Pasture plants and soil fertility management to improve the efficiency of phosphorus fertiliser use in temperate grassland systems

Crop and Pasture Science

Volumn 65, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 556-575

  Simpson, Richard J ^a   Richardson, Alan E ^a   Nichols, Shirley N ^b   Crush, James R ^b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b RUAKURA RESEARCH CENTRE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

pasture; phosphorus balance; phosphorus mining; phosphorus surplus; root foraging

Indexed keywords

FERTILIZER APPLICATION; GRASSLAND; GROWTH RATE; PASTURE; PHOSPHORUS; PLANT BREEDING; ROOT SYSTEM; SOIL FERTILITY;

EID: 84903517019     PISSN: 18360947     EISSN: 18365795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/CP13395     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (203)

1. Aarons SR, Hosseini HM, Dorling L, Gourley CJP (2004) Dung decomposition in temperate dairy pastures. II. Contribution to plantavailable soil phosphorus. Australian Journal of Soil Research 42, 115-123. doi:10.1071/SR03009 (Pubitemid 38300085
2. Aarts HFM, Biewinga EE, van KeulenH(1992) Dairy farming systems based on efficient nutrient management. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 40, 285-299.
3. Achat DL, Morel C, Bakker MR, Augusto L, Pellerin S, Gallet-Budynek A, GonzalezM(2010) Assessing turnover of microbial biomass phosphorus: Combination of an isotopic dilution method with a mass balance model. Soil Biology&Biochemistry 42, 2231-2240. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.08.023
4. Achat DL, Augusto L, Bakker MR, Gallet-Budynek A, Morel C (2012) Microbial processes controlling P availability in forest spodosols as affected by soil depth and soil properties. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 44, 39-48. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.09.007
5. Acuña H, Inostroza L (2013) Phosphorus efficiency of naturalized Chilean white clover in a grazed field trial. Grass and Forage Science 68, 125-137. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00879.x
6. Andrew CS, Robins MF (1969) The effect of phosphorus on the growth and chemical composition of some tropical pasture legumes. I. Growth and critical percentages of phosphorus. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 665-674. doi:10.1071/AR9690665
7. ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) 'Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. Vol. 1. The guidelines. (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand: Canberra, ACT
8. Barrett DJ, Gifford RM (1999) Increased C-gain by an endemic Australian pasture grass at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration when supplied with non-labile inorganic phosphorus. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26, 443-451. doi:10.1071/PP98153
9. Barrow NJ (1980) Differences amongst a wide-ranging collection of soils in the rate of reaction with phosphate. Australian Journal of Soil Research 18, 215-224. doi:10.1071/SR9800215
10. Barrow NJ (1999) The four laws of soil chemistry: The Leeper lecture 1998. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 787-829. doi:10.1071/SR98115
11. Betteridge K (1986) A survey of the phosphorus content of pastures and the serum inorganic phosphorus content of dairy cows. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 34, 22-26. doi:10.1080/00480169.1986.35265
12. Blackwell MSA, Brookes RC, de la Fuente-Martinez N, Gordon H, Murray PJ, Snars KE, Williams JK, Bol R, Haygarth PM (2010) Phosphorus solubilization and potential transfer to surface waters from the soil microbial biomass following drying-rewetting and freezing-Thawing. Advances in Agronomy 106, 1-35. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(10)06001-3
13. Bolland MDA (1997) Comparative phosphorus requirements of five annual medics. Journal of Plant Nutrition 20, 1029-1043. doi:10.1080/01904169709365316
14. Bolland MDA, Baker MJ (1998) Phosphate applied to soil increases the effectiveness of subsequent applications of phosphate for growing wheat shoots. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 865-869. doi:10.1071/EA98079
15. Bolland MDA, Paynter BH (1992) Comparative responses of annual pasture legume species to superphosphate applications in medium and high rainfall areas of Western Australia. Fertilizer Research 31, 21-33. doi:10.1007/BF01064224
16. Bolland MDA, Clarke MF, Yeates JS (1995) Effectiveness of rock phosphate, coastal superphosphate and single superphosphate for pasture on deep sandy soils. Fertilizer Research 41, 129-143. doi:10.1007/BF00750755 (Pubitemid 26442826
17. Bonkowski M (2004) Protozoa and plant growth: The microbial loop in soil revisited.NewPhytologist 162, 617-631. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x
18. Bouma D (1969) The response of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) to foliar applications of phosphorus. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 435-445. doi:10.1071/AR9690435
19. Bouwman AF, Beusen AHW, Billen G (2009) Human alteration of the global nitrogen and phosphorus soil balances for the period 1970-2050. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23, 1-16.
20. Bouwman L, Goldewijk KK, Van Der Hoek KW, BeusenAHW, Van Vuuren DP, Willems J, Rufino MC, Stehfest E (2013) Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900-2050 period. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, 20882-20887. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012878108
21. Bowen GD, Rovira AD (1999) The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth. Advances in Agronomy 66, 1-102. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60425-3
22. Bray RH, Kurtz LT (1945) Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science 59, 39-46. doi:10.1097/00010694- 194501000-00006
23. Brookes PC, Powlson DS, Jenkinson DS (1982) Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 14, 319-329. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(82)90001-3
24. Brown LK, George TS, Dupuy LX, White PJ (2013) A conceptual model of root hair ideotypes for future agricultural environments: What combination of traits should be targeted to cope with limited P availability? Annals of Botany 112, 317-330. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs231
25. Bünemann EK, Oberson A, Liebisch F, Keller F, Annaheim KE, Huguenin-Elie O, Frossard E (2012) Rapid microbial phosphorus immobilization dominates gross phosphorus fluxes in a grassland soil with low inorganic phosphorus availability. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 51, 84-95. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.012
26. Burkitt LL, Moody PW, Gourley CJP, Hannah MC (2002) A simple phosphorus buffering index for Australian soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 497-513. doi:10.1071/SR01050
27. Burkitt LL, Small DR, McDonald JW, Wales WJ, Jenkin ML (2007) Comparing irrigated, biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 1. Soil and pasture properties. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 479-488. doi:10.1071/EA05196 (Pubitemid 46607571
28. Burkitt LL, Donaghy DJ, Smethurst PJ (2010) Low rates of phosphorus fertiliser applied strategically throughout the growing season under rain-fed conditions did not affect dry matter production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L). Crop & Pasture Science 61, 353-362. doi:10.1071/CP09259
29. Campbell BD, Grime JP, Mackey JML (1991) A trade-off between scale and precision in resource foraging. Oecologia 87, 532-538. doi:10.1007/BF00320417
30. Caradus JR (1981) Effect of root hair length on white clover growth over a range of soil phosphorus levels. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 24, 353-358. doi:10.1080/00288233.1981.10423397
31. Caradus JR (1994) Selection for improved adaptation of white clover to low phosphorus and acid soils. Euphytica 77, 243-250. doi:10.1007/BF02262637
32. Caradus JR, Dunn A (2000) Adaptation to low fertility hill country in New Zealand of white clover lines selected for differences in response to phosphorus. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 63-69. doi:10.1080/00288233.2000.9513409 (Pubitemid 30597064
33. Caradus JR, Woodfield DR (1998) Genetic control of adaptive root characteristics in white clover. Plant and Soil 200, 63-69. doi:10.1023/A: 1004296707631 (Pubitemid 28219757
34. Caradus JR, Mackay AD, Wewala S, Dunlop J, Hart A, Van Den Bosch J, Lambert MG, Hay MJM (1992) Inheritance of phosphorus response in white clover (Trifolium repens L). Plant and Soil 146, 199-208. doi:10.1007/BF00012013
35. Cardoso JA, Jiménez J, Rincón J, Guevara E, van der Hoek R, Jarvis A, Peters M, Miles J, Ayarza M, Cajas S, Rincón A, Mateus H, Quiceno J, Barragán W, Lascano C, Argel P, Mena M, Hertentains L, Rao I (2013) Advances in improving the tolerance to waterlogging in Brachiaria grasses. In 'Revitalising grasslands to sustain our communities. Proceedings of the 22nd International Grassland Congress'. pp. 118-121. (International Grassland Congress) Available at: Www.igc2013.com
36. Cayley JWD, Kearney GA (1999) Changes in bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus of a basalt-derived duplex soil associated with applications of superphosphate to pasture grazed by sheep. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 50, 547-554. doi:10.1071/A98037 (Pubitemid 29245457
37. Cayley JWD, McCaskill MR, Kearney GA (2002) Available phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and other cations in a long term grazing experiment in south-western Victoria. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 1349-1360. doi:10.1071/AR01108 (Pubitemid 36093244
38. Chen CR, Condron LM, Davis MR, Sherlock RR (2002) Phosphorus dynamics in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.). Soil Biology&Biochemistry 34, 487-499. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00207-3 (Pubitemid 34315726
39. Chien SH, Prochnow LI, Cantarella H (2009) Recent developments of fertilizer production and use to improve nutrient efficiency and minimize environmental impacts. Advances in Agronomy 102, 267-322. doi:10.1016/S0065- 2113(09)01008-6
40. Collard BCY, Jahufer MZZ, Brouwer JB, Pang ECK (2005) An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-Assisted selection for crop improvement: The basic concepts. Euphytica 142, 169-196. doi:10.1007/s10681-005-1681-5 (Pubitemid 40670031
41. Colwell JD (1963) The estimation of the phosphorus fertiliser requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 3, 190-198. doi:10.1071/EA9630190
42. Cordell D, White S (2011) Peak phosphorus: Clarifying the key issues of a vigorous debate about long-Term phosphorus security. Sustainability 3, 2027-2049. doi:10.3390/su3102027
43. Cordell D, Drangert JO, White S (2009) The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 19, 292-305. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009
44. Cornish PS (2009) Phosphorus management on extensive organic and lowinput farms. Crop&Pasture Science 60, 105-115. doi:10.1071/CP07134
45. Crush JR (1974) Plant growth responses to vesicular-Arbuscular mycorrhiza VII. Growth and nodulation of some herbage legumes. New Phytologist 73, 743-749. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1974.tb01302.x.
46. Crush JR, Care DA, Gourdin A, Woodfield DR (2005) Root growth media effects on root morphology and architecture in white clover. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 255-263. doi:10.1080/00288233.2005.9513654 (Pubitemid 41044947
47. Crush JR, Boulesteix-Coutelier ARL, Ouyang L (2008) Phosphate uptake by white clover (Trifolium repens L) genotypes with contrasting root morphology. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 279-285. doi:10.1080/ 00288230809510458
48. CulvenorRA,WoodJT, Avery AL,DempseyW,McDonaldSE, Ronnfeldt G, Veness PE (2004) Multi-site evaluation on acid soils of a Phalaris aquatica-P. arundinacea-P. aquatica backcross population bred for acid soil tolerance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 681-692. doi:10.1071/AR03262 (Pubitemid 39123134
49. Davis MR (1991) The comparative phosphorus requirements of some temperate perennial legumes. Plant and Soil 133, 17-30. doi:10.1007/BF00011895
50. Delhaize E, Taylor P, Hocking PJ, Simpson RJ, Ryan PR, Richardson AE (2009) Transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L) expressing the wheat aluminium resistance gene (TaALMT1) shows enhanced phosphorus nutrition and grain production when grown on an acid soil. Plant Biotechnology Journal 7, 391-400. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00403.x
51. Donald CM, Williams CH (1954) Fertility and productivity of a podzolic soil as influenced by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) and superphosphate. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 5, 664-687. doi:10.1071/AR9540664
52. Dougherty WJ, Mason SD, Burkitt LL, Milham PJ (2011) Relationship between phosphorus concentration in surface runoff and a novel soil phosphorus test procedure (DGT) under simulated rainfall. Soil Research 49, 523-528. doi:10.1071/SR11151
53. Eckard RJ, Chen D, White RE, Chapman DF (2003) Gaseous nitrogen loss from temperate perennial grass and clover dairy pastures in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 561-570. doi:10.1071/AR02100 (Pubitemid 36900985
54. Eissenstat DM (1992) Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter. Journal of Plant Nutrition 15, 763-782. doi:10.1080/01904169209364361
55. Evans PS (1977) Comparative root morphology of some pasture grasses and clovers. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 331-335. doi:10.1080/00288233.1977.10427343
56. Fan MS, Zhu JM, Richards C, Brown KM, Lynch JP (2003) Physiological roles for aerenchyma in phosphorus-stressed roots. Functional Plant Biology 30, 493-506. doi:10.1071/FP03046 (Pubitemid 36821212
57. Faville MJ, Crush JR, Easton HS (2006) At the root of it all: A QTL analysis of root distribution on perennial ryegrass. In 'Advances in Pasture Plant Breeding. Papers from the 13th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference'. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 67-70. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Dunedin, New Zealand
58. Fitter AH, Nichols R, HarveyML (1988) Root system architecture in relation to life history and nutrient supply. Functional Ecology 2, 345-351. doi:10.2307/2389407 (Pubitemid 19319681
59. Fixen PE, Johnston AM (2012) World fertilizer nutrient reserves: A view to the future. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, 1001-1005. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4532
60. Föhse D, Claassen N, Jungk A (1991) Phosphorus efficiency of plants. Plant and Soil 132, 261-272.
61. Friesen DK, Rao IM, Thomas RJ, Oberson A, Sanz JI (1997) Phosphorus acquisition and cycling in crop and pasture systems in low fertility tropical soils. Plant and Soil 196, 289-294. doi:10.1023/A:1004226708485 (Pubitemid 27503154
62. Gahoonia TS, Nielsen NE (1998) Direct evidence on participation of root hairs in phosphorus (P32) uptake from soil. Plant and Soil 198, 147-152. doi:10.1023/A:1004346412006 (Pubitemid 28153987
63. Gahoonia TS, Nielsen NE (2004) Barley genotypes with long root hairs sustain high grain yields in low-P field. Plant and Soil 262, 55-62. doi:10.1023/B:PLSO.0000037020.58002.ac (Pubitemid 39123053
64. Gardner WK, Boundy KA (1983) The acquisition of phosphorus by Lupinus albus L. IV. The effect of interplanting wheat and white lupin on the growth and mineral composition of the two species. Plant and Soil 70, 391-402. doi:10.1007/BF02374894
65. Gardner WK, Barber DA, Parbery DG (1983) The acquisition of phosphorus by Lupinus albus L. III. The probable mechanism by which phosphorus movement in the soil/root interface is enhanced. Plant and Soil 70, 107-124. doi:10.1007/BF02374754
66. George TS, Richardson AE, Hadobas PA, Simpson RJ (2004) Characterization of transgenic Trifolium subterraneum L. which expresses phyA and releases extracellular phytase: Growth and P nutrition in laboratory media and soil. Plant, Cell & Environment 27, 1351-1361. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01225. x\ (Pubitemid 39569093
67. George TS, Richardson AE, Smith JB, Hadobas PA, Simpson RJ (2005) Limitations to the potential of transgenic Trifolium subterraneum L. plants that exude phytase when grown in soils with a range of organic P content. Plant and Soil 278, 263-274. doi:10.1007/s11104-005-8699-2 (Pubitemid 43241049
68. George TS, Simpson RJ, Hadobas PA, Marshall DJ, Richardson AE (2007) Accumulation and phosphatase-lability of organic phosphorus in fertilised pasture soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 47-55. doi:10.1071/AR06167 (Pubitemid 46035776
69. George TS, Hocking PJ, Gregory PJ, Richardson AE (2008) Variation of root-Associated phosphatase activities in wheat contributes to the utilisation of organic P substrates in-vitro, but does not explain differences in the P-nutrition of plants when grown in soils. Environmental and Experimental Botany 64, 239-249. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.05.002
70. Gijsman AJ, Oberson A, Friesen DK, Sanz JI, Thomas RJ (1997) Nutrient cycling through microbial biomass under rice-pasture rotations replacing native savanna. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29, 1433-1441. doi:10.1016/S0038- 0717(97)00045-x\ (Pubitemid 27389519
71. Gillingham AG, Syers JK, Gregg PEH (1980) Phosphorus uptake and return in grazed, steep hill pastures. II. Above-ground components of the phosphorus cycle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 23, 323-330. doi:10.1080/00288233.1980.10425363
72. Gillingham AG, Morton JD, Gray MH (2008) Pasture responses to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilisers on east coast hill country: 2. Clover and grass production from easy slopes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 85-97. doi:10.1080/00288230809510438
73. Godwin DC, Blair GJ (1991) Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. V. A comparison of white clover accessions. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 531-540. doi:10.1071/AR9910531
74. Gourley CJP, Weaver DM (2012) Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: Management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 805-818. doi:10.1071/CP12154
75. Gourley CJP, Melland AR, Waller RA, Awty IM, Smith AP, Peverill KI, Hannah MC (2007) Making better fertiliser decisions for grazed pastures in Australia. Victorian Government Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne. Available at: Www.asris.csiro.au/downloads/BFD/ Making%20Better%20Fertiliser%20Decisions%20for%20Grazed%20Pastures%20in%20Austr alia.pdf
76. Gourley CJP, Dougherty WJ,WeaverDM,Aarons SR,AwtyIM, GibsonDM, Hannah MC, Smith AP, Peverill KI (2012) Farm-scale nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur balances and use efficiencies on Australian dairy farms. Animal Production Science 52, 929-944. doi:10.1071/AN11337
77. Hart MR, Cornish PS (2012) Available soil phosphorus, phosphorus buffering and soil cover determine most variation in phosphorus concentration in runoff from pastoral sites. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 93, 227-244. doi:10.1007/s10705-012-9512-2
78. Hart AL, Jessop D (1982) Concentration of total, inorganic, and lipid phosphorus in leaves of white clover and stylosanthes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 69-76. doi:10.1080/00288233.1982.10423374
79. Hart AL, Jessop D (1983) Phosphorus fractions in trifoliate leaves of white clover and lotus at various levels of phosphorus supply. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 26, 357-361. doi:10.1080/00288233.1983.10427043
80. Hayes JE, Richardson AE, Simpson RJ (2000) Components of organic phosphorus in soil extracts that are hydrolysed by phytase and acid phosphatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils 32, 279-286. doi:10.1007/s003740000249 (Pubitemid 32145226
81. Helal HM, Dressler A (1989) Mobilization and turnover of soil phosphorus in the rhizosphere. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde 152, 175-180. doi:10.1002/jpln.19891520207
82. Helyar KR, Cullis BR, Furniss K, Kohn D, Taylor AC (1997) Changes in the acidity and fertility of a red earth soil under wheat-Annual pasture rotations. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 561-586. doi:10.1071/A96069
83. Hill MJ, Donald GE, Vickery PJ, Moore AD, Donnelly JR (1999) Combining satellite data with a simulation model to describe spatial variability in pasture growth at a farm scale. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 285-300. doi:10.1071/EA98109 (Pubitemid 29358116
84. Hill JO, Simpson RJ, Wood JT, Moore AD, Chapman DF (2005) The phosphorus and nitrogen requirements of temperate pasture species and their influence on grassland botanical composition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1027-1039. doi:10.1071/AR04279 (Pubitemid 43175108
85. Hill JO, Simpson RJ, Moore AD, Chapman DF (2006) Morphology and response of roots of pasture species to phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition. Plant and Soil 286, 7-19. doi:10.1007/s11104-006-0014-3 (Pubitemid 44411082
86. Hill JO, Simpson RJ, Ryan MJ, Chapman DF (2010) Root hair morphology and mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture species in response to phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition.Crop&Pasture Science 61, 122-131. doi:10.1071/CP09217
87. Holford ICR (1997) Soil phosphorus: Its measurement, and its uptake by plants. Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, 227-239. doi:10.1071/S96047
88. Holloway RE, Bertrand I, Frischke AJ, BraceDM,McLaughlin MJ, Sheppard W (2001) Improving fertiliser efficiency on calcareous and alkaline soils with fluid sources of P, N and Zn. Plant and Soil 236, 209-219. doi:10.1023/A: 1012720909293 (Pubitemid 34020965
89. Isbell RF (1996) 'The Australian Soil Classification. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne
90. Jackman RH, Mouat MCH (1972) Competition between grass and clover for phosphate II. Effect of root activity, efficiency of response to phosphate, and soil moisture. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 667-675. doi:10.1080/00288233.1972.10421623
91. Jahufer MZZ, Ford JL, Widdup KH, Harris C, Cousins G, Ayres JF, Lane GA, Hofmann RW, Ballizany WL, Mercer CF, Crush JR, Williams WM, Woodfield DR, Barrett BA (2012) Improving white clover for Australasia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 739-745. doi:10.1071/CP12142
92. Jakobsen I, Chen B, Munkvold L, Lundsgaard T, Zhu Y-G (2005) Contrasting phosphate acquisition of mycorrhizal fungi with that of root hairs using the root hairless barley mutant. Plant, Cell & Environment 28, 928-938. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01345.x\ (Pubitemid 40886100
93. Jakobsen I, Leggett ME, Richardson AE (2005) Rhizosphere microorganisms and plant phosphorus uptake. In 'Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment'. Agronomy Monograph No. 46. (Eds JT Sims, AN Sharpley) pp. 437-494. (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA
94. Jarvis RJ, BollandMDA(1991) Lupin grain yields and fertiliser effectiveness are increased by banding superphosphate below the seed. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 357-366. doi:10.1071/EA9910357
95. Johnston AE, Syers JK (2009) A new approach to assessing phosphorus use efficiency in agriculture. Better Crops with Plant Food (International Plant Nutrition Institute) 93, 14-16.
96. Jones MB, Lawler PW, Ruckman JE (1970) Differences in annual clover responses to phosphorus and sulphur. Agronomy Journal 62, 439-442. doi:10.2134/agronj1970.00021962006200040002x
97. Karamanos RE, Flore NA, Harapiak JT (2010) Re-visiting use of Penicillium bilaii with phosphorus fertilization of hard red spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, 265-277. doi:10.4141/CJPS09123
98. Kemp PD, Blair GJ (1994) Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. VIII. Ontogeny, growth, P acquisition and P utilization of Italian ryegrass and phalaris under P deficient and P sufficient conditions. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 669-688. doi:10.1071/AR9940669 (Pubitemid 2069852
99. Kohn GD, Osborne GJ, Batten GD, Smith AN, Lill WJ (1977) The effect of topdressed superphosphate on changes in nitrogen:carbon:sulphur: Phosphorus and pH on a red earth soil during a long term grazing experiment. Australian Journal of Soil Research 15, 147-158. doi:10.1071/SR9770147
100. Krull ES, Baldock JA, Skjemstadt J (2003) Importance of mechanisms and processes of stabilisation of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover. Functional Plant Biology 30, 207-222. doi:10.1071/FP02085 (Pubitemid 36317438
101. Kucey RMN, Janzen HH, LeggettME(1989) Microbially mediated increases in plant-Available phosphorus. Advances in Agronomy 42, 199-228. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60525-8
102. Lambers H, Shane MW, Cramer MD, Pearse SJ, Veneklaas EJ (2006) Root structure and functioning for efficient acquisition of phosphorus: Matching morphological and physiological traits. Annals of Botany 98, 693-713. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl114 (Pubitemid 44545488
103. Levy EB (1970) 'Grasslands of New Zealand. (Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand
104. Lewis DC, Clarke AL, Hall WB (1987) Accumulation of plant nutrients and changes in soil properties of sandy soils under fertilized pasture in southeastern South Australia. 1. Phosphorus. Australian Journal of Soil Research 25, 193-202. doi:10.1071/SR9870193
105. Li L, Li S, Sun J, Zhou L, Bao X, Zhang H, Zhang F (2007) Diversity enhances agricultural productivity via rhizosphere phosphorus facilitation on phosphorus-deficient soils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 11192-11196. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704591104 (Pubitemid 47175117
106. Li H, Huang G, Meng Q, Ma L, Yuan L, Wang F, Zhang W, Cui Z, Shen J, Chen X, Jiang R, Zhang F (2011) Integrated soil and plant phosphorus management for crop and environment in China.Areview. Plant and Soil 349, 157-167. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0909-5
107. Lolicato S, Rumball W (1994) Past and present improvement of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L) in Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 379-390. doi:10.1080/00288233.1994.9513075
108. Lynch J (1995) Root architecture and plant productivity. Plant Physiology 109, 7-13.
109. Lynch JP (2007) Roots of the second green revolution. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 493-512. doi:10.1071/BT06118 (Pubitemid 47267783
110. MaZ, Walk TC, Marcus A, Lynch JP (2001) Morphological synergism in root hair length, density, initiation and geometry for phosphorus acquisition in Arabidopsis thaliana: A modeling approach. Plant and Soil 236, 221-235. doi:10.1023/A:1012728819326 (Pubitemid 34020966
111. Macklon AES, Grayston SJ, Shand CA, Sim A, Sellars S, Ord BG (1997) Uptake and transport of phosphorus by Agrostis capillaris seedlings from rapidly hydrolysed organic sources extracted from P32-labelled bacterial cultures. Plant and Soil 190, 163-167. doi:10.1023/A:1004294617461 (Pubitemid 27275199
112. Marschner P, Solaiman Z, Rengel Z (2006) Rhizosphere properties of Poaceae genotypes under P-limiting conditions. Plant and Soil 283, 11-24. doi:10.1007/s11104-005-8295-5 (Pubitemid 44078165
113. Mathers NJ, Nash DM (2009) Effects of tillage practices on soil and water phosphorus and nitrogen fractions in a Chromosol at Rutherglen in Victoria, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 47, 46-59. doi:10.1071/SR08106
114. McBeath TM, McLaughlin MJ, Armstrong RD, Bell M, Bolland MDA, Conyers MK, Holloway RE, Mason SD (2007) Predicting the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in Australian soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45, 448-458. doi:10.1071/SR07044 (Pubitemid 47442586
115. McCaskill MR, Cayley JWD (2000) Soil audit of a long-Term phosphate experiment in south-western Victoria: Total phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and major cations. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 737-748. doi:10.1071/AR99091 (Pubitemid 30622769
116. McDowell RW, Nash D (2012) A review of the cost-effectiveness and suitability of mitigation strategies to prevent phosphorus loss from dairy farms in New Zealand and Australia. Journal of Environmental Quality 41, 680-693. doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0041
117. McDowell RW, Sharpley AN, Condron LM, Haygarth PM, Brookes PC (2001) Processes controlling soil phosphorus release to runoff and implications for agricultural management. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 59, 269-284. doi:10.1023/A:1014419206761 (Pubitemid 33030633
118. McDowell RW, Monaghan RM, Morton J (2003) Soil phosphorus concentrations to minimise potential P loss to surface waters in Southland. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 239-253. doi:10.1080/00288233.2003.9513550 (Pubitemid 38062094
119. McDowell RW, Knowler K, Cosgrove GP (2010) Establishment of a split grass-clover system to improve water quality and profitability. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72, 171-175.
120. McIvor J, Guppy C, Probert M (2011) Phosphorus requirements of tropical grazing systems: The northern Australian experience. Plant and Soil 349, 55-67. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0906-8
121. McKell CM, Wilson AW, Williams WA (1962) Effect of temperature on phosphorus utilization by native and introduced legumes. Agronomy Journal 54, 109-113. doi:10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400020005x
122. McLaughlin MJ, Alston AM, Martin JK (1988) Phosphorus cycling in wheatpasture rotations. II. The role of the microbial biomass in phosphorus cycling. Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 333-342. doi:10.1071/SR9880333
123. McLaughlin MJ, McBeath TM, Smernik R, Stacey SP, Ajiboye S, Guppy C (2011) The chemical nature of P-Accumulation in agricultural soils-implications for fertiliser management and design: An Australian perspective. Plant and Soil 349, 69-87. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0907-7
124. Melland AR, McCaskill MR, White RE, Chapman DF (2008) Loss of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and subsurface drainage from high and low input pastures grazed by sheep in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46, 161-172. doi:10.1071/SR07084 (Pubitemid 351414794
125. Metherell AK (1994) A model for phosphate fertiliser requirements for pastures-incorporating dynamics and economics. In 'The efficient use of fertilisers in a changing environment: Reconciling productivity and sustainability'. Occasional Report No. 7. (Eds LD Currie, P Loganathan) pp. 18-37. (Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre, Massey University: Palmerston North, New Zealand
126. Miller CR, Ochoa I, Nielsen KL, Beck D, Lynch JP (2003) Genetic variation for adventitious rooting in response to low phosphorus availability: Potential utility for phosphorus acquisition from stratified soils. Functional Plant Biology 30, 973-985. doi:10.1071/FP03078 (Pubitemid 37365499
127. MonaghanRM,Hedley MJ, Di HJ, McDowellRW,CameronKC,LedgardSF (2007) Nutrient management in New Zealand pastures-recent developments and future issues. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 181-201. doi:10.1080/00288230709510290
128. Monaghan RM, Wilcock RJ, Smith LC, Tikkisetty B, Thorrold BS, Costall D (2007) Linkages between land management activities and water quality in an intensively farmed catchment in southern New Zealand. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 118, 211-222. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.016
129. Moody PW (2007) Interpretation of a single-point P buffering index for adjusting critical levels of the Colwell soil P test. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45, 55-62. doi:10.1071/SR06056
130. Nash DM, Halliwell DJ (1999) Fertilisers and phosphorus loss from productive grazing systems. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 403-429. doi:10.1071/S98087 (Pubitemid 29228629
131. Nash D, Hannah M, Barlow K, Robertson F, Mathers N, Butler C, Horton J (2007) A comparison of some surface soil phosphorus tests that could be used to assess P export potential. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45, 397-400. doi:10.1071/SR06142 (Pubitemid 47267773
132. Nelson WL, Mehlich A, Winters E (1953) The development, evaluation and use of soil tests for phosphorus availability. Agronomy 4, 153-188.
133. Nguyen ML, Goh KM (1992) Nutrient cycling and losses based on a massbalance model in grazed pastures receiving long-Term superphosphate applications in New Zealand: 1. Phosphorus. The Journal of Agricultural Science 119, 89-109. doi:10.1017/S0021859600071586
134. Nguyen ML, Rickard SD, McBride SD (1989) Pasture production and changes in phosphorus and sulphur status in irrigated pastures receiving long-Term applications of superphosphate fertiliser. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 245-262. doi:10.1080/00288233.1989.10423460 (Pubitemid 20427611
135. Nichols SN (2012) Introgression of root and shoot characteristics in Trifolium repens-Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids. PhD thesis. Lincoln University, New Zealand.
136. Nichols PGH, Loi A, Nutt BJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Pengelly BC, Dear BS, Lloyd DL, Revell CK, Nair RM, Ewing MA, Howieson JG, Auricht GA, Howie JH, Sandral GA, Carr SJ, de Koning CT, Hackney BF, Crocker GJ, Snowball R, Hughes
137. Nichols SN, Crush JR, Woodfield DR (2007) Effects of inbreeding depression on nodal root system morphology and architecture of white clover (Trifolium repens L). Euphytica 156, 365-373. doi:10.1007/s10681-007-9386-6
138. Nichols SN, Hofmann RW, Williams WM, Crush JR (2014) Nutrient responses and macronutrient composition of some Trifolium repens-Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids. Crop & Pasture Science 65, 370-381.
139. Nichols SN, Crush JR, Ouyang L (2014) Phosphate responses of some Trifolium repens-T. uniflorum interspecific hybrids grown in soil. Crop & Pasture Science 65, 382-387.
140. Oberson A, Joner EJ (2005) Microbial turnover of phosphorus in soil. In 'Organic phosphorus in the environment'. (Eds BL Turner, E Frossard, DS Baldwin) pp. 133-164. (CABI: Wallingford, UK
141. Oberson A, Friesen DK, Tiessen H, Morel C, Stahel W (1999) Phosphorus status and cycling in native savanna and improved pastures on an acid low-P Colombian Oxisol. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 55, 77-88. doi:10.1023/A:1009813008445 (Pubitemid 29442642
142. Oberson A, Friesen DK, Rao IM, Bühler S, Frossard E (2001) Phosphorus transformations in an oxisol under contrasting land-use systems: The role of the microbial biomass. Plant and Soil 237, 197-210. doi:10.1023/A: 1013301716913 (Pubitemid 34115174
143. Oehl F, Oberson A, Probst M, Fliessbach A, Roth HR, Frossard E (2001) Kinetics of microbial phosphorus uptake in cultivated soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 34, 31-41. doi:10.1007/s003740100362 (Pubitemid 32643766
144. Oehl F, Oberson A, Tagmann HU, Besson JM, Dubois D, Mäder P, Roth H-R, Frossard E (2002) Phosphorus budget and phosphorus availability in soils under organic and conventional farming. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62, 25-35. doi:10.1023/A:1015195023724 (Pubitemid 34465930
145. Oenema O, Vellinga TV, van Keulen H (2006) Nutrient management under grazing. In 'Fresh herbage for dairy cattle'. (EdsAElgersma, J Dijkstra, S Tamminga) pp. 63-83. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands
146. Olander LP, Vitousek PM (2004) Biological and geochemical sinks for phosphorus in soil from a wet tropical forest. Ecosystems 7, 404-419. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0264-y\ (Pubitemid 38884388
147. Olsen SR, Cole C, Watanabe CV, Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular No. 939.
148. Ozanne PG (1980) Phosphate nutrition of plants-A general treatise. In 'The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture'. (Eds FE Khasawneh, EC Sample, EJ Kamprath) pp. 559-616. (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA
149. Ozanne PG, Kirkton DJ, Shaw TC (1961) The loss of phosphorus from sandy soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 12, 409-423. doi:10.1071/AR9610409
150. Ozanne PG, Keay J, Biddisco EF (1969) Comparative applied phosphate requirements of 8 annual pasture species. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 809-818. doi:10.1071/AR9690809
151. Ozanne PG, Howes KMW, Petch A (1976) The comparative phosphate requirements of four annual pastures and two crops. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 479-488. doi:10.1071/AR9760479
152. Pang J, Ryan MH, Tibbett M, Cawthray GR, Siddique KHM, Bolland MDA, Denton MD, Lambers H (2010) Variation in morphological and physiological parameters in herbaceous perennial legumes in response to phosphorus supply. Plant and Soil 331, 241-255. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0249-x
153. Perrott KW, Sarathchandra SU, Dow BW (1992) Seasonal and fertilizer effects on the organic-cycle and microbial biomass in a hill country soil under pasture. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30, 383-394. doi:10.1071/SR9920383 (Pubitemid 23373008
154. Richardson AE, Simpson RJ (2011) Soil microorganisms mediating phosphorus availability. Plant Physiology 156, 989-996. doi:10.1104/pp.111.175448
155. Richardson AE, Hocking PJ, Simpson RJ, George TS (2009) Plant mechanisms to optimise access to soil phosphorus. Crop & Pasture Science 60, 124-143. doi:10.1071/CP07125
156. Richardson AE, Lynch JP, Ryan PR, DelhaizeE, Smith FA, Smith SE, Harvey PR, Ryan MH, Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H, Oberson A, Culvenor RA, Simpson RJ (2011) Plant and microbial strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of agriculture. Plant and Soil 349, 121-156. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0950-4
157. Ridley AM, Christy BP, White RE, McLean T, Green R (2003) North-east Victoria SGS National Experiment site: Water and nutrient losses from grazing systems on contrasting soil types and levels of input. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 799-815. doi:10.1071/EA02090 (Pubitemid 37261564
158. Rose TJ, Wissuwa M (2012) Rethinking internal phosphorus utilization efficiency: A new approach is needed to improve PUE in grain crops. Advances in Agronomy 116, 185-217. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394277-7.00005-1
159. Ryan MH, Graham JH (2002) Is there a role for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in production agriculture? Plant and Soil 244, 263-271. doi:10.1023/A:1020207631893
160. Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Jones DL (2001) Function and mechanism of organic anion exudation from plant roots. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 52, 527-560. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.527 (Pubitemid 35374394
161. Sample EC, Soper RJ, Racz GJ (1980) Reactions of phosphate fertilizers in soils. In 'The role of phosphorus in agriculture'. (Eds FE Khasawneh, ECSample, EJ Kamprath) pp. 263-310. (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA
162. Sánchez P, Salinas JG (1981) Low input technology for managing Oxisols and Ultisols in tropical America. Advances in Agronomy 34, 280-406. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60889-5
163. Sattari SZ, Bouwman AF, Giller KE, van Ittersum MK (2012) Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 6348-6353. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113675109
164. Schärer M, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Stamm C, Fluhler H, Sinaj S (2006) Effect of water composition on phosphorus concentration in runoff and water-soluble phosphate in two grassland soils. European Journal of Soil Science 57, 228-234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00732.x
165. Scholz RW, Wellmer F-W (2013) Approaching a dynamic view on the availability of mineral resources: What we may learn from the case of phosphorus? Global Environmental Change 23, 11-27. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012. 10.013
166. Schweiger PF, Robson AD, Barrow NJ (1995) Root hair length determines beneficial effect of a Glomus species on shoot growth of some pasture species. New Phytologist 131, 247-254. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb05726.x
167. Scott BJ (1973) The response of barrel medic pasture to topdressed and placed superphosphate in central western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 13, 705-710. doi:10.1071/EA9730705
168. Seeling B, Zasoski RJ (1993) Microbial effects in maintaining organic and inorganic solution phosphorus concentrations in a grassland topsoil. Plant and Soil 148, 277-284. doi:10.1007/BF00012865 (Pubitemid 24392366
169. Sharpley AN (1995) Dependence of runoff phosphorus on extractable soil phosphorus. Journal of Environmental Quality 24, 920-926. doi:10.2134/jeq1995. 00472425002400050020x
170. Sharpley A, Foy B, Withers P (2000) Practical and innovative measures for the control of agricultural phosphorus losses to water: An overview. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 1-9. doi:10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010001x
171. Sharpley AN, Weld JL, Beegle DB, Kleinman PJA, Gburek WJ, Moore PA, Mullins G (2003) Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58, 137-152.
172. Simpson R, Graham P, Davies L, Zurcher E (2009) Five easy steps to ensure you are making money from superphosphate. CSIRO & Industry and Investment NSW, Australia, Farm Advisory Booklet and Computer Decision-support Tool. Available at: Www.mla.com.au/CustomControls/PaymentGateway/ViewFile.aspx?c/ f2tCo5fhjMRKoIHHNtSJ5vHY KIkJ76L9vdxilEDpsT7bjeqEtMdvfbsM5njfJP3EYMKKAfsht7d1Tnt3
173. BqiA Simpson RJ, Stefanski A, Marshall DJ, Moore AD, Richardson AE (2010) The farm-gate phosphorus balance of sheep grazing systems maintained at three contrasting soil fertility levels. In 'Food security from sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of the 15th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference'. pp. 15-18. (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute Ltd: Gosford, NSW) Available at: Www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2010/crop-production/nitrogen- phosphorus/7208-simpsonrj.htm
174. Simpson RJ, Oberson A, Culvenor RA, Ryan MH, Veneklaas EJ, LambersH, Lynch JP, Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Smith FA, Smith SE, Harvey PR, Richardson AE (2011) Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve the phosphorus-use efficiency of farming systems. Plant and Soil 349, 89-120. doi:10.1007/s11104- 011-0880-1
175. Smit AL, Brindraban PS, Schröder JJ, Conijn JG, van der Meer HG (2009) Phosphorus in agriculture: Global resources, trends and developments. Report to the Steering Committee Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Netherlands, and in collaboration with the Nutrient Flow Task Goup (NFTG), supported by Development Policy Review Network. Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Available at: Http://77.245.87.41/Portals/0/duurzaamheid/biobrandstoffen/nieuws/2009/11/ 12571.pdf
176. Smith SE (1982) Inflow of phosphate into mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants of Trifolium subterraneum at different levels of soil phosphate. New Phytologist 90, 293-303. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03261.x
177. Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) 'Mycorrhizal symbiosis. (Academic Press: London
178. Smith SE, Jakobsen I, Grønlund M, Smith FA (2011) Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: Interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiology 156, 1050-1057. doi:10.1104/pp.111.174581
179. Snaydon RW, Bradshaw AD (1962) Differences between natural populations of Trifolium repens L. in response to mineral nutrients. Journal of Experimental Botany 13, 422-434. doi:10.1093/jxb/13.3.422
180. Stace HCT, Hubble GD, Brewer R, Northcote KH, Sleeman JR, Mulcahy MJ, Hallsworth EG (1968) 'A handbook of Australian soils. (Rellim Technical Publications: Glenside, S. Aust.
181. Summers R, Clarke M, Pope T, O'Dea T (2000) Comparison of single superphosphate and superphosphate coated with bauxite residue for subterranean clover production on phosphorus-leaching soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38, 735-744. doi:10.1071/SR99070 (Pubitemid 30390660
182. Tadano T, Ozawa K, Sakai H, Osaki M, Matsui H (1993) Secretion of acid phosphatase by the roots of crop plants under phosphorus-deficient conditions and some properties of the enzyme secreted by lupin roots. Plant and Soil 155-156, 95-98. doi:10.1007/BF00024992
183. Tesfaye M, Temple SJ, Allan DL, Vance CP, Samac DA (2001) Overexpression of malate dehydrogenase in transgenic alfalfa enhances organic acid synthesis and confers tolerance to aluminium. Plant Physiology 127, 1836-1844. doi:10.1104/pp.010376 (Pubitemid 34050047
184. Tesfaye M, Liu J, Allan DL, Vance CP (2007) Genomic and genetic control of phosphate stress in legumes. Plant Physiology 144, 594-603. doi:10.1104/pp.107.097386 (Pubitemid 46944727
185. Thomas HM, Morgan WG, Humphreys MW (2003) Designing grasses with a future-combining the attributes of Lolium and Festuca. Euphytica 133, 19-26. doi:10.1023/A:1025694819031 (Pubitemid 37216040
186. Tian J, Wang X, Tong Y, Chen X, Liao H (2012) Bioengineering and management for efficient phosphorus utilization in crops and pastures. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23, 866-871. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.03.002
187. Tinker PB (1980) The role of rhizosphere microorganisms in mediating phosphorus uptake by plants. In 'The role of phosphorus in agriculture'. (Eds FE Kwasenah, EC Sample, EJ Kamprath) pp. 617-654. (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA
188. Turner BL, Haygarth PM (2001) Biogeochemistry-phosphorus solubilization in rewetted soils. Nature 411, 258. doi:10.1038/35077146
189. Turner BL, Mahieu N, Condron LM (2003) The phosphorus composition of temperate pasture soils determined by NaOH-EDTA extraction and solution 31PNMRspectroscropy. Organic Geochemistry 34, 1199-1210. doi:10.1016/S0146- 6380(03)00061-5 (Pubitemid 36990570
190. Van Kauwenbergh SJ (2010) 'World phosphate rock reserves and resources. (International Fertilizer Development Center: Muscle Shoals, AL, USA
191. Vance CP, Uhde-Stone C, Allan DL (2003) Phosphorus acquisition and use: Critical adaptations by plants for securing a non-renewable resource. New Phytologist 157, 423-447. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x\ (Pubitemid 36333205
192. Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H, Bragg J, Patrick M, Finnegan PM, Lovelock CE, Plaxton WC, Price CA, Scheible W-R, Shane MW, White PJ, Raven JA (2012) Opportunities for improving phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plants. New Phytologist 195, 306-320. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04190.x
193. Verloop J, Oenema J, Burgers SLG, Aarts HFM, van Keulen H (2010) Pequilibrium fertilization in an intensive dairy farming system: Effects on soil-P status, crop yield and P leaching. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 87, 369-382. doi:10.1007/s10705-010-9344-x
194. Weaver DM, Wong MTF (2011) Scope to improve phosphorus (P) management and balance efficiency of crop and pasture soils with contrasting P status and buffering indices. Plant and Soil 349, 37-54. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0996-3
195. Weaver DM, Ritchie GSP, Anderson GC, Deeley DM (1988) Phosphorus leaching in sandy soils. I. Short-Term effects of fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 177-190. doi:10.1071/SR9880177 (Pubitemid 19299389
196. Weaver DM, Ritchie GSP, Anderson GC (1988) Phosphorus leaching in sandy soils. II. Laboratory studies of the long-Term effects of the phosphorus source. Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 191-200. doi:10.1071/SR9880191 (Pubitemid 19299390
197. Wheeler DM, Ledgard SF, Monaghan RM, McDowell R, DeKlein CAM (2006) OVERSEER nutrient budget model-what it is, what it does. In 'Implementing sustainable nutrient management strategies in agriculture'. Occasional Report No. 19. (Eds LD Currie, JA Hanly) pp. 231-236. (Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre, Massey University: Palmerston North, New Zealand
198. White DH, Elliot BR, Sharkey MJ, Reeves TG (1978) Efficiency of landuse systems involving crops and pastures. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 44, 21-27.
199. Williams CH (1980) Soil acidification under clover pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 20, 561-567. doi:10.1071/EA9800561
200. Williams PH, Haynes RJ (1992) Balance sheet of phosphorus, sulphur and potassium in a long-Term grazed pasture supplied with superphosphate. Fertilizer Research 31, 51-60. doi:10.1007/BF01064227
201. WilliamsWM,Verry IM, Ansari HA, EllisonNW,Hussain SW, Widdup KH, NicholsSN, WilliamsonML,NaeemM,Ullah I (2010) Splitting the clover genome: Radical new clovers for agriculture. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72, 273-276.
202. WilliamsWM,Verry IM, Hussain SW, Ansari HA, Widdup KH, EllisonNW, Nichols SN (2013) Widening the adaptation of white clover by incorporation of valuable new traits from wild clover species. In 'Revitalising grasslands to sustain our communities. Proceedings of the 22nd International Grassland Congress'. pp. 287-289. (International Grassland Congress) Available at: Www.igc2013.com
203. Zhu J, Zhang C, Lynch JP (2010) The utility of phenotypic plasticity of root hair length for phosphorus acquisition. Functional Plant Biology 37, 313-322. doi:10.1071/FP09197.