Old and new perspectives in the management of high-risk, locally advanced or recurrent, and metastatic vulvar cancer

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 227-241

  Gadducci, Angiolo ^a   Cionini, Luca ^a   Romanini, Antonella ^b   Fanucchi, Antonio ^a   Genazzani, Andrea Riccardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

5 Fluorouracil; Chemoradiation; Cisplatin; Inguinal femoral lymphadenectomy; Irradiation; Neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Radical vulvectomy; Vulvar cancer

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CISPLATIN; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; IFOSFAMIDE; LOMUSTINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOMYCIN C; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; RECOMBINANT ALPHA INTERFERON; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ADVANCED CANCER; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; BARTHOLIN GLAND; BILATERAL INGUINAL FEMORAL LYMPHADENECTOMY; BLOOD TOXICITY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; EN BLOCK RADICAL VULVECTOMY; EVISCERATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INGUINAL LYMPH NODE; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; INTESTINE PERFORATION; LUNG TOXICITY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NEUTROPENIA; PAGET SKIN DISEASE; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENT CANCER; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; SKIN ATROPHY; SKIN EXFOLIATION; SKIN TOXICITY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL RATE; VULVA CANCER; VULVECTOMY;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; RECURRENCE; VULVAR NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33750692334     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.06.009     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Sturgeon S.R., Brinton L.A., Devesa S.S., and Kurman R.J. In situ and invasive vulvar cancer incidence trends (1973 to 1987). Am J Obstet Gynecol 166 (1992) 1482-1485
2. Ansink A.C., and Heintz A.P. Epidemiology and etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 48 (1993) 111-115
3. Coulter J., and Gleeson N. Local and regional recurrence of vulval cancer: management dilemmas. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 17 (2003) 663-681
4. Monaghan J.M. The management of carcinoma of the vulva. In: Sheperd J.H., and Monaghan J.M. (Eds). Clinical gynaecological oncology. 2nd ed. (1990), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 140-167
5. Stang A., Streller B., Eisinger B., and Jockel K.H. Population-based incidence rates of malignant melanoma of the vulva in Germany. Gynecol Oncol 96 (2005) 216-221
6. Harting M.S., and Kim K.B. Biochemotherapy in patients with advanced vulvovaginal mucosal melanoma. Melanoma Res 14 (2004) 517-520
7. Copeland L.J., Sneige N., Gershenson D.M., McGuffee V.B., Abdul-Karim F., and Rutledge F.N. Bartholin gland carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 67 (1986) 794-801
8. Massad L.S., and De Geest K. Multimodality therapy for carcinoma of the Bartholin gland. Gynecol Oncol 75 (1999) 305-307
9. de Giorgi V., Salvini C., Massi D., Raspollini M.R., and Carli P. Vulvar basal cell carcinoma: retrospective study and review of literature. Gynecol Oncol 97 (2005) 192-194
10. Parker L.P., Parker J.R., Bodurka-Bevers D., et al. Paget's disease of the vulva: pathology, pattern of involvement, and prognosis. Gynecol Oncol 77 (2000) 183-189
11. Ulutin H.C., Zellars R.C., and Frassica D. Soft tissue sarcoma of the vulva: a clinical study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 13 (2003) 528-531
12. Neto A.G., Deavers M.T., Silva E.G., and Malpica A. Metastatic tumors of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study of 66 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 27 (2003) 799-804
13. Flanagan C.W., Parker J.R., Mannel R.S., Min K.W., and Kida M. Primary endodermal sinus tumor of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 66 (1997) 515-518
14. Khunamornpong S., Siriaunkgul S., Suprasert P., and Chitapanarux I. Yolk sac tumor of the vulva: a case report with long-term disease-free survival. Gynecol Oncol 97 (2005) 238-242
15. Piura B., Gemer O., Rabinovich A., and Yanai-Inbar I. Primary breast carcinoma of the vulva: case report and review of literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 23 (2002) 21-24
16. Japaze H., Van Dinh T., and Woodruff J.D. Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva: study of 24 cases. Obstet Gynecol 60 (1982) 462-466
17. Beller U., Maissoneuve P., Benedet J.L., et al. Carcinoma of the vulva. Int J Gynecol Obstet 83 Suppl 1 (2003) 7-26
18. Hacker N.F., Berek J.S., Lagasse L.D., Leuchter R.S., and Moore J.G. Management of regional lymph nodes and their prognostic influence in vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol 61 (1983) 408-412
19. Podratz K.C., Symmonds R.E., Taylor W.F., and Williams T.J. Carcinoma of the vulva: analysis of treatment and survival. Obstet Gynecol 61 (1983) 63-74
20. Homesley H.D., Bundy B.N., Sedlis A., et al. Prognostic factors for groin node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study). Gynecol Oncol 49 (1993) 279-283
21. Gadducci A., Prato B., Fanucchi A., Bonuccelli A., Cristofani R., and Facchini V. Disease-free survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated with radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal-femoral lymphadenectomy: analysis of prognostic variables. Cancer J 6 (1993) 269-273
22. Creasman W.T., Phillips J.L., and Menck H.R. The National Cancer Data Base report on early stage invasive vulvar carcinoma. Cancer 80 (1997) 505-513
23. Maggino T., Landoni F., Sartori E., et al. Patterns of recurrence in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. A multicenter CTF study. Cancer 89 (2000) 116-122
24. Hacker N.F., and Van der Velden J. Conservative management of early vulvar cancer. Cancer 71 (1993) 1673-1677
25. Morley G.W. Infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva: results of surgical treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124 (1976) 874-888
26. Iversen T., Aalders J.G., Christensen A., and Kolstad P. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review of 424 patients, 1956-1974. Gynecol Oncol 9 (1980) 271-279
27. Podratz K.C., Symmonds R.E., and Taylor W.F. Carcinoma of the vulva: analysis of treatment failures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 143 (1982) 340-351
28. Homesley H.D., Bundy B.N., Sedlis A., and Adcock L. Radiation therapy versus pelvic node resection for carcinoma of the vulva with positive groin nodes. Obstet Gynecol 68 (1986) 733-740
29. Thomas G.M., Dembo A.J., Bryson S.C.P., Osborne R., and DePetrillo A.D. Changing concepts in the management of vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 42 (1991) 9-21
30. Franklin III E.W., and Rutledge F.D. Prognostic factors in epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva. Obstet Gynecol 37 (1971) 892-901
31. Cavanagh D., Fiorica J.V., Hoffman M.S., et al. Invasive carcinoma of the vulva: changing trends in surgical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163 (1990) 1007-1015
32. Cavanagh D. Vulvar cancer-continuing evolution in management. Gynecol Oncol 66 (1997) 362-367
33. Burke T.W., Stringer C.A., Gershenson D.M., Edwards C.L., Morris M., and Wharton J.T. Radical wide excision and selective inguinal node dissection for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 38 (1990) 328-332
34. Morgan M.A., and Miikuta J.J. Surgical management of vulvar cancer. Sem Surg Oncol 17 (1999) 168-172
35. Rodolakis A., Diakomanolis E., Voulgaris Z., Akrivos T., Vlachos G., and Michalas S. Squamous vulvar cancer: a clinically based individualization of treatment. Gynecol Oncol 78 (2000) 346-351
36. Homesley H.D. Management of vulvar cancer. Cancer 76 (1995) 2159-2170
37. Nash J.D., and Curry S. Vulvar cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 7 (1998) 335-346
38. Dhar K.K., and Woolas R.P. Changes in the management of vulval cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 17 (2003) 529-542
39. Arvas M., Kose F., Gezer A., Demirkiran F., Tulunay G., and Kosebay D. Radical versus conservative surgery for vulvar carcinoma. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 88 (2005) 127-133
40. Heaps J.M., Fu Y.S., Montz F.J., Hacker N.F., and Berek J.S. Surgical-pathologic variables predictive of local recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 38 (1990) 309-314
41. De Hullu J.A., Hollema H., Lolkema S., et al. Vulvar carcinoma. The price of less radical surgery. Cancer 95 (2002) 2331-2338
42. Benedet J.L., Bender H., Jones III H., Ngan H.Y.S., and Pecorelli S. FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. Int J Gynecol Obstet 70 (2000) 209-262
43. Magrina J.F., Gonzalez-Bosquet J., Weaver A.L., et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva IA: long-term results. Gynecol Oncol 76 (2000) 24-27
44. Burrell M.O., Franklin III E.W., Champion M., Crozier M., and Stacy D.W. The modified radical hysterectomy with groin dissection: an eight year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159 (1988) 715-722
45. Helm C.W., Hatch K., Austin J.M., et al. Matched comparison of single and triple incision techniques for the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 46 (1992) 150-156
46. Hopkins M.P., Reid G.C., and Morley G.W. Radical vulvectomy-the decision for the incision. Cancer 72 (1993) 799-803
47. Siller B.S., Alvarez R.D., Conner W.D., et al. T2/3 vulva cancer: a case control study of triple incision versus en bloc radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol 57 (1995) 335-339
48. Leminen A., Forss M., and Paavonen J. Wound complications in patients with carcinoma of the vulva. Comparison between radical and modified vulvectomies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 93 (2000) 193-197
49. Gaarenstroom K.N., Kenter G.G., Trimbos J.B., et al. Postoperative complications after vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy using separate groin incisions. Int J Gynecol Cancer 13 (2003) 522-527
50. Elsandabesee D., Sharma B., Preston J., Ostrowski J., and Nieto J. Sclerotherapy with bleomycin for recurrent massive inguinal lymphoceles following partial vulvectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy-case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol 92 (2004) 716-718
51. DiSaia P.J., Creasman W.T., and Rich W.M. An alternate approach to early cancer of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133 (1979) 825-832
52. Chu J., Tamimi H.K., and Figge D.C. Femoral node metastases with negative superficial inguinal nodes in early vulvar cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140 (1981) 337-339
53. Podczaski E., Sexton M., Kaminski P., et al. Recurrent carcinoma of the vulva after conservative treatment for "microinvasive" disease. Gynecol Oncol 39 (1990) 65-68
54. Stehman F.B., Bundy B.N., Dvoretsky P.M., and Creasman W.T. Early stage I carcinoma of the vulva treated with ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy and modified radical hemivulvectomy: a prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Obstet Gynecol 79 (1992) 490-497
55. Way S. Malignant disease of the vulva (1982), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh p. 33-59
56. Borgno G., Micheletti L., Barbero M., et al. Topographic distribution of groin lymph nodes. A study of 50 female cadavers. J Reprod Med 35 (1990) 1127-1129
57. Micheletti L., Borgno G., Barbero M., et al. Deep femoral lymphadenectomy with preservation of the fascia lata. Preliminary report on 42 invasive vulvar carcinomas. J Reprod Med 35 (1990) 1130-1133
58. Morton D.L., Wen D.R., Wong J.H., et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127 (1992) 392-399
59. Giuliano A.E., Kirgan D.M., Guenther J.M., and Morton D.L. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 220 (1994) 391-398
60. Levenback C., Burke T.W., Gershenson D.M., Morris M., Malpica A., and Ross M.I. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol 84 (1994) 163-167
61. Terada K.Y., Coel M.N., Ko P., and Wong J.H. Combined used of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and lymphoscintigraphy in the management of squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 70 (1998) 65-69
62. Grendys E.C., and Fiorica J.V. Innovations in the management of vulvar carcinoma. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 12 (2000) 15-20
63. Frumovitz M., Ramirez P.T., Tortolero-Luna G., et al. Characteristics of recurrence in patients who underwent lymphatic mapping for vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 92 (2004) 205-210
64. De Cicco C., Sideri M., Bartolomei M., et al. Sentinel node biopsy in early vulvar cancer. Br J Cancer 82 (2000) 295-299
65. Plante M., Renaud M.C., and Roy M. Sentinel node evaluation in gynecologic cancer. Oncology 18 (2004) 75-87
66. Selman T.J., Luesley D.M., Acheson N., Khan K.S., and Mann C.H. A systematic review of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for inguinal lymph node status in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 99 (2005) 206-214
67. Merisio C., Berretta R., Gualdi M., et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node detection in vulvar cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 15 (2005) 493-497
68. Montana G.S., Thomas G.M., Moore D.H., et al. Preoperative chemo-radiation for carcinoma of the vulva with N2/N3 nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 (2000) 1007-1013
69. Hoffman M.S., Cavanagh D., Roberts W.S., Fiorica J.V., and Finan M.A. Ultraradical surgery for advanced carcinoma of the vulva: an update. Int J Gynecol Cancer 3 (1993) 369-372
70. Miller B., Morris M., Levenback C., Burke T.W., and Gershenson D.M. Pelvic exenteration for primary and recurrent vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 58 (1995) 202-205
71. Hoffman M.S. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: locally advanced disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 17 (2003) 635-647
72. Moore D.H., Thomas G.M., Montana G.S., Saxer A., Gallup D.G., and Olt G. Preoperative chemoradiation for advanced vulvar cancer: a phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 (1998) 79-85
73. Kim R.Y., Alvarez R.D., and Omura G.A. Advances in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. Part 1. Cancers of the cervix and vulva. Oncology 16 (2002) 1510-1517
74. Montana G.S. Carcinoma of the vulva: combined modality treatment. Curr Treat Options Oncol 5 (2004) 85-95
75. Knapstein P.G., Mahlke M., Poleska W., and Zeuner W. Expanded possibilities of the treatment of vulvar cancer by plastic reconstructive procedures. Zentralbl Gynakol 107 (1985) 1479-1487
76. Weikel W., Hofmann M., Steiner E., Knapstein P.G., and Koelbl H. Reconstructive surgery following resection of primary vulvar cancers. Gynecol Oncol 99 (2005) 92-100
77. Partridge E.E., Murad T., Shingleton H.M., Austin J.M., and Hatch K.D. Verrucous lesions of the female genitalia. II. Verrucous carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137 (1980) 419-424
78. Trimble E.L., Lewis Jr. J.L., Williams L.L., et al. Management of vulvar melanoma. Gynecol Oncol 45 (1992) 254-258
79. Neven P., Shepherd J.H., Masotina A., Fisher C., and Lowe D.G. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina: a report of 23 cases presenting in a 10-year period. Int J Gynecol Cancer 4 (1994) 379-383
80. Raspagliesi F., Ditto A., Paladini D., et al. Prognostic indicators in melanoma of the vulva. Ann Surg Oncol 7 (2000) 738-742
81. Lotem M., Anteby S., Peretz T., Ingber A., Avinoach I., and Prus D. Mucosal melanoma of the female genital tract is a multifocal disorder. Gynecol Oncol 88 (2003) 45-50
82. Wechter M.E., Reynolds R.K., Haefner H.K., et al. Vulvar melanoma: review of diagnosis, staging, and therapy. J Low Genit Tract Dis 8 (2004) 58-69
83. Verschraegen C.F., Benjapibal M., Supakarapongkul W., et al. Vulvar melanoma at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later. Int J Gynecol Cancer 11 (2001) 359-364
84. Abramova L., Parekh J., Irvin W.P., Rice L.W., Taylor P.T., and Anderson W.A. Sentinel node biopsy in vulvar and vaginal melanoma: presentation of six cases and a literature review. Ann Surg Oncol 9 (2002) 840-846
85. de Hullu J.A., Hollema H., Hoekstra H.J., et al. Vulvar melanoma: is there a role for sentinel lymph node biopsy?. Cancer 94 (2002) 486-491
86. Wechter M.E., Gruber S.B., Haefner H.K., et al. Vulvar melanoma: a report of 20 cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) 554-562
87. McMasters K.M., Reintgen D.S., Ross M.I., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 2851-2855
88. Fanning J., Lambert H.C., Hale T.M., Morris P.C., and Schuerch C. Paget's disease of the vulva: prevalence of associated vulvar adenocarcinoma, invasive Paget's disease, and recurrence after surgical excision. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 (1999) 24-27
89. Tebes S., Cardosi R., and Hoffman M. Paget's disease of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 (2002) 281-283
90. Watanabe Y., Hoshiai H., Ueda H., Nakai H., Obata K., and Noda K. Low-dose mitomycin C, etoposide, and cisplatin for invasive vulvar Paget's disease. Int J Gynecol Cancer 12 (2002) 304-307
91. Cummings C.W., Fredrickson J.M., Harker L.A., Krause C.J., and Schuller D.E. Radiation therapy and treatment of cervical lymph nodes. Ololaryngology-head and neck surgery vol. 2 (1986), Mosby, St. Louis p. 1671-91
92. Keys H. Gynecologic Oncology Group randomized trials of combined technique therapy for vulvar cancer. Cancer 71 Suppl (1993) 1691-1696
93. Paladini D., Cross P., Lopes A., and Monaghan J.M. Prognostic significance of lymph node variables in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cancer 74 (1994) 2491-2496
94. van der Velden J., van Lindert A.C., Lammes F.B., et al. Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The impact on recurrence and survival. Cancer 75 (1995) 2885-2890
95. Stehman F.B., Bundy B.N., Thomas G., et al. Groin dissection versus groin radiation in carcinoma of the vulva: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24 (1992) 389-396
96. Petereit D.G., Mehta M.P., Buchler D.A., and Kinsella T.J. A retrospective review of nodal treatment for vulvar cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 16 (1993) 38-42
97. Petereit D.G., Mehta M.P., Buchler D.A., and Kinsella T.J. Inguinofemoral radiation of N0, N1 vulvar cancer may be equivalent to lymphadenectomy if proper radiation technique is used. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27 (1993) 963-967
98. Lanciano R.M., and Corn B.W. Groin node irradiation for vulvar cancer: treatment planning must do more than scratch the surface. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27 (1993) 987-989
99. Bellati F., Angioli R., Manci N., et al. Single agent cisplatin chemotherapy in surgically resected vulvar cancer patients with multiple inguinal lymph node metastases. Gynecol Oncol 96 (2005) 227-231
100. Han S.C., Kim D.H., Higgins S.A., Carcangiu M.L., and Kacinski B.M. Chemoradiation as primary or adjuvant treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47 (2000) 1235-1244
101. Boronow R.C., Hickman B.T., Reagan M.T., Smith R.A., and Steadham R.E. Combined therapy as an alternative to exenteration for locally advanced vulvovaginal cancer. II. Results, complications, and dosimetric and surgical considerations. Am J Clin Oncol 10 (1987) 171-181
102. Acosta A.A., Given F.T., Frazier A.B., Cordoba R.B., and Luminari A. Preoperative radiation therapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132 (1978) 198-206
103. Hacker N.F., Berek J.S., Juillard G.J., and Lagasse L.D. Preoperative radiation therapy for locally advanced vulvar cancer. Cancer 54 (1984) 2056-2061
104. Rotmensch J., Rubin S.J., Sutton H.G., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy followed by radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymphadenectomy for advanced vulvar carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 36 (1990) 181-184
105. Byfield J.E., Calabro-Jones P., Klisak I., and Kulhanian F. Pharmacologic requirements for obtaining sensitization of human tumor cells in vitro to combined 5-fluorouracil or ftorafur and X rays. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 8 (1982) 1923-1933
106. Nigro N.D., Vaitkevicius V.K., Buroker T., Bradley G.T., and Considine B. Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 24 (1981) 73-75
107. Cummings B., Keane T., Thomas G., Harwood A., and Rider W. Results and toxicity of the treatment of anal canal carcinoma by radiation therapy or radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Cancer 54 (1984) 2062-2068
108. Bartelink H., Roelofsen F., Eschwege F., et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 2040-2049
109. Iversen T. Irradiation and bleomycin in the treatment of inoperable vulval carcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 61 (1982) 195-197
110. Scheistroen M., and Trope C. Combined bleomycin and irradiation in preoperative treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Acta Oncol 32 (1993) 657-661
111. Levin W., Goldberg G., Altaras M., Bloch B., and Shelton M.G. The use of concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy prior to surgery in advanced stage carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 25 (1986) 20-25
112. Thomas G., Dembo A., DePetrillo A., et al. Concurrent radiation and chemotherapy in vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 34 (1989) 263-267
113. Koh W.J., Wallace III H.J., Greer B.E., et al. Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the management of local-regionally advanced vulvar cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 (1993) 809-816
114. Sebag-Montefiore D.J., McLean C., Arnott S.J., et al. Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the vulva with chemoradiotherapy-can exenterative surgery be avoided?. Int J Gynecol Cancer 4 (1994) 150-155
115. Wahlen S.A., Slater J.D., Wagner R.J., et al. Concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cancer 75 (1995) 2289-2294
116. Lupi G., Raspagliesi F., Zucali R., et al. Combined preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by radical surgery in locally advanced vulvar carcinoma. A pilot study. Cancer 77 (1996) 1472-1478
117. Landoni F., Maneo A., Zanetta G., et al. Concurrent preoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C and radiotherapy (FUMIR) followed by limited surgery in locally advanced and recurrent vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 61 (1996) 321-327
118. Mulayim N., Foster Silver D., Schwartz P.E., and Higgins S. Chemoradiation with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C in the treatment of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 93 (2004) 659-666
119. Berek J.S., Heaps J.M., Fu Y.S., Juillard G.J., and Hacker N.F. Concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage squamous carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 42 (1991) 197-201
120. Russell A.H., Mesic J.B., Scudder S.A., et al. Synchronous radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy for locally advanced or recurrent squamous cancer of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 47 (1992) 14-20
121. Eifel P.J., Morris M., Burke T.W., Levenback C., and Gershenson D.M. Prolonged continuous infusion cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with radiation for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 59 (1995) 51-56
122. Cunningham M.J., Goyer R.P., Gibbons S.K., Kredentser D.C., Malfetano J.H., and Keys H. Primary radiation, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil for advanced squamous carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 66 (1997) 258-261
123. Leiserowitz G.S., Russell A.H., Kinney W.K., Smith L.H., Taylor M.H., and Scudder S.A. Prophylactic chemoradiation of inguinofemoral lymph nodes in patients with locally extensive vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 66 (1997) 509-514
124. Akl A., Akl M., Boike G., Hebert J., and Graham J. Preliminary results of chemoradiation as a primary treatment for vulvar carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 (2000) 415-420
125. Gerszten K., Selvaraj R.N., Kelley J., and Faul C. Preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 99 (2005) 640-644
126. Tamura N., Aoki Y., Fujita K., and Tanaka K. Stage IVa squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva managed with primary chemoradiation. Int J Clin Oncol 10 (2005) 148-151
127. Jaakkola M., Rantanen V., Grenman S., Kulmala J., and Grenman R. In vitro concurrent paclitaxel and radiation of four vulvar squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Cancer 77 (1996) 1940-1946
128. Jaakkola M., Rantanen V., Grenman S., Kulmala J., and Grenman R. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are sensitive to paclitaxel in vitro. Anticancer Res 17 (1997) 939-943
129. Raitanen M., Rantanen V., Kulmala J., et al. Paclitaxel combined with fractionated radiation in vitro: a study with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 97 (2002) 853-857
130. Raitanen M., Rantanen V., Kulmala J., Helenius H., Grenman R., and Grenman S. Supra-additive effect with concurrent paclitaxel and cisplatin in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Int J Cancer 100 (2002) 238-243
131. Shimizu Y., Hasumi K., and Masubuchi K. Effective chemotherapy consisting of bleomycin, vincristine, mitomycin C, and cisplatin (BOMP) for a patient with inoperable vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 36 (1990) 423-427
132. Durrant K.R., Mangioni C., Lacave A.J., et al. Bleomycin, methotrexate, and CCNU in advanced inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a phase II study of the EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Cooperative Group (GCCG). Gynecol Oncol 37 (1990) 359-362
133. Benedetti-Panici P., Greggi S., Scambia G., Salerno G., and Mancuso S. Cisplatin (P), bleomycin (B), and methotrexate (M) preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 50 (1993) 49-53
134. Wagenaar H.C., Colombo N., Vergote I., et al. Bleomycin, methotrexate, and CCNU in locally advanced or recurrent, inoperable, squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: an EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Cooperative Group Study. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Gynecol Oncol 81 (2001) 348-354
135. Bafna U.D., Devi U.M., Naik K.A., Hazra S., Sushma N., and Babu N. Carcinoma of the vulva: a retrospective review of 37 cases at a regional cancer centre in South India. J Obstet Gynaecol 24 (2004) 403-407
136. Winter R., Petru E., and Pickel H. Chemotherapy in vulvar cancer. In: Angioli R., Benedetti Panici P., Kavanagh J.J., Pecorelli S., and Penalver M. (Eds). Chemotherapy for gynecological neoplasms. Current therapy and novel approaches (2004), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel 617-624
137. Geisler J.P., Manahan K.J., and Buller R.E. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in vulvar cancer: avoiding primary exenteration. Gynecol Oncol 100 (2006) 53-57
138. Deppe G., Cohen C.J., and Bruckner H.W. Chemotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review. Gynecol Oncol 7 (1979) 345-348
139. Nilsson T., Alm P., Malmstrom H., Simonsen E., and Trope C. A 16-year-old girl with invasive carcinoma of the vulva. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 69 (1990) 541-542
140. Thigpen J.T., Blessing J.A., Homesley H.D., and Lewis Jr. G.C. Phase II trials of cisplatin and piperazinedione in advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 23 (1986) 358-363
141. Tjalma W.A., and Watty K. Skin metastases from vulvar cancer: a fatal event. Gynecol Oncol 89 (2003) 185-188
142. Ghaemmaghami F., Modares M., Behtash N., and Moosavi A.Z. Multiple, disseminated cutaneous metastases of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 14 (2004) 384-387
143. Muss H.B., Bundy B.N., and Christopherson W.A. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of advanced vulvar and vaginal carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Am J Clin Oncol 12 (1989) 142-144
144. Boabang P., Kurbacher C.M., Kohlhagen H., Waida A., and Amo-Takyi B.K. Anti-neoplastic activity of topotecan versus cisplatin, etoposide and paclitaxel in four squamous cell cancer cell lines of the female genital tract using an ATP-Tumor Chemosensitivity Assay. Anticancer Drugs 11 (2000) 843-848
145. Sirotnak F.M., Zakowski M.F., Miller V.A., Scher H.I., and Kris M.G. Efficacy of cytotoxic agents against human tumor xenografts is markedly enhanced by coadministration of ZD1839 (Iressa), an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 4885-4892
146. Kirkwood J.M., Strawderman M.H., Ernstoff M.S., Smith T.J., Borden E.C., and Blum R.H. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 14 (1996) 7-17
147. Kirkwood J.M., Ibrahim J.G., Sosman J.A., et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 2370-2380
148. Legha S.S., Ring S., Eton O., et al. Development of a biochemotherapy regimen with concurrent administration of cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interferon alfa, and interleukin-2 for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 1752-1759
149. Huncharek M., Caubet J.F., and McGarry R. Single-agent DTIC versus combination chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis of 3273 patients from 20 randomized trials. Melanoma Res 11 (2001) 75-81
150. Eton O., Legha S.S., Bedikian A.Y., et al. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 2045-2052
151. Eigentler T.K., Caroli U.M., Radny P., and Garbe C. Palliative therapy of disseminated malignant melanoma: a systematic review of 41 randomised clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 4 (2003) 748-759
152. Eggermont A.M., and Kirkwood J.M. Re-evaluating the role of dacarbazine in metastatic melanoma: what have we learned in 30 years?. Eur J Cancer 40 (2004) 1825-1836
153. Amichetti M., and Aldovini D. Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland: a clinical, histological and immunocytochemical study of a case. Eur J Surg Oncol 14 (1988) 335-339
154. Ferrandina G., Testa A.C., Zannoni G.F., Poerio A., and Scambia G. Skull metastasis in primary vulvar adenocarcinoma of the Bartholin's gland: a case report. Gynecol Oncol 98 (2005) 322-324
155. Downs L.S., Ghosh K., Dusenbery K.E., and Cosin J.A. Stage IV carcinoma of the Bartholin gland managed with primary chemoradiation. Gynecol Oncol 87 (2002) 210-212
156. Yamamoto R., Sakuragi N., Shirato H., Shimizu M., and Fujimoto S. Radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for vulvar adenocarcinoma associated with extramammary Paget's disease. Gynecol Oncol 80 (2001) 267-271
157. Yokoyama Y., Mabuchi M., Kawabata I., Niwa K., Shimokawa K., and Tamaya T. Metastatic vulvar Paget's disease responding to combination chemotherapy: case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 20 (1990) 426-430
158. Huang G.S., Juretzka M., Ciaravino G., Kohler S., and Teng N.N. Liposomal doxorubicin for treatment of metastatic chemorefractory vulvar adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 87 (2002) 313-318
159. Brummer O., Stegner H.E., Bohmer G., Kuhnle H., and Petry K.U. HER-2/neu expression in Paget disease of the vulva and the female breast. Gynecol Oncol 95 (2004) 336-340
160. Torres Lobaton A., Cruz Ortiz H., Rojo Herrera G., and Avila Medrano L. Sarcomas of the vulva. Report of 2 cases. Ginecol Obstet Mex 68 (2000) 429-434
161. Moore R.G., Steinhoff M.M., Granai C.O., and DeMars L.R. Vulvar epithelioid sarcoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 85 (2002) 218-222
162. Fine B.A., Munoz A.K., Litz C.E., and Gershenson D.M. Primary medical management of recurrent aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Gynecol Oncol 81 (2001) 120-122
163. Traen K., Logghe H., Maertens J., Mattelaere C., Moerman P., and Vergote I. Endodermal sinus tumor of the vulva: successfully treated with high-dose chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 14 (2004) 998-1003
164. Rojas-Espaillat L.A., and Rose P.G. Management of locally advanced cervical cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 17 (2005) 485-492
165. Green J, Kirwan J, Tierney J, et al. Concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer of the uterine cervix. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;20:CD002225.
166. Benedetti-Panici P., Greggi S., Colombo A., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical surgery versus exclusive radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell cervical cancer: results from the Italian multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 179-188
167. Buda A., Fossati R., Colombo N., et al. Randomized trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy comparing paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin with ifosfamide and cisplatin followed by radical surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell cervical carcinoma: the SNAP01 (Studio Neo-Adjuvante Portio) Italian Collaborative Study. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 4137-4145