Management of squamous cell vulvar cancer: A review

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1217-1225

  Deppe, Gunter ^a,b   Mert, Ismail ^a   Winer, Ira S ^a,b  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Review; Squamous cell cancer; Vulvar cancer

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CISPLATIN; ERLOTINIB; FLUOROURACIL; METHOTREXATE; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; TOPOTECAN;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; VULVA CANCER; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; FEMALE; PATHOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; VULVAR NEOPLASMS; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYSTIC LYMPHANGIOMA; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHEDEMA; MICROMETASTASIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PLASTIC SURGERY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION; VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE; VULVA CARCINOMA; VULVECTOMY;

CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; NEOPLASM STAGING; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; VULVAR NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84903638651     PISSN: 13418076     EISSN: 14470756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jog.12352     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013; 63: 11-30.
2. Rolfe KJ, MacLean AB, Crow JC, Benjamin E, Reid WM, Perrett CW. TP53 mutations in vulvar lichen sclerosus adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 2249-2253. (Pubitemid 38168007)
3. Choschzick M, Hantaredja W, Tennstedt P, Gieseking F, Wolber L, Simon R. Role of TP53 mutations in vulvar carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 497-504.
4. Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ et al. Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine 2012; 30 (Suppl 5): F12-F23.
5. Monk BJ, Burger RA, Lin F, Parham G, Vasilev SA,Wilczynski SP. Prognostic significance of human papillomavirus DNA in vulvar carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85 (5 Pt 1): 709-715.
6. Levenback CF, Ali S, Coleman RL et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: A gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 3786-3791.
7. Moore DH, Ali S, Koh WJ et al. A phase II trial of radiation therapy and weekly cisplatin chemotherapy for the treatment of locally-advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: A gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 529-533.
8. Tans L, Ansink AC, van Rooij PH, Kleijnen C, Mens JW. The role of chemo-radiotherapy in the management of locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva: Single institutional experience and review of literature. Am J Clin Oncol 2011; 34: 22-26.
9. Moore DH. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: Are two therapies better than one? Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 379-383.
10. Mak RH, Halasz LM, Tanaka CK et al. Outcomes after radiation therapy with concurrent weekly platinum-based chemotherapy or every-3-4-week 5-fluorouracil-containing regimens for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 120: 101-107.
11. Tomao F, Di Tucci C, Marchetti C, Perniola G, Bellati F, Panici PB. Role of chemotherapy in the management of vulvar carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82: 25-39.
12. Cohn DE, Dehdashti F, Gibb RK et al. Prospective evaluation of positron emission tomography for the detection of groin node metastases from vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 85: 179-184. (Pubitemid 34304031)
13. Kataoka MY, Sala E, Baldwin P et al. The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in staging of vulvar cancer: A retrospective multi-centre study. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 82-87.
14. Bipat S, Fransen GA, Spijkerboer AM et al. Is there a role for magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of inguinal lymph node metastases in patients with vulva carcinoma? Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103: 1001-1006. (Pubitemid 44830068)
15. Pecorelli S. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 103-104.
16. van der Steen S, de Nieuwenhof HP, Massuger L, Bulten J, de Hullu JA. New FIGO staging system of vulvar cancer indeed provides a better reflection of prognosis. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119: 520-525.
17. Tabbaa ZM, Gonzalez J, Sznurkowski JJ,Weaver AL, Mariani A, Cliby WA. Impact of the new FIGO 2009 staging classification for vulvar cancer on prognosis and stage distribution. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 127: 147-152.
18. Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: The 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 1471-1474.
19. Hacker NF, Eifel PJ, van der Velden J. Cancer of the vulva. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119 (Suppl 2): S90-S96.
20. Kelley JL, 3rd, Burke TW, Tornos C et al. Minimally invasive vulvar carcinoma: An indication for conservative surgical therapy. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 44: 240-244.
21. Magrina JF, Webb MJ, Gaffey TA, Symmonds RE. Stage I squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 134: 453-459. (Pubitemid 9160905)
22. Hampl M, Kueppers V, Bender HG. Single large inguinal lymph node metastasis in human papillomavirus-induced early invasive vulvar cancer of the anterior fourchette in two young women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2009; 67: 42-45.
23. Sidor J, Diallo-Danebrock R, Eltze E, Lelle RJ. Challenging the concept of microinvasive carcinoma of the vulva: Report of a case with regional lymph node recurrence and review of the literature. BMC Cancer 2006; 6: 157.
24. Way S. Carcinoma of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1960; 79: 692-697.
25. Rutledge F, Smith JP, Franklin EW. Carcinoma of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 106: 1117-1130.
26. Figge DC, Gaudenz R. Invasive carcinoma of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 119: 382-395.
27. Sturgeon SR, Brinton LA, Devesa SS, Kurman RJ. In situ and invasive vulvar cancer incidence trends. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 166: 1482-1485.
28. Byron RL, Jr, Mishell DR, Jr, Yonemoto RH. The surgical treatment of invasive carcinoma of the vulva. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1965; 121: 1243-1251.
29. Lin JY, DuBeshter B, Angel C, Dvoretsky PM. Morbidity and recurrence with modifications of radical vulvectomy and groin dissection. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 80-86.
30. Hacker NF, Leuchter RS, Berek JS, Castaldo TW, Lagasse LD. Radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy through separate groin incisions. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58: 574-579.
31. Siller BS, Alvarez RD, Conner WD et al. T2/3 vulva cancer: A case-control study of triple incision versus en bloc radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol 1995; 57: 335-339.
32. Grimshaw RN, Murdoch JB, Monaghan JM. Radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal-femoral lymphadenectomy through separate incisions-experience with 100 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1993; 3: 18-23. (Pubitemid 23207592)
33. Schulz MJ, Penalver M. Recurrent vulvar carcinoma in the intervening tissue bridge in early invasive stage I disease treated by radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin dissection through separate incisions. Gynecol Oncol 1989; 35: 383-386. (Pubitemid 20025907)
34. Rose PG. Skin bridge recurrences in vulvar cancer: Frequency and management. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 508-511. (Pubitemid 30027557)
35. De Hullu JA, Hollema H, Lolkema S et al. Vulvar carcinoma. The price of less radical surgery. Cancer 2002; 95: 2331-2338. (Pubitemid 35351139)
36. Stehman FB, Bundy BN, Dvoretsky PM, Creasman WT. Early stage I carcinoma of the vulva treated with ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy and modified radical hemivulvectomy: A prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 490-497.
37. Homesley HD, Bundy BN, Sedlis A et al. Prognostic factors for groin node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (a Gynecologic Oncology Group study). Gynecol Oncol 1993; 49: 279-283. (Pubitemid 23191198)
38. Lataifeh I, Nascimento MC, Nicklin JL, Perrin LC, Crandon AJ, Obermair A. Patterns of recurrence and disease-free survival in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 95: 701-705. (Pubitemid 39610412)
39. Hoffman MS. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: Locally advanced disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 17: 635-647. (Pubitemid 37168284)
40. Hockel M, Dornhofer N. Vulvovaginal reconstruction for neoplastic disease. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 559-568. (Pubitemid 351722581)
41. Gaarenstroom KN, Kenter GG, Trimbos JB et al. Postoperative complications after vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy using separate groin incisions. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13: 522-527. (Pubitemid 38220673)
42. Van der Zee AG, Oonk MH, De Hullu JA et al. Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 884-889. (Pubitemid 351398080)
43. Levenback CF, van der Zee AG, Rob L et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with gynecologic cancers Expert panel statement from the International Sentinel Node Society Meeting, February 21. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 114: 151-156.
44. Hassanzade M, Attaran M, Treglia G, Yousefi Z, Sadeghi R. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: Systematic review and metaanalysis of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 130: 237-245.
45. Woelber L, Kock L, Gieseking F et al. Clinical management of primary vulvar cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 2315-2321.
46. Carlson JW, Kauderer J, Walker JL et al. A randomized phase III trial of VH fibrin sealant to reduce lymphedema after inguinal lymph node dissection: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110: 76-82.
47. Buda A, Fruscio R, Pirovano C, Signorelli M, Betti M, Milani R. The use of TachoSil for the prevention of postoperative complications after groin dissection in cases of gynecologic malignancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 117: 217-219.
48. Tauber R, Schmid S, Horn T et al. Inguinal lymph node dissection: Epidermal vacuum therapy for prevention of wound complications. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66: 390-396.
49. Morotti M, Menada MV, Boccardo F et al. Lymphedema microsurgical preventive healing approach for primary prevention of lower limb lymphedema after inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 769-774.
50. Manci N, Marchetti C, Esposito F et al. Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy: Randomized trial comparing inguinal skin access above or below the inguinal ligament. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 721-728.
51. Hinten F, van den Einden LC, Hendriks JC et al. Risk factors for short-and long-term complications after groin surgery in vulvar cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 1279-1287.
52. Aerts L, Enzlin P, Vergote I, Verhaeghe J, Poppe W, Amant F. Sexual, psychological, and relational functioning in women after surgical treatment for vulvar malignancy: A literature review. J Sex Med 2012; 9: 361-371.
53. Deppe G, Mert I, Belotte J,Winer IS. Chemotherapy of vulvar cancer: A review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125: 119-128.
54. Montana GS, Thomas GM, Moore DH et al. Preoperative chemo-radiation for carcinoma of the vulva with N2/N3 nodes: A gynecologic oncology group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48: 1007-1013.
55. Moore DH, Thomas GM, Montana GS, Saxer A, Gallup DG, Olt G. Preoperative chemoradiation for advanced vulvar cancer:A phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 42: 79-85. (Pubitemid 28435599)
56. Landoni F, Maneo A, Zanetta G et al. Concurrent preoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C and radiotherapy (FUMIR) followed by limited surgery in locally advanced and recurrent vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1996; 61: 321-327. (Pubitemid 26169256)
57. Eifel PJ, Morris M, Burke TW, Levenback C, Gershenson DM. Prolonged continuous infusion cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with radiation for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1995; 59: 51-56.
58. Domingues AP, Mota F, Durao M, Frutuoso C, Amaral N, de Oliveira CF. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced vulvar cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 294-298.
59. Witteveen PO, van der Velden J, Vergote I et al. Phase II study on paclitaxel in patients with recurrent, metastatic or locally advanced vulvar cancer not amenable to surgery or radiotherapy: A study of the EORTC-GCG (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Gynaecological Cancer Group). Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 1511-1516.
60. Geisler JP, Manahan KJ, Buller RE. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in vulvar cancer: Avoiding primary exenteration. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 100: 53-57. (Pubitemid 41815049)
61. Aragona AM, Cuneo N, Soderini AH et al. Tailoring the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery: Results from a multicenter study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1258-1263.
62. Belotte J, Awonuga AO, Bolinjkar R, Alexis M, Tabassum F, Deppe G. Platinum-based combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120 (2 Pt 2): 458-460.
63. Benedetti-Panici P, Greggi S, Scambia G, Salerno G, Cisplatin MS. P), bleomycin (B), and methotrexate (M) preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1993; 50: 49-53. (Pubitemid 23235511)
64. Achilli C, Palaia I, Perniola G, Donato VD, Marchetti C, Benedetti Panici P. Complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy of an advanced vulvar cancer patient: A case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012; 38: 1036-1039.
65. Cormio G, Loizzi V, Gissi F et al. Cisplatin and vinorelbine chemotherapy in recurrent vulvar carcinoma. Oncology 2009; 77: 281-284.
66. Horowitz NS, Olawaiye AB, Borger DR et al. Phase II trial of erlotinib in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 127: 141-146.
67. Monk BJ, Willmott LJ, Sumner DA. Anti-angiogenesis agents in metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116: 181-186.
68. Bellati F, Angioli R, Manci N et al. Single agent cisplatin chemotherapy in surgically resected vulvar cancer patients with multiple inguinal lymph node metastases. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 227-231. (Pubitemid 39612441)
69. Stehman FB, Bundy BN, Thomas G, Varia M, Okagaki T et al. Groin dissection versus groin radiation in carcinoma of the vulva: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24: 389-396.
70. Gadducci A, Cionini L, Romanini A, Fanucchi A, Genazzani AR. Old and new perspectives in the management of high-risk, locally advanced or recurrent, and metastatic vulvar cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 60: 227-241. (Pubitemid 44709620)
71. Stehman FB, Bundy BN, Thomas G et al. Groin dissection versus groin radiation in carcinoma of the vulva: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24: 389-396.
72. Eifel PJ. Vulvar carcinoma: Radiotherapy or surgery for the lymphatics? Front Radiat Ther Oncol 1994; 28: 218-225.
73. Homesley HD, Bundy BN, Sedlis A, Adcock L. Radiation therapy versus pelvic node resection for carcinoma of the vulva with positive groin nodes. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68: 733-740. (Pubitemid 17190208)
74. Kunos C, Simpkins F, Gibbons H, Tian C, Homesley H. Radiation therapy compared with pelvic node resection for node-positive vulvar cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114: 537-546.
75. Boronow RC, Hickman BT, Reagan MT, Smith RA, Steadham RE. Combined therapy as an alternative to exenteration for locally advanced vulvovaginal cancer. II. Results, complications, and dosimetric and surgical considerations. Am J Clin Oncol 1987; 10: 171-181. (Pubitemid 17055336)
76. Perez CA, Grigsby PW, Galakatos A et al. Radiation therapy in management of carcinoma of the vulva with emphasis on conservation therapy. Cancer 1993; 71: 3707-3716. (Pubitemid 23152688)
77. Podratz KC, Symmonds RE, Taylor WF. Carcinoma of the vulva: Analysis of treatment failures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143: 340-351. (Pubitemid 12119243)
78. Boyce J, Fruchter RG, Kasambilides E, Nicastri AD, Sedlis A, Remy JC. Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1985; 20: 364-377. (Pubitemid 15143762)
79. Binder SW, Huang I, Fu YS, Hacker NF, Berek JS. Risk factors for the development of lymph node metastasis in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 37: 9-16. (Pubitemid 20147961)
80. Heaps JM, Fu YS, Montz FJ, Hacker NF, Berek JS. Surgicalpathologic variables predictive of local recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 38: 309-314. (Pubitemid 20362547)
81. Burger MP, Hollema H, Emanuels AG, Krans M, Pras E, Bouma J. The importance of the groin node status for the survival of T1 and T2 vulvar carcinoma patients. Gynecol Oncol 1995; 57: 327-334.
82. Woelber L, Mahner S, Voelker K et al. Clinicopathological prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence in vulvar cancer. Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 545-552.
83. Faul CM, Mirmow D, Huang Q, Gerszten K, Day R, Jones MW. Adjuvant radiation for vulvar carcinoma: Improved local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 38: 381-389. (Pubitemid 27318656)
84. Groenen SM, Timmers PJ, Burger CW. Recurrence rate in vulvar carcinoma in relation to pathological margin distance. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 869-873.
85. Fons G, Groenen SM, Oonk MH et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with vulvar cancer and one intra capsular lymph node metastasis is not beneficial. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 343-345.
86. Parthasarathy A, Cheung MK, Osann K et al. The benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in single-node-positive squamous cell vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103: 1095-1099. (Pubitemid 44830072)
87. Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watkins EB et al. Concurrent cisplatinbased radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1144-1153. (Pubitemid 29177873)
88. Wahlen SA, Slater JD, Wagner RJ et al. Concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cancer 1995; 75: 2289-2294.
89. Beriwal S, Coon D, Heron DE et al. Preoperative intensitymodulated radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109: 291-295. (Pubitemid 351609111)
90. Han SC, Kim DH, Higgins SA, Carcangiu ML, Kacinski BM. Chemoradiation as primary or adjuvant treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47: 1235-1244. (Pubitemid 30421176)