq: U.S. Says Pact Still Needs Final Approvals," Boston Globe, August 21, 2008
213. Karen DeYoung, "U.S., Iraq Near Draft Agreement Regarding U.S. Troops," Washington Post, August 21, 2008
214. Stephen Farrell, "Draft Accord with Iraq Sets Goal of 2011 Pullout," New York Times, August 22, 2008.
215. James Fallows, "Why Iraq Has No Army," in his Blind into Baghdad: America's War in Iraq (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 147-86.
216. Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence (New York: New York University Press, 2007)
217. Paul White, Primitive Rebels or Revolutionary Modernizers? The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey (London: Zed Books, 2000)
218. David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, 3rd revised and updated ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004), 420-54
219. Dogu Ergil, "PKK: Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan," in Terror, Insurgency and the State, ed. Marianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, and John Tirman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 323-58.
220. "Galbraith Says Amnesty Key to End PKK Problem," Today's Zaman, September 17, 2007
221. Karen DeYoung, "Turkish-Kurdish Dispute Tests U.S. Strategic Alliances," Washington Post, May 8, 2007
222. David L. Phillips, Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating the Kurdistan Workers Party (Washington, D.C., National Committee on American Foreign Policy, October 15, 2007), http://www.ncafp.org/aboutus/pressreleases/ articles/PKKFINALReport10-15.pdf.
223. Amy Zalam, "Kurdish Militants in Iraq Play Dual Role of Terrorists and Allies," Los Angeles Times, April 16, 2008.
224. Patrick Cockburn, Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq (New York: Scribner, 2008), 185.
225. Epigraph: Nir Rosen, "The Death of Iraq," Current History (December 2007): 413.
226. Efraim Karsh, Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), 90.
227. Philip K. Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History, with a new introduction by Philip S. Khoury (Washington, D.C: Regnery, 1996 [1943]), 105-21
228. Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (London: Faber & Faber, 1991), 32-36.
229. Hugh Kennedy, When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 2005).
230. J. J. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001 [1971]), 231, note 75.
231. Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years (New York: Scribner, 1995), 97, 99.
232. Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq, revised ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 105-6.
233. The Belly of the Green Bird: The Triumph of the Martyrs in Iraq (New York: Free Press, 2006)
234. Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
235. Interview with Samantha Power, in Charles Ferguson, No End in Sight: Iraq's Descent into Chaos (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), 564.
236. Ala Bashir, The Insider: Trapped in Saddam's Brutal Regime (London: Abacus, 2005), passim. Chapter 6
237. Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Yezidism: Its Background, Observances and Textual Tradition (Lewiston, N.Y., Edwin Mellen Press, 1995).
238. The Kurds: A Concise Handbook (Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis, 1992), 136.
239. Elie Kedourie, "Minorities," in The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1984 [1952]), 286-317
240. Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s (London: Routledge, 2004)
241. Moshe Gat, The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948-1951 (London: Frank Cass, 1997)
242. Carole Basri, The Jews of Iraq: The Forgotten Case of Ethnic Cleansing (Jerusalem: Institute of the World Jewish Congress, 2003)
243. Phil Baum, The Jews of Iraq (New York: Commission on International Affairs, American Jewish Congress, 1969)
244. Yåusuf Rizq Allåah Ghanåimah, Reading A. Dallal, and Sheila Dallal, A Nostalgic Trip into the History of the Jews of Iraq (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998)
245. Nissim Rejwan, The Jews of Iraq: 3000 years of History and Culture (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985)
246. Abbas Shiblak, The Lure of Zion: The Case of the Iraqi Jews (London: Al Saqi, 1986)
247. Iraqi Jews: A History of Mass Exodus, updated ed. (London: Saqi, 2005).
248. John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary, "Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal Consociation as Political Prescription," International Journal of Constitutional Law 5 (4) (2007): 670-98
249. published in Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?, ed. Sujit Choudhry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 342-68.
250. Mehrdad R. Izady, The Kurds: A Concise Handbook [Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis, 1992]: 133, Table 5.
251. Jim Quilty, "Laughing into the void, making the machine speak Kurdish: Filmmaker Hiner Saleem reflects on art, politics and good vodka," Daily Star, October 22, 2004.
252. My Father's Rifle: A Childhood in Kurdistan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005).
253. Khaled Salih, "Kurdistan: From Threatened Entity to Constituent Unit," Middle East Roundtable, 3 (39) (October 27, 2005), http://www.bitterlemons-international.org/inside.php?id=427.
254. Andrew Arato, "Post Sovereign Constitution Making and Its Pathology," New York Law School Review (2006): 51.
255. Ashley S. Deeks and Matthew D. Burton, "Iraq's Constitution: A Drafting History," Cornell International Law Journal, 40 (1) (Winter 2007): 1-87.
256. Herbert Docena, "How the US Got Its Neoliberal Way in Iraq," Asia Times, September 1, 2005.
257. http://www.theonion.com/content/node/40323.
258. Brendan O'Leary, "A Knitter's Nightmare," Los Angeles Times (August 14, 2005): Current, M1.
259. Brendan O'Leary, "It Is Past Time to Re-Frame Thinking on the Constitutional Reconstruction of Iraq," PolitikWissen.de, August 2005, http://www.politikwissen.de/expertenforum/exp-oleary205.html.
260. Weak Viability: The Iraqi Federal State and the Constitutional Amendment Process (Washington, D.C.: Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, July 2006).
261. Oded Haklai, "A Minority Rule over a Hostile Majority: The Case of Syria," Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 6 (3) (2000): 19-50.
262. Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "Federalism, Not Partition: A System Devolving Power to the Regions Is the Route to a Viable Iraq," Washington Post, February 18, 2008: A19.
263. al-Rubaie, "Federalism, Not Partition."
264. International Crisis Group (ICG), "The Next Iraqi War? Sectarianism and Civil Conflict," Middle East Report 52 (February 27, 2006): ii.
265. Kanan Makiya, "Present at the Disintegration," New York Times, December 11, 2005.
266. Yahia Said, "Federal Choices Needed," Al-Ahram Weekly, March 2006, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/784/sc6.htm.
267. Donald L. Horowitz, "The Sunni Moment," Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2005.
268. "Turkey Wary of Iraqi-Kurd Plans to Export Oil," Nicosia, Deutsche Presse-Agentur, June 27, 2006, http://f28.parsimony.net/forum68059/ messages/4187.htm.
269. Deeks and Burton, "Iraq's Constitution," p. 57.
270. James Glanz, "Iraqi Sunni [Arab] Lands Show New Oil and Gas Promise," New York Times (February 19, 2007): A1.
271. Mahmoud Abdel-Fadil, "Macro Behaviour of Oil Rentier States in the Arab Region," in The Rentier State, ed. Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani (London, New York: Croom Helm, 1987), 83-107
272. Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1997).
273. "Oil, Islam and Women," American Political Science Review 102 (2) (February 2008)
274. "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Politics 53 (April 2001)
275. "The Political Economy of the Resource Curse," World Politics 51 (January 1999).
276. Brendan O'Leary, "Multi-National Federalism, Power-Sharing, Federacy & the Kurds of Iraq," Norwegian Foreign Ministry Workshop on Autonomy Arrangements and Internal Territorial Conflict, November 14-15, 2003, Oslo
277. David R. Rezvani, Federacy: The Dynamics of Semi-Sovereign Territories (2003, an unpublished manuscript, based on his Oxford University Ph.D. thesis).
278. Ofra Bengio, Saddam's World: Political Discourse in Iraq (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 119.
279. Ronald L. Watts, "Models of Federal Power-Sharing," International Social Science Journal (March 2001): 23-32.
280. Deeks and Burton, "Iraq's Constitution," pp. 5-18
281. Peter W. Galbraith, The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 199-200.
282. Epigraph: Editorial, "No Hope for Kashmir?" The Economist 356 (2000): 18-19.
283. Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq, 39
284. Tripp, A History of Iraq, 8
285. Alastair Northedge, "Al-Iraqi al-Arabi: Iraq's Greatest Region in the Pre-Modern Period," in An Iraq of Its Regions? Cornerstones of a Federal Democracy, ed. Reidar Visser and Gareth Stansfield (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 151-66
286. Richard Schofield, "Borders, Regions and Time: Defining the Iraqi Territorial State," in An Iraq of Its Regions?, ed. Visser and Stansfield, 167-204.
287. Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations, From World War I to 1998 (Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Press, 1998), 15, Map 3.
288. J. C. Hurewsitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1956), Vol. 1, 21-23
289. the Ottoman version may be found at http://www.parstimes.com/history/ iran-ottoman.html.
290. Shlomo Avineri, "Iraq May Be Wise to Forsake Unity for Democracy," Financial Times, November 17, 2003.
291. Leslie H. Gelb, "The Three-State Solution," New York Times, November 25, 2003.
292. "The Biden-Gelb Plan for Iraq - One Year Later," All American Patriots, May 1, 2007, http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48722178-joe-biden- biden-gelb-plan-iraq-one-year-later.
293. Peter Galbraith, "Iraq: The Way to Go," New York Review of Books 54 (13) (August 16, 2007)
294. "What Are We Holding Together?" Washington Post, November 7, 2005
295. The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).
296. Christopher Hitchens, "Mesopotamia Split? Considering Peter Galbraith's Proposal for Iraq," Slate, March 26, 2007, http://www.slate. com/id/2162656/.
297. Edward P. Joseph and Michael E. O'Hanlon, The Case for Soft Partition in Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Analysis Paper, The Brookings Institution, June 2007)
298. David Brooks, "The Road to Partition," New York Times, September 11, 2007.
299. Jeffrey Goldberg, "After Iraq: A Report from the New Middle East - and a Glimpse of Its Possible Future," The Atlantic 301 (1) (2008).
300. Thomas L. Friedman, "Watch the Sunni Tribes," New York Times, August 29, 2007.
301. Brendan O'Leary, "Analyzing Partition: Definition, Classification and Explanation," Political Geography 26 (8) (2007): 886-908.
302. "Debating Partition: Justifications, Critiques, & Evaluation," Working Paper in British-Irish Studies, Number 78 (Dublin and Belfast: IBIS, UCD-QUB, 2006).
303. Chaim Kaufmann, "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars," International Security 20 (4) (1996): 136-75
304. "When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century," International Security 23 (2) (Fall 1998): 120-56.
305. Nicholas Sambanis, "Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature," World Politics 52 (July 2000): 437-83.
306. Brendan O'Leary, "Debating Partition."
307. David Brooks, "The Road to Partition," New York Times, September 11, 2007.
308. Chaim Kaufmann, "Divided and Conquered, Iraq Descends into Civil War," The Jewish Daily Forward, April 7, 2006.
309. Shailagh Murray, "Senate Endorses Plan to Divide Iraq: Action Shows Rare Bipartisan Consensus," Washington Post, September 26, 2007
310. Elana Schor, "Biden's Iraq Plan Scores Senate Win," The Hill, September 27, 2007.
311. "Iraq's Partition Fantasy," openDemocracy (2006): 1-4, http://www.opendemocracy.net/.
312. "Basra, the Reluctant Seat of 'Shiastan'," Middle East Report (242), http://www.merip.org/mer/mer242/visser.html
313. "Unitary State, Federalism or Partition: Poll Data Give Mixed Picture of Iraq South of Baghdad," Historiae.org, April 10, 2007, http://historiae.org/poll.asp.
314. Visser and Stansfield, eds., An Iraq of Its Regions?
315. Feisal Amin Rasoul al-Istrabadi, "Rebuilding a Nation: Myths, Realities, and Solutions in Iraq," Harvard International Review 29 (1) (2007): 14-19.
316. James A. Baker, III, Lee H. Hamilton, Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Vernon E. Jordan Jr., Edwin Meese III, Sandra Day O'Connor, Leon E. Panetta, William J. Perry, Charles S. Robb, and Alan K. Simpson, The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward - A New Approach (New York: Vintage, 2006): 39.
317. Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq 1914-1932 (Oxford: The Middle East Centre of St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1976)
318. Richard Schofield, "Borders, Regions and Time: Defining the Iraqi Territorial State," in Visser and Stansfield, eds., An Iraq of Its Regions?, 167-204.
319. Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (Transitional Law 040308), reprinted in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. Brendan O'Leary, John McGarry, and Khaled Salih (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 315-40.
320. "Kurdistan President Visits Kirkuk," Kurdish Globe, August 14, 2008.
321. "Professor Brendan O'Leary Interviews Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani," in Brendan O'Leary, ed., The Kurdistan Region: Invest in the Future (Washington, D.C., and London: Newsdesk Publications, 2008), 46-49.
322. Sumedha Senanayake, "Iraq: Kirkuk Referendum Likely to Be Delayed," September 12, 2007, Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Liberty.
323. AFP, "Kirkuk 'city of Kurdistan': Barzani," Kurdish Globe, August 9, 2008, http://kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id= 87E86DB31934761253CC77510C73CF6D. Chapter 8
324. Arshak Safrastian, Kurds and Kurdistan (The Hague: Mouton & Co, 1948), 97(a).
325. Ala Bashir, The Insider: Trapped in Saddam's Brutal Regime (London: Abacus, 2005), 285.
326. Michael Gunter, "Turkey's New Neighbor, Kurdistan," in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. Brendan O'Leary, John McGarry, and Khaled Salih (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 219-34.
327. Henri J. Barkey and Graham Fuller, Turkey's Kurdish Question (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998)
328. Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma (Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1990)
329. Kemal Kirisci and Gareth M. Winrow, The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997)
330. Robert W. Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion 1880-1925 (Austin: University of Texas, 1989)
331. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996)
332. The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998 (Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Press, 1998).
333. Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structure of Kurdistan (London: Zed Books, 1992)
334. "Multiple Shifting Identities: The Kurds, Turkey, and Europe," Paper read at Conference on Redefining the Nation, State and the Citizen, March 28-29, 1996, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
335. "Kurds, States and Tribes," in Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East, ed. Faleh Jabar and Hosham Dawod (London: Saqi, 2003), 165-84.
336. Hakan Ozoglu, "Will Turkey Seize Northern Iraq?" History News Network (2006), http://hnn.us/articles/32032.html.
337. "'Nationalism' and Kurdish Notables in the Late Ottoman-Early Republican Era," International Journal of Middle East Studies 33 (2001): 383-409
338. Cecil J. Edmonds, Kurds, Turks and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925 (London: Oxford University Press, 1957), especially Part 4, "The Mosul Commission."
339. Ernest Gellner's "Kemalism," in Encounters with Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994), 81-91.
340. Ümit Cizre, "Turkey's Kurdish Problem: Borders, Identity and Hegemony," in Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders, ed. Brendan O'Leary, Ian S. Lustick, and Thomas M. Callaghy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 222-52.
341. "Turkish Army Flexes Muscles on Iraq, Cyprus," Washington Post, January 16, 2004.
342. Henry A. Kissinger, "Reflections on a Sovereign Iraq," Washington Post, February 8, 2004.
343. Michael Gunter, "Turkey's New Neighbor, Kurdistan," in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. O'Leary, McGarry, and Salih, 219-34.
344. Robert W. Olson, Turkish-Kurdish Relations: A Year of Significant Developments," Insight Turkey 10 (3) (2008): 23-51.
345. Mansoor Moaddel, Islamic Modernism, Nationalism and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005)
346. Mansoor Moaddel and Kamran Talatoff, eds., Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam: A Reader (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).
347. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
348. Ümit Cizre, "Kurdish Nationalism from an Islamist Perspective: The Discourses of Turkish Islamist Writers," Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 1 (April 1998): 73-89.
349. Alfred Stepan, "The World's Religious Systems and Democracy: Crafting the 'Twin Tolerations'," in his Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 213-54.
350. Walker Connor, "Eco-or Ethno-Nationalism?", Ethnic and Racial Studies 7 (October 1984): 342-59.
351. McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, especially pp. 420-54.
352. Rudolf Rummel, Death by Government (London: Transaction, 1997), 209 ff.
353. Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the Chemical War Against the Iraqi Kurds," in Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, ed. George J. Andreopoulos (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 141-70.
354. Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)
355. Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, trans. P. Bessemer (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
356. "The Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey," in Jwaideh Wadie, The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Its Origins and Development, with a Foreword by Martin van Bruinessen (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2006), 203-18.
357. McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, 198.
358. Amir Hassenpour, Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 (San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992).
359. Abdullah Ocalan, Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation, trans. Klaus Happel (London: Pluto Press, 2007).
360. Mark Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam (New York: Grove Press, 2007).
361. Tim Wells, 444 Days: The Hostages Remember (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985).
362. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg7r7-R-H2Q.
363. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-zoPgv-nYg.
364. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeThckstKNE&feature=related.
365. Martin Woollacott, "Cyanide on the Table," The Guardian, July 10, 2008, 28.
366. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle, 394-95.
367. http://www.parstimes.com/history/algiers-accords.pdf.
368. Peter Kornbluh and Malcolm Byrne, The Iran-Contra Scandal: The Declassified History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993).
369. Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: Wiley, 2003)
370. Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change, From Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Henry Holt [Times Books], 2006), 111-28.
371. Kermit Roosevelt, Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979).
372. Sepehr Zabih, The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Lake View, 1982)
373. Fakhreddin Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), 118-53.
374. Roy Mottahedeh's evocative pages in his The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2005 [1985]), Chapter 4.
375. Brian Spooner, "The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (Review Article)," Iranian Studies 37 (1) (2004): 109-16.
376. Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982).
377. James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1983)
378. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004)
379. Barry Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York: Penguin, 1981)
380. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America's Fateful Encounter with Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 1985).
381. Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007).
382. Peter W. Galbraith, "The Victor?", New York Review of Books 54 (15) (October 11, 2007).
383. Graham E. Fuller, "The Center of the Universe": The Geopolitics of Iran (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991).
384. Ken Pollack, The Persian Puzzle, 396-98.
385. Bengio, Saddam's Word, 140.
386. James Glanz and Alyssa Rubin, "U.S. and Iran Find Common Ground in Iraq's Shiite Conflict," New York Times, April 21, 2008.
387. Patrick Cockburn, "Iran v. America," London Review of Books, 30 (12) (June 6, 2008):7-8.
388. Geoffrey Kemp, Iran and Iraq: The Shia Connection, Soft Power, and the Nuclear Factor (Washington, D.C.: Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, November 2005), http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr156.pdf
389. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004)
390. Ramberg Bennett, John Thomson, Geoffrey Forden, William Luers, Thomas R. Pickering, and Jim Walsh, "Iran and the Bomb: An Exchange," New York Review of Books 55 (6) (2008).
391. Brendan O'Leary, "Theocracy and the Separation of Powers," in The Political Economy of Theocracy, ed. Ron Wintrobe and Mario Ferrero (London and New York: Palgrave, 2009).
392. Robert W. Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations, From World War I to 1998 (Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Press, 1998).
393. A. R. Ghassenlou, "Kurdistan in Iran," in People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, ed. Gérard Chaliand (London: Zed Press, 1980), 95-103.
394. McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, especially 214-86
395. Farideh Koohi-Kemali, The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
396. Leading Article, "The Iraqi Dustbowl: A Once Fertile Land Is Threatened by Severe Drought," The Times (London), July 29, 2008.
397. Reflections on Exile and Other Essays (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002)
398. "New Nationalist Myths," in Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising and the Arab World (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993).
399. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad.
400. Roula Khalaf, "Why Arab States Must Embrace Iraq," Financial Times, August 19, 2008.
401. Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Oneonta, N.Y.: Islamic Publications International, 2002).
402. Fred Halliday, "Saudi Arabia 1997: A Family Business in Trouble," in his Nation and Religion in the Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2000), 169-76.
403. Robert Vitalis, America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier, Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006).
404. Minister of Foreign Affairs Prince Saud Al-Faisal's statement to the 62nd session of the UN General Assembly, September 28, 2007, http://www. saudiembassy.net/2007News/Statements/StateDetail.asp?cIndex=700.
405. Gabrielle Rifkind et al., From the Swamp to Terra Firma: The Regional Role in the Stabilization of Iraq (London: Oxford Research Group, King Faisal Center, and Diplomatic Institute Riyadh, April 2008), http://www. oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing-papers/fromtheswamp.php.
406. William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution/University of California Press, 2001)
407. Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
408. Epigraphs: Barzani quotation from "A Talk with Kurdish President Massoud Barzani," Interview by Ma'ad Fayad, Asharq Alawsat, September 1, 2008, http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=13920.
409. Kennan quotation from http://hnn.us/articles/997.html.
410. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw2nkoGLhrE.
411. "A Talk with Kurdish President Massoud Barzani."
412. Noah Feldman, What We Owe Iraq: War and the Ethics of Nation Building (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004)
413. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq (New York: Random House, 2002).
414. Clint "Q" Hinote, "The Drawdown Asymmetry: Why Ground Forces Will Depart Iraq But Air Forces Will Stay," Strategic Studies Quarterly 2 (2) (2008): 31-62.
415. John Kenneth Galbraith, How to Get Out of Vietnam (New York: Signet Books, 1967).
416. Lloyd C. Gardner and Marilyn B. Young, eds., Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam: Or, How Not to Learn from the Past (New York: New Press, 2007).
417. Max Boot, "How Not to Get Out of Iraq," Commentary, September 2007.