Importance of mechanisms and processes of the stabilisation of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover

Functional Plant Biology

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 207-222

  Krull, Evelyn S ^a,b   Baldock, Jeffrey A ^a,b   Skjemstad, Jan O ^a,b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b Research School of Biological Sciences   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; CARBON; DECOMPOSITION; MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE;

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON;

SOILS;

DECOMPOSITION; SOIL CARBON; SOIL MOISTURE; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER; SOIL STRUCTURE; SOIL TEMPERATURE; SOIL TEXTURE;

EID: 0037218737     PISSN: 14454408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/FP02085     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Adams JM, Faure H, Faure-Denard L, McGlade JM, Woodward FI (1990) Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the last glacial maximum to the present. Nature 348, 711-714.
2. Ågren GI, Bosatta E (1987) Theoretical analysis of the long-term dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soils. Ecology 68, 1181-1189.
3. Ågren GI, Bosatta E (2002) Reconciling differences in predictions of temperature response of soil organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34, 129-132.
4. Alperin MJ, Balesdent J, Benner RH, Bough NV, Christman RF, Druffel ERM, Frimmel FH, Guggenberger G, Repeta DJ, Richnow HH, Swift RS (1995) How can we best characterize and quantify pools and fluxes of NLOM. In 'The role of non-living organic matter in the earth's carbon cycle'. (Eds R Zepp and C Sonntag) pp. 67-80. (John Wiley & Sons: New York)
5. 14C-labelled glucose and legume material in soils: properties influencing the accumulation of organic residue C and microbial biomass C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24, 455-464.
6. Amelung W, Zech W (1996) Organic species in ped surface and core fractions along a climosequence in the prairie, North America. Geoderma 74, 193-206.
7. Baldock JA (2002) Interactions of organic materials and microorganisms with minerals in the stabilization of soil structure. In 'Interactions between soil particles and microorganisms'. (Eds PM Huang, J-M Bollag and N Senesi) pp. 85-131. (John Wiley & Sons: New York)
8. Baldock JA, Nelson PN (1999) Soil organic matter. In 'Handbook of soil science'. (Ed. ME Sumner) pp. B25-B84. (CRC Press: Boca Raton)
9. 13C-NMR. In 'Carbon forms and functions in forest soils'. (Eds WW McFee and JM Kelly) pp. 89-117. (Soil Science Society of America Inc.: Madison)
10. Baldock JA, Skjemstad JO (2000) Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Organic Geochemistry 31, 697-710.
11. 13C-NMR measurements. Australian Journal of Soil Research 27, 725-746.
12. 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Biogeochemistry 16, 1-42.
13. Balesdent J, Chenu C, Balabane M (2000) Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 53, 215-230.
14. Batjes NH (1996) Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 151-163.
15. Beare MH, Cabrera ML, Hendrix PF, Coleman DC (1994) Aggregate-protected and unprotected organic matter pools in conventional and no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, 787-795.
16. Berg B, Hannus K, Popoff T, Theander O (1982) Changes in organic chemical components of needle litter during decomposition Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. International Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 1310-1319.
17. Besnard E, Chenu C, Balesdent J, Puget P, Arrouays D (1996) Fate of particulate organic matter in soil aggregates during cultivation. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 459-503.
18. Bird MI, Gröcke DR (1997) Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 3413-3423.
19. Bock MJ, Mayer LM (2000) Mesodensity organo-clay associations in a near-shore sediment. Marine Geology 163, 65-75.
20. Boix-Fayos C, Calvo-Cases A, Imeson AC, Soriano-Soto MD (2001) Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators. Catena 44, 47-67.
21. Bouwman AF (1998) (Ed.) Special issue: soils and climate change. Biology and Fertility of Soils 27, 219-314.
22. Burke IC, Yonker CM, Parton WJ, Cole CV, Flach K, Schimel DS (1989) Texture, climate and cultivation effects on soil organic matter in U.S. grassland soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 800-805.
23. Cambardella CA (1998) Experimental verification of simulated soil organic matter pools. In 'Soil processes and the carbon cycle'. (Eds R Lal, JM Kimble, RF Follett and BA Stewart) pp. 519-526. (CRC Press: Boca Raton)
24. Cambardella CA, Elliot ET (1992) Particulate soil organic matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, 777-783.
25. Coleman K, Jenkinson DS (1995) 'RothC-26.3 - a model for the turnover of carbon in soil: model description and users guide.' (Lawes Agricultural Trust: Harpenden, UK)
26. Coleman K, Jenkinson DS (1996) RothC-26.3 - a model for the turnover of carbon in soil. In 'Evaluation of soil organic matter models using existing long-term datasets: NATO ASI series. Series 1, Global environmental change. Vol. 38.' (Eds DS Powlson, P Smith and JU Smith) pp. 237-246. (Springer-Verlag: New York)
27. Dalal RC, Mayer RJ (1986) Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. II. Total organic carbon and its rate of loss from the soil profile. Australian Journal of Soil Research 24, 281-292.
28. Davidson EA, Ackerman IL (1993) Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously amended soils. Biogeochemistry 20, 161-193.
29. Derenne S, Largeau C (2001) A review of some important families of refractory macromolecules: composition, origin, and fate in soils and sediments Soil Science 166, 833-847.
30. Dexter AR (1988) Advances in characterization of soil structure. Soil and Tillage Research 11, 199-238.
31. Edwards AP, Bremner JM (1967) Microaggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science 18, 64-73.
32. Elliott ET (1986) Aggregate structure and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, 627-633.
33. Elliott ET, Coleman DC (1988) Let the soil work for us. Ecological Bulletins 39, 23-32.
34. Elliott ET, Palm CA, Reuss DE, Monz CA (1991) Organic matter contained in soil aggregates from a tropical chronosequence: correction for sand and light fraction. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 34, 443-451.
35. Elliott ET, Paustian K, Frey SD (1996) Modeling the measurable or measuring the modelable: a hierarchical approach to isolating meaningful soil organic matter fractions. In 'Evaluation of soil organic matter models. Vol. 38.' (Eds DS Powlson, P Smith and JU Smith) pp. 161-179. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin)
36. Eswaran H, Van Den Berg E, Reich PF (1993) Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, 192-194.
37. Falloon PD, Smith P (2000) Modelling refractory soil organic matter. Biology and Fertility of Soils 30, 388-398.
38. Feller C, Fritsch E, Poss R, Valentin C (1991) Effect of the texture on the storage and dynamics of organic matter in some low activity clay soils (West Africa, particularly). Cahier ORSTOM série Pedologie 26, 25-36.
39. Franzleubbers AJ (1999) Microbial activity in response to water-filled pore space of variably eroded southern Piedmont soils. Applied Soil Ecology 11, 91-101.
40. Franzluebbers AJ, Arshad MA (1996) Water-stable aggregation and organic matter in four soils under conventional and zero tillage. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, 387-393.
41. Franzluebbers AJ, Arshad MA (1997) Particulate organic carbon content and potential mineralization as affected by tillage and texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 1382-1386.
42. Giardina CP, Ryan MG (2000) Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature. Nature 404, 858-861.
43. Glaser B, Haumaier L, Guggenberger G, Zech W (1998) Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers. Organic Geochemistry 29, 811-819.
44. Gleixner G, Czimczik CJ, Kramer C, Luehker B, Schmidt MWI (2001) Plant compounds and their turnover and stabilization as soil organic matter. In 'Global biogeochemical cycles in the climate system'. (Eds ED Schulze, M Heimann, S Harrison, E Holland, J Lloyd, IC Prentice and D Schimel) pp. 201-215. (Academic Press: San Diego)
45. Glinski J, Lipiec J (1990) 'Soil physical conditions and plant roots.' (CRC Press: Boca Raton)
46. 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 285-309.
47. Golchin A, Baldock JA, Oades MJ (1998) A model linking organic matter decomposition, chemistry and aggregate dynamics. In 'Soil processes and the carbon cycle'. (Eds R Lal, JM Kimble, RF Follett and BA Stewart) pp. 245-266. (CRC Press: Boca Raton)
48. Hassink J (1997) The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant and Soil 191, 77-87.
49. Hassink J, Whitmore AP, Kubát J (1997) Size and density fractionation of soil organic matter and the physical capacity of soils to protect organic matter. European Journal of Agronomy 7, 189-199.
50. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Organic Geochemistry 11, 31-39.
51. Hsieh YP (1992) Pool size and mean age of stable soil organic carbon in cropland. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, 460-464.
52. Janssen BH (1984) A simple method for calculating decomposition and accumulation of 'young' soil organic matter. Plant and Soil 76, 297-304.
53. Jastrow JD, Boutton TW, Miller RM (1996) Carbon dynamics in aggregate-associated organic matter estimated by carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 801-807.
54. Jastrow JD, Miller RM (1997) Soil aggregate stabilization and carbon sequestration: feedbacks through organomineral associations. In 'Soil processes and the carbon cycle'. (Eds R Lal, JM Kimble, RF Follett BA Stewart) pp. 207-223. (CRC Press: Boca Raton)
55. Jenkinson DS (1988) Soil organic matter and its dynamics. In 'Russell's soil condition and plant growth'. (Ed. A Wild) pp. 564-607. (Longman Scientific & Technical: London)
56. Jenkinson DS (1990) The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 329, 361-368.
57. Jenkinson DS, Hart PBS, Rayner JH, Parry LC (1987) Modelling the turnover of organic matter in long-term experiments at Rothamsted. INTECOL Bulletin 15, 1-8.
58. Keil RG, Tsamakis E, Fuh CB, Giddings C, Hedges JI (1994) Mineralogical and textural controls on the organic composition of coastal marine sediments: hydrodynamic separation using SPLITT-fractionation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 879-893.
59. Kemper WD, Koch EJ (1966) 'Aggregate stability of soils from the Western United States and Canada.' Colorado Agricultural and Experimental Station Bulletin, Colorado, USA.
60. Kirk K, Connors WJ, Zeikus JG (1976) Requirement for a growth substrate during lignin decomposition by two wood-rotting fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 32, 192-194.
61. Kirschbaum MUF (1995) The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, 753-760.
62. Kirschbaum MUF (2000) Will changes in organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming? Biogeochemistry 48, 21-51.
63. Kögel-Knabner I, de Leeuw JW, Hatcher PG (1992) Nature and distribution of alkyl carbon in forest soil profiles: implications for the origin and humification of aliphatic biomacromolecules. Science of the Total Environment 117/118, 175-185.
64. Ladd JN, Amato M, Oades JM (1985) Decomposition of plant materials in Australian soils. III. Residual organic and microbial biomass C and N from isotope labelled legume materials and soil organic matter, decomposing under field conditions. Australian Journal of Soil Research 23, 603-611.
65. Ladd JN, Foster RC, Skjemstad JO (1993) Soil structure: carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Geoderma 56, 401-434.
66. Linn DM, Doran JW (1984) Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils. Soil Science of America Journal 48, 1667-1672.
67. Lynch JM, Bragg E (1985) Microorganisms and soil aggregate stability. Australian Journal of Soil Research 27, 411-423.
68. Mann LK (1986) Changes in soil carbon storage after cultivation. Soil Science 142, 279-288.
69. Martin JP, Martin WP, Page JB, Ranley WA, De Ment JD (1955) Soil aggregation. Advances in Agronomy 7, 1-37.
70. Mayer LM (1994a) Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 1271-1284.
71. Mayer LM (1994b) Relationships between mineral surfaces and organic carbon concentrations in soils and sediments. Chemical Geology 114, 347-363.
72. Mayer LM (1999) Extent of coverage of mineral surfaces by organic matter in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 207-213.
73. McGill WB, Hunt HW, Woodmansee RG, Reuss JO (1981) PHOENIX, a model of the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in grassland soils. In 'Terrestrial nitrogen cycles. Vol. 33'. (Eds FE Clark and T Rosswall) pp. 9-11. (Ecological Bulletin: Stockholm)
74. Miller RD, Johnson DD (1964) The effect of soil moisture tension on carbon dioxide evolution, nitrification, and nitrogen mineralization. Soil Science of America Journal 28, 644-647.
75. Moore AM (1986) Temperature and moisture dependence of decomposition rates of hardwood and coniferous leaf litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18, 427-435.
76. Murty D, Kirschbau MUF, McMurtrie RE, McGilvray H (2002) Does forest conversion to agricultural land change soil organic carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Global Change Biology 8, 105-123.
77. Myers RJK, Campbell CA, Weier KL (1982) Quantitative relationships between net nitrogen mineralization and moisture content of soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 62, 111-124.
78. Oades JM (1984) Soil organic matter and waterstable aggregates in soils. Plant and Soil 76, 319-337.
79. Oades JM (1989) An introduction to organic matter in mineral soils. In 'Minerals in soil environments'. (Eds JB Dixon and SB Weed) pp. 89-159. (Soil Science Society of America Inc.: Madison)
80. Papendick RI, Campbell GS (1980) Theory and measurement of water potential. In 'Water potential relations in soil microbiology'. (Eds E Parr, WR Gardner and WR Elliot) pp. 1-22. (Soil Science Society of America Inc.: Madison)
81. Parton WJ, Schimel DS, Cole CV, Ojima DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plain grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, 1173-1179.
82. 2-induced climate change: dependence on soil water and nitrogen availabilities Nature 334, 55-58.
83. Paul K (2001) Temperature and moisture effects on decomposition rate. In 'Net ecosystem exchange'. (Eds MUF Kirschbaum and R Mueller) pp. 95-102. (CRC for Greenhouse Accounting: Canberra)
84. Paul EA, Follett RF, Leavitt SW, Halvorson A, Peterson GA, Lyon DJ (1997) Radiocarbon dating for determination of soil organic matter pool sizes and dynamics. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 1058-1067.
85. Paustian K (1994) Modelling soil biology and biochemical processes for sustainable agriculture research. In 'Soil biota: management in sustainable farming systems'. (Eds CE Pankhurst, BM Doube, VVSR Gupta and PR Grace) pp. 182-193. (CSIRO Information Services: East Melbourne)
86. Paustian K, Parton WJ, Persson J (1992) Modelling soil organic matter in organic-amended and nitrogen fertilized long-term plots. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, 476-488.
87. Paustian K, Levine E, Post WM, Ryzhova IM (1997) The use of models to integrate information and understanding of soil C at the regional scale. Geoderma 79, 227-260.
88. 2 emissions from agricultural soils. Biogeochemistry 48, 147-163.
89. Polglase P (2001) Effect of mechanical disturbance (cultivation) on soil carbon dynamics. In 'Net ecosystem exchange'. (Eds MUF Kirschbaum and R Mueller) pp.120-123. (CRC for Greenhouse Accounting: Canberra)
90. Post WM, Emmanuel WR, Zinke PJ, Stangenberger AG (1982) Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature 298, 156-159.
91. Post WM, Pastor J, King AW, Emanuel WR (1992) Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64, 345-363.
92. Puget P, Chenu C, Balesdent J (1995) Total and young organic matter distributions in aggregates of silty cultivated soils. European Journal of Soil Science 46, 449-459.
93. Puget P, Chenu C, Balesdent J (2000) Dynamics of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregates. European Journal of Soil Research 51, 595-605.
94. Ransom B, Bennett RH, Baerwald R, Shea K (1997) TEM study of in situ organic matter on continental margins: occurrence and the 'monolayer' hypothesis. Marine Geology 138, 1-9.
95. Ransom B, Kim D, Kastner M, Wainwright S (1998) Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 1329-1345.
96. Rodrigo A, Recous S, Neel C, Mary B (1997) Modelling temperature and moisture effects on C-N transformations in soils: comparison of nine models. Ecological Modelling 102, 325-339.
97. Rovira AD, Greacen EL (1957) The effect of aggregate disruption on the activity of microorganisms in the soil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 659-673.
98. Rühlmann J (1999) A new approach to estimating the pool of stable organic matter in soil using data from long-term field experiments. Plant and Soil 213, 149-160.
99. Sala OE, Parton WJ, Joyce LA, Lauenroth WK (1988) Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States. Ecology 69, 40-45.
100. Schimel DS, Coleman DC, Horton KA (1985a) Soil organic matter dynamics in paired rangeland and cropland toposequences in North Dakota. Geoderma 36, 201-214.
101. Schimel DS, Stillwell MA, Woodmansee RG (1985b) Biogeochemistry of C, N, and P in a soil catena of the short grass steppe. Ecology 66, 276-282.
102. Schimel DS, Braswell BH, Holland EA, McKeown R, Ojima DS, Painter TH, Parton WJ, Townsend AR (1994) Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, 279-293.
103. Schjønning P, Thomsen IK, Møberg JP, de Jonge H, Kristensen K, Christensen BT (1999) Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils. Geoderma 89, 177-198.
104. Schmidt MWI, Noack AG (2000) Black carbon in soils and sediments: analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 777-793.
105. Schmidt MWI, Skjemstad JO, Czimczik CI, Glaser B, Prentice KM, Gelinas Y, Kuhlbusch TAJ (2001) Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 163-167.
106. Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K, Doran JW (1998) Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 1367-1377.
107. Six J, Elliott T, Paustian K (1999) Aggregate and soil organic matter dynamics underconventional and no-tillage systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1350-1358.
108. Six J, Paustian K, Elliott ET, Combrink C (2000) Soil structure and soil organic matter. I. Distribution of aggregate size classes and aggregate associated carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 681-689.
109. Skjemstad JO (2001) Charcoal and other resistant organic matter. In 'Net ecosystem exchange'. (Eds MUF Kirschbaum and R Mueller) pp.116-119. (CRC for Greenhouse Accounting: Canberra)
110. Skjemstad JO, Janik LJ (1996) 'Climate change: determining the potential for carbon sequestration in Australian soils.' Final report for Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Project CSO-5A, Kingston, ACT.
111. 13C natural abundance. Australian Journal of Soil Research 28, 267-276.
112. Skjemstad JO, Clarke P, Taylor JA, Oades JM, McClure SG (1996) The chemistry and nature of protected carbon in soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 34, 251-271.
113. Skjemstad JO, Janik LJ, Taylor JA (1998) Non-living soil organic matter: what do we know about it? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 667-680.
114. Skjemstad JO, Taylor JA, Janik LJ, Marvanek SP (1999) Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term sugarcane monoculture. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 151-164.
115. Skjemstad JO, Dalai RC, Janik LJ, McGowan JA (2001) Changes in chemical nature of soil organic carbon in Vertisols under wheat in south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research 39, 343-359.
116. Sollins P, Homann P, Caldwell BA (1996) Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: mechanisms and controls. Geoderma 74, 65-105.
117. Spain A (1990) Influence of environmental conditions and some soil chemical properties on the carbon and nitrogen contents of some Australian rainforest soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 28, 825-839.
118. Spycher G, Sollins P, Rose S (1983) Carbon and nitrogen in the light fraction of a forest soil: vertical distribution and seasonal patterns. Soil Science 135, 79-87.
119. Swift RS (2001) Sequestration of carbon by soil. Soil Science 166, 858-871.
120. Sørensen LH (1972) Stabilization of newly formed amino acid metabolites in soil by clay minerals. Soil Science 114, 5-11.
121. Sørensen LH (1975) The influence of clay on the rate of decay of amino acid metabolites synthesized in soils during decomposition of cellulose. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 7, 171-177.
122. Theng BKG (1979) 'Formation and properties of clay-polymer complexes.' (Elsevier: Amsterdam)
123. Thomsen IK, Schøřnning P, Jensen B, Kristensen K, Christensen BT (1999) Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils. Geoderma 89, 199-218.
124. Tiessen H, Cuevas E, Chacon P (1994) The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371, 783-785.
125. Tisdall JM (1996) Formation of soil aggregates and accumulation of soil organic matter. In 'Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils'. (Eds MR Carter and BA Stewart) pp. 57-96. (CRC Press: Boca Raton)
126. Tisdall JM, Oades JM (1982) Organic matter and waterstable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science 33, 141-163.
127. 14C of fractionated organic matter. In 'Soil and the greenhouse effect'. (Ed. AF Bouwman) pp. 405-414. (John Wiley & Sons: New York)
128. Trumbore SE, Chadwick OA, Amundson R (1996) Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change. Science 272, 393-396.
129. Waksman SA (1938) 'Humus: origin, chemical composition and importance in nature.' (Bailliere, Tindal & Cox: London)
130. Waters AG, Oades, JM (1991) Organic matter in water - stable aggregates. In 'Advances in soil organic matter research. The impact on agriculture and the environment'. (Ed. WS Wilson). p. 163-174. (Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge)
131. Whitbread AM, Lefroy RDB, Blair GJ (1998) A survey of the impacts of cropping on soil physical and chemical properties in north-western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 669-681.
132. Zech W, Senesi N, Guggenberger G, Kaiser K, Lehmann J, Miano TM, Miltner A, Schroth G (1997) Factors controlling humification and mineralization of soil organic matter in the tropics. Geoderma 79, 117-161.