Fertilisers and phosphorus loss from productive grazing systems

Australian Journal of Soil Research

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 403-429

  Nash, David M ^a   Halliwell, David J ^a  

^a AGRICULTURE VICTORIA RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FERTILIZER; FLOW PATTERN; GRAZING; LEACHING; PHOSPHORUS; RAINFALL; RUNOFF;

EID: 0032946391     PISSN: 00049573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/S98087     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Ahuja, L. R. (1986). Characterization and modeling of chemical transfer to runoff. Advances in Soil Science 4, 149-88.
2. Allen, S. E., and Mays, D. A. (1971). Sulfur-coated fertilisers for controlled release: agronomic evaluation. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry 19, 809-12.
3. Anon. (1995). Algal bloom & nutrient status of Victorian inland waters. Status. National Library of Australia, Melbourne.
4. Anon. (1996). Blue-green algae and nutrients in Victoria. A resource handbook. National Library of Australia, Melbourne.
5. Anon. (1997a). Phosphorus for dairy farms: Project results year 2. Agriculture Victoria Ellinbank, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne.
6. Anon. (1997b). Pivot Limited 78th Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 1996-97. Pivot Limited, Melbourne.
7. Armstrong, A. C., and Harris, G. L. (1996). Movement of water and solutes from agricultural land: The effects of artificial drainage. In 'Advances in Hillslope Processes'. (Eds A. C. Armstrong and G. L. Harris.) pp. 187-211. (John Wiley: Chichester, UK.)
8. Barlow, K., Halliwell, D., and Nash, D. (1998). Control of relative humidity and soil water content, for phosphorus fertiliser runoff simulations. In 'National Soils Conference, Environmental Benefits of Soil Management'. (Ed. P. Mulvey.) pp. 439-42. (Australian Society of Soil Science Inc.: Brisbane.)
9. Barrow, J. (1989). Surface reactions of phosphate in soil. Agricultural Science 2, 33-8.
10. Barrow, N. J. (1975). Chemical forms of inorganic phosphate in sheep faeces. Australian Journal of Soil Research 13, 63-7.
11. Barrow, N. J. (1980). Evaluation and utilisation of residual phosphorus in soils. In 'The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture'. (Eds F. E. Khasawneh, E. C. Sample, and E. J. Kamprath.) pp. 333-59. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)
12. Bell, L. C., and Black, C. A. (1970). Crystalline phosphates produced by interaction of orthophosphate fertilisers with slightly acid and alkaline soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 34, 735-40.
13. Bloom, P. R., McBride, M. B., and Weaver, R. M. (1979). Aluminium organic matter in acid soils: buffering and solution aluminium activity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43, 488-93.
14. Bostrom, B., Persson, G., and Broberg, B. (1988). Bioavailability of different phosphorus forms in freshwater systems. Hydrobiologia 170, 133-55.
15. Bouldin, D. R., Lehr, J. R., and Sample, E. C. (1960). The effect of associated salts on transformations of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate at the site of application. Soil Science Society of America Journal 24, 464-8.
16. Braithwaite, G. D. (1976). Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in ruminants with special reference to parturient paresis. Journal of Dairy Research 43, 501-20.
17. Broberg, O., and Pettersson, K. (1988). Analytical determination of orthophosphate in water. Hydrobiologia 170, 45-59.
18. Bromfield, S. M., and Jones, O. L. (1972). The initial leaching of hayed-off pasture plants in relation to the recycling of phosphorus. Australian Journal of Agriculture 23, 811-24.
19. Burton, J. D. (1973). Problems in the analysis of phosphorus compounds. Water Research 7, 291-307.
20. Burwell, R. E., Timmons, D. R., and Holt, R. F. (1975). Nutrient transport in surface runoff as influenced by soil cover and seasonal periods. Soil Science Society of America Journal 39, 523-28.
21. Cathcart, J. B. (1980). The phosphate industry in the United States. In 'The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture'. (Eds F. E. Khasawneh, E. C. Sample, and E. J. Kamprath.) pp. 19-41. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)
22. Chardon, W. J., and Oenema, O. (1995). Leaching of organically bound phosphorus. In 'Annual Report 1995'. pp. 39-42. (DLO Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility (AB-DLO): Wageningen.)
23. Chardon, W. J., Oenema, O., del Castilho, P., Vriesema, R., Japenga, J., and Blaauw, D. (1997). Organic phosphorus in solutions and leachates from soils treated with animal slurries. Journal of Environmental Quality 26, 372-8.
24. Chien, S. H., Sale, P. W. G., and Hammond, L. L. (1989). Comparison of the effectiveness of phosphorus fertiliser products. In 'Phosphorus Requirements for Sustainable Agriculture in Asia and Oceana'. pp. 143-56. (International Rice Research Institute: Manila.)
25. Cottingham, P., Bennison, G., Dunn, R., Lidston, J., and Robinson, D. (1995). 'Algal Bloom and Nutrient Status of Victorian Inland Waters.' (Government of Victoria: Melbourne.)
26. Cullen, P. (1991). Land use and declining water quality. Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 4, 4-8.
27. Dickinson, C. H., and Craig, G. (1990). Effects of water on the decomposition and release of nutrients from cow pats. New Phytology 115, 139-47.
28. Dillaha, T. A., Sherrard, J. H., Lee, D., Mostaghimi, S., and Shanholtz, V. O. (1988). Evaluation of vegetative filter strips as a best management practice for feed lots. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 60, 1231-8.
29. Dillon, P. J., and Kirchner, W. B. (1974). The effects of geology and land use on the export of phosphorus from watersheds. Water Research 9, 135-48.
30. Dils, R., and Heathwaite, A. L. (1996). Phosphorus fractionation in hillslope hydrological pathways contributing to agricultural runoff. In 'Advances in Hillslope Processes'. (Eds M. G. Anderson and S. M. Brookes.) pp. 229-51. (John Wiley: Chichester, UK.)
31. Drysdale, G. (1998). Dairy farm performance analysis 1996-97. Annual Report, DNRE, Melbourne.
32. Edwards, D. R., Daniel, T. C., and Moore, P. A. Jr (1996). Quality of runoff from pasture fields treated with organic and inorganic fertilisers. In 'The International Conference on Agricultural Engineering'. (Ed. U. P. D. Madrid.) (European Society of Agricultural Engineers: Madrid.)
33. Engelstad, O. P., and Hellums, D. T. (1992). Water solubility aspects of phosphate fertilisers: agronomic aspects - A literature review. International Fertiliser Development Center (IFDC), Alabama.
34. Engelstad, O. P., and Terman, G. L. (1980). Agronomic effectiveness of phosphate fertilisers. In 'The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture'. (Eds F. E. Khasawneh, E. C. Sample, and E. J. Kamprath.) pp. 311-32. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)
35. Environment Protection Authority. (1995). Protecting water quality in Central Gippsland. Schedule F5 - Waters of the Latrobe and Thomson River Basins and Merriman Creek, Catchment and Draft Policy Impact. Environment Protection Authority, Melbourne.
36. Fleming, N. K., Cox, J. W., and Chittleborough, D. J. (1997). Pathways, loads, and forms of phosphorus in runoff from adjacent subcatchments on a dairy farm at Flaxley, South Australia. CRC for Soil and Land Management, Adelaide.
37. Frame, J. (1992). 'Improved Grasslands Management.' (Framing Press: UK.)
38. Gburek, W. J., Sharpley, A. N., and Pionke, H. B. (1996). Identification of critical source areas for phosphorus export from agricultural catchments. In 'Identification of Critical Source Areas for Phosphorus Export from Agricultural Catchments'. (Eds M. G. Anderson and S. M. Brookes.) pp. 263-82. (John Wiley: Chichester, UK.)
39. Grace, N. D. (1983). The mineral requirements of grazing ruminants. New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Publication No. 9. pp. 106-11.
40. Grayson, R., Gippel, C. J., Finlayson, B. L., Hart, B. T., Hawken, R., McMahon, T. A., and Tillead, J. (1994). Mitigation of sediment and nutrient movement from sources in the Latrobe River catchment into the Gippsland Lakes. Report No. UME 8. Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
41. Greenhill, N. B., Peverill, K. I., and Douglas, L. A. (1983a). Nutrient concentrations in runoff from pasture in Westernport, Victoria. Australian Journal of Soil Research 21, 139-45.
42. Greenhill, N. B., Peverill, K. I., and Douglas, L. A. (1983b). Nutrient loads in surface runoff from sloping perenial pastures in Victoria, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 26, 503-6.
43. Gregg, P. E. H., Hedley, M. J., Cooper, A. B., and Cooke, J. (1993). Transfer of nutrients from grazed pastures to aquatic surface waters and their impact on water quality. In 'Proceedings of the New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers Association Conference'. pp. 64-75.
44. Gregory, D. I. (1992). Global structure of the phosphate fertiliser industry. In 'Phosphate Fertilisers and the Environment'. (Ed. J. J. Schultz.) pp. 13-26. (International Fertiliser Development Center: Tampa, FL.)
45. Hairsine, P. (1996). Comparing grass filter strips and near natural riparian forests for buffering intense hillslope sediment sources. Conference on Stream Management in Australia, Merrijig, 19-23 February.
46. Hairsine, P. B., and Grayson, R. B. (1993). Further perspectives on buffer strips: surface transport and deposition processes. Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Australia, Occasional Paper 01/93, pp. 45-52.
47. Havis, R. N., and Alberts, E. E. (1993). Nutrient leaching from field-decomposed corn and soybean residue under simulated rainfall. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, 211-18.
48. Haygarth, P. (1997). Agriculture as a source of phosphorus transfer to water: sources and pathways. Scientific Committee on Phosphates in Europe Newsletter 21, 1-15.
49. Haygarth, P. M., and Jarvis, S. C. (1996a). Soil derived phosphorus in surface runoff from grazed grassland lysimeters. Water Research 31, 140-8.
50. Haygarth, P. M., and Jarvis, S. C. (1996b). Pathways and forms of phosphorus losses from grazed grassland hillslopes. In 'Advances in Hillslope Processes'. (Eds M. G. Anderson and S. M. Brookes.) pp. 283-94. (John Wiley: Chichester, UK.)
51. Haynes, R. J. (1984). Lime and phosphorus in the soil-plant system. Advances in Agronomy 37, 249-315.
52. Hazel, P. (1991). Draft report - Mt Lofty Ranges dairy farm water quality monitoring program 1987-1989. Engineering and Water Supply Department of South Australia, Adelaide.
53. Heathwaite, A.L. (1993). The impact of agriculture on dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in temperate ecosystems. Chemistry and Ecology 8, 217-31.
54. Heckrath, G., Brookes, P. C., Poulton, P. R., and Goulding, K. W. T. (1995). Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment. Journal of Environmental Quality 24, 904-10.
55. Heng, L.K., White, R.E., Bolan, N.S., and Scotter, D.R. (1991). Leaching losses of major nutrients from a mole-drained soil under pasture. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 34, 325-34.
56. Holford, I. (1989). Phosphate behaviour in soils. Agricultural Science 2, 15-21.
57. Holford, I. C. R. (1997). Soil phosphorus: its measurement and its uptake by plants. Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, 227-39.
58. Jansson, M. (1988). Phosphate uptake and utilisation by bacteria and algae. Hydrobiologia 170, 177-89.
59. Johnston, A. E., and Poulton, P. R. (1992). The role of phosphorus in crop production and soil fertility: 150 years of field experiments at Rothamsted, United Kingdom. In 'Phosphate Fertilizer and the Environment'. (Ed. J. J. Schultz.) pp. 45-63. (International Fertiliser Development Center, Phosphate Fertiliser and the Environment: Tampa, FL.)
60. Jones, O. L., and Bromfield, S. M. (1969). Phosphorus changes during leaching and decomposition of hayed off pasture plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 653-63.
61. Jordan, C., and Smith, R.V. (1985). Factors affecting leaching of nutrients from an intensively managed grassland in county Antrim, Northern Ireland. Journal of Environmental Management 20, 1-15.
62. Kirkby, C. A., Smythe, L. J., Cox, J. W., and Chittleborough, D. J. (1997). Phosphorus movement down a toposequence from a landscape with texture contrast soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, 399-417.
63. Kofoed, A. D. (1984). Pathways of nitrate and phosphate to ground and surface waters. In 'Environment and Chemicals in Agriculture'. (Ed. F. P. W. Winteringham.) pp. 27-69. (Elsevier: London.)
64. Lawton, K., and Vomocil, J. A. (1954). The dissolution and migration of phosphorus from granular superphosphate in some Michigan soils. American Soil Science Society Journal 23, 26-32.
65. Lehr, J. R., Brown, W. E., and Brown, E. H. (1959). Chemical behaviour of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate in soils. American Soil Science Society Journal 23, 3-7.
66. Lindsay, W. L., Frazier, A. W., and Stephenson, H. F. (1962a). Identification of reaction products from phosphate fertilisers in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 26, 446-52.
67. Lindsay, W. L., Frazier, A. W., and Stephenson, H. F. (1962b). Nature and reactions of mono-calcium phosphate monohydrate in soils: III Studies with metastable triple point solutions. American Soil Science Society Journal 23, 342-45.
68. Lindsay, W. L., and Stephenson, H. F. (1959a). Nature of reactions of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate in soils. I. The solution that reacts with the soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 23, 12-7.
69. Lindsay, W. L., and Stephenson, H. F. (1959b). Nature of the reactions of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate in soils: II. Dissolution and precipitation reactions involving iron, aluminium, manganese, and calcium. Soil Science Society of America Journal 23, 18-22.
70. Lowrance, R. R., Todd, R. L., and Asmussen, L. E. (1984). Nutrient cycling in an agricultural watershed: II. Streamflow and artificial drainage. Journal of Environmental Quality 13, 27-32.
71. Lutz, J. F., and Haque, I. (1975). Effects of phosphorus on some physical and chemical properties of clays. American Soil Science Society Proceedings 39, 33-6.
72. McColl, R. H. S. (1979). Factors affecting downslope movement of nutrients in hill pasture. Progress in Water Technology 11, 271-85.
73. McColl, R. H. S., White, E., and Gibson, A. R. (1977). Phosphorus and nitrate run-off in hill pasture and forest catchments, Taita, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 11, 729-44.
74. Magesan, G. N., White, R. E., and Scotter, D. R. (1996). Nitrate leaching from a drained, sheep-grazed pasture. I. Experimental results and environmental implications. Australian Journal of Soil Research 34, 55-67.
75. Mays, D. A., Wilkinson, S. R., and Cole, C. V. (1980). Phosphorus nutrition of forages. In 'The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture'. (Eds F. E. Khasawneh, E. C. Sample, and E. J. Kamprath.) pp. 805-46. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)
76. Moody, P. W., Yo, S. A., Edwards, D. G., and Bell, L. C. (1995). Effect of banded fertilisers on soil solution composition and short-term root growth. III. Monocalcium phosphate without gypsum. Australian Journal of Soil Research 33, 899-914.
77. Nash, D., and Murdoch, C. (1996a). Phosphorus in runoff from a highly fertile dairy pasture. In 'Australian and New Zealand National Soils Conference 1996. Soil Science - Raising the Profile'. pp. 189-90. (Australian Society of Soil Science Inc.: Parkville, Vic.)
78. Nash, D., and Murdoch, C. (1996b). Phosphorus leaching from cattle dung and fertiliser in a krasnozem. In 'Australian and New Zealand National Soil Conference 1996. Soil Science - Raising the Profile'. pp. 187-8. (Australian Society of Soil Science Inc.: Parkville, Vic.)
79. Nash, D., and Murdoch, C. (1997). Phosphorus in runoff from a fertile dairy pasture. Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, 419-29.
80. Nash, D., Hannah, M., Halliwell, D., and Murdoch, C. (1998). Phosphorus in runoff from a pasture based grazing system. In 'National Soils Conference, Environmental Benefits of Soil Management'. (Ed. P. Mulvey.) pp. 447-9. (Australian Society for Soil Science Inc.: Brisbane.)
81. Nelson, P. N., Cotsaris, E., and Oades, M. J. (1996). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon in streams draining two grazed catchments. Journal of Environmental Quality 25, 1221-9.
82. Nelson, P. N., Cotsaris, E., Oades, J. M., and Bursill, D. B. (1991). Organic carbon in water, its sources and role in nutrient transport. AWRAC Report No. 86/66, Australian Centre for Water Treatment and Water Quality Research, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
83. Nexhip, K. J., Mundy, G. N., Collins, M. D., and Austin, N. R. (1997). Development of nutrient water quality targets for irrigated pasture sub-catchments. Rep. No. 15037. Institute of Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture, Tatura.
84. Norrish, K., and Rosser, H. (1983). Mineral phosphate. In 'Soils: An Australian Viewpoint'. pp. 335-61. (CSIRO Division of Soils: Melbourne.)
85. Payne, D. (1988). The behaviour of water in soil. In 'Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth'. (Ed. A. Wild.) pp. 315-37. (Longman Scientific and Technical: Avon.)
86. Perrott, K. W., and Sarathchandra, S. U. (1989). Phosphorus in the microbial biomass of New Zealand soils under established pasture. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 409-13.
87. Perrott, K. W., Sarathchandra, S. U., and Waller, J. E. (1990). Seasonal storage and release of phosphorus and potassium by organic matter and the microbial biomass in a high producing pastoral soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 28, 593-608.
88. Pilgram, J. J. (1986). 'Issues in the Management of Australia's Water Resources.' (Cheshire: Melbourne.)
89. Rayment, G. E., and Higginson, F. R. (1992). 'Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
90. Reddy, G. Y., McLean, E. O., Hoyt, G. D., and Logan, T. L. (1978). Effects of soil, cover crop, and nutrient source on amounts and forms of phosphorus movement under simulated rainfall conditions. Journal of Environmental Quality 7, 50-4.
91. Rhoades, J. D., and Oster, J. D. (1986). Solute content. In 'Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods'. (Ed A. Klute.) pp. 985-1006. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)
92. Richardson, A. E. (1994). 'Soil Microorganisms and Phosphorus Availability.' (CSIRO Publications: Melbourne.)
93. Robinson, R. R. (1942). Phosphorus fixation as effected by soil temperature. Agronomy Journal 34, 301-6.
94. Rowarth, J. S. (1987). Phosphate cycling in grazed hill-country pasture. PhD Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North.
95. Rowarth, J. S., Gillingham, A. G., Tillman, R. W., and Syers, J. K. (1988). Effects of season and fertiliser rate on phosphorus concentrations in pasture and sheep faeces in hill country. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 187-93.
96. Russell, E. J. (1957). 'The World of Soil.' (Collins: London.)
97. Ryden, J. C., Syers, J. K., and Harris, R. F. (1973). Phosphorus in runoff and streams. Advances in Agronomy 25, 1-45.
98. Sale, P. (1992). Plant nutrition and nutrient deficiencies in grazed pasture. In 'Facts on Fertiliser'. (Ed. G. S. James.) (Grasslands Society of Victoria.)
99. Sale, P. W. G., Simpson, P. G., Lewis, D. C., Gilkes, R. J., Bolland, M. A., Ratkowsky, D. A., Gilbert, M. A., Garden, D. L., Cayley, J. W. D., and Johnson, D. (1997). The agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks. 1. Effect of the pasture environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 921-36.
100. Sample, E. C., Khasawneh, F. E., and Hashimoto, I. (1979). Reactions of ammonium orthoand polyphosphate fertilisers in soil: III. Effects of associated cations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43, 58-65.
101. Sample, E. C., Soper, R. J., and Racz, G. J. (1980). Reactions of phosphate fertilizers in soils. In 'The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture'. (Eds F. E. Khasawneh, E. C. Sample, and E. J. Kamprath.) pp. 263-310. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)
102. Sanyal, S. K., and DeDatta, S. K. (1991). Chemistry of phosphorus transformations in soil. Advances in Soil Science 16, 1-120.
103. Schofield, R. K. (1955). Can a precise meaning be given to 'available' soil phosphorus. Soils and Fertilisers 18, 373-5.
104. Schreiber, J. D. (1985). Leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon from wheat straw residues: II. Loading rates. Journal of Environmental Quality 14, 256-60.
105. Schreiber, J. D., and McDowell, L. L. (1985). Leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon from wheat straw residues. I. Rainfall intensity. Journal of Environmental Quality 14, 251-6.
106. Schulthess, C. P., and Sparks, D. L. (1991). Equilibrium-based modeling of chemical sorption on soils and soil constituents. Advances in Soil Science 16, 121-63.
107. Sharma, M. L., Ahmed, M., and Richards, Q. D. (1996). Reliability of suction cups for measuring soil water quality. In 'Australian and New Zealand National Soils Conference 1996. Soil Science - Raising the Profile'. p. 239. (Australian Society of Soil Science Inc.: Parkville, Vic.)
108. Sharpley, A. N. (1985). Depth of surface soil-runoff interaction as affected by rainfall, soil slope, and management. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, 1010-15.
109. Sharpley, A. N., Ahuja, L. R., and Menzel, R. G. (1981). The release of soil phosphorus in runoff in relation to the kinetics of desorption. Journal of Environmental Quality 10, 386-91.
110. Sharpley, A. N., Chapra, S. C., Wedepohl, R., Sims, J. T., Daniel, T. C., and Reddy, K. R. (1994). Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters: Issues and options. Journal of Environmental Quality 23, 437-51.
111. Sharpley, A. N., and Smith, S. J. (1989). Mineralisation and leaching of phosphorus from soil incubated with surface-applied and incorporated crop residue. Journal of Environmental Quality 18, 101-5.
112. Sharpley, A. N., and Smith, S. J. (1992). Prediction of bio-available phosphorus loss in agricultural runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality 21, 32-7.
113. Sharpley, A. N., Smith, S. J., and Menzel, R. G. (1982). Prediction of phosphorus losses in runoff from southern plains watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 11, 247-50.
114. Sharpley, A. N., Smith, S. J., and Naney, J. W. (1987). Environmental impact of agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus use. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 35, 812-17.
115. Sharpley, A. N., and Syers, J. K. (1979). Phosphorus inputs into a stream draining an agricultural watershed. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 11, 417-28.
116. Sharpley, A. N., Troeger, W. W., and Smith, S. J. (1991). The measurement of bio-available phosphorus in agricultural runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality 20, 235-38.
117. Slattery, W. J., Edwards, D. G., Bell, L. C., Coventry, D. R., and Helyar, K. (1998). Soil acidification and the carbon cycle in a cropping soil of north-eastern Victoria. Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 273-90.
118. Small, D.R. (1985). Effects of irrigation land use in nutrients in runoff. Report No. 78/99, Department of Resources and Energy, Canberra.
119. Smith (1965). Aluminium and iron phosphates in soil. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 31, 110-26.
120. Sonzogoni, W. C., Chesters, G., Jeffs, D. N., Konrad, J. C., Ostry, R. C., and Robinson, J. B. (1980). Pollution from land runoff. Environmental Science and Technology 14, 148-53.
121. Syers, J. K. (1974). Effect of phosphate fertilisers on agriculture and the environment. New Zealand Agricultural Science 8, 149-64.
122. Tabatabai, M. A., and Laflen, J. M. (1976). Nitrogen and sulfur content and pH of precipitation in Iowa. Journal of Environmental Quality 5, 108-12.
123. Terman, G. L., Allen, S. E., and Engelstad, O. P. (1970). Response by paddy rice to rates and sources of applied phosphorus. Agronomy Journal 62, 390-94.
124. Tham, S. H. (1983). Nutrient runoff from agricultural land. Report No. 159, Agriculture Victoria.
125. Thomas, G. W. (1975). The relationship between organic matter content and exchangeable aluminium in acid soil. American Soil Science Society Proceedings 35, 591.
126. Thompson, R. (1989). Manure - an asset or liability. In 'Proceedings: Livestock Officers (Dairying) Conference, North Coast Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar, NSW. 12-14 September'. (Ed. D. Heptonstall.) pp. 79-85 (North Coast Agricultural Institute: Wollongbar, NSW.)
127. Timmons, D. R., Holt, R. F., and Latterall, J. J. (1970). Leaching of crop residues as a source of nutrients in surface runoff water. Water Resources Research 6, 1367-75.
128. Van Kauwenbergh, S. J. (1992). The global phosphate rock resource base - Technical and economic considerations. In 'Phosphate Fertilisers and the Environment'. (Ed. J. J. Schultz.) pp. 27-39. (International Fertiliser Development Center: Tampa, FL.)
129. Wild, A. (1949). The retention of phosphate by soil: A review. Journal of Soil Science 1, 221-38.
130. Williams, C. H. (1969). Moisture uptake by surface-applied superphosphate and movement of the phosphate and sulphate into the soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 7, 307-16.