The hard count: The political and social challenges of census mobilization

The Hard Count: The Political and Social Challenges of Census Mobilization

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-156

  Sunshine Hillygus, D ^a   Nie, Norman H ^b   Prewitt, Kenneth ^c   Pals, Heili ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903497492     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (138)

1. Albany (N.Y.) Times Union. 2000. "Census Rules Ensure Privacy, Clinton Says." April 2.
2. Anderson, Margo J. 1988. The American Census: A Social History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
3. Anderson, Margo J. 2000. Encyclopedia of the U.S. Census. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
4. Anderson, Margo J., and Stephen E. Fienberg. 1999. Who Counts: The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
5. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Shanto Iyengar. 1995. Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York: Free Press.
6. Atkin, Charles K., and Lawrence Wallack, eds. 1990. Mass Communication and Public Health: Complexities and Conflicts. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
7. Baim, Julian. 1991. "Response Rates: A Multinational Perspective." Marketing and Research Today 19(2): 114-19.
8. Bartels, Larry M. 1993. "Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure." American Political Science Review 87: 267-85.
9. Bates, Nancy, and Sara K. Buckley. 2000. "Exposure to Paid Advertising and Returning a Census Form." Journal of Advertising Research 40(1-2): 65-74.
10. Bauder, Mark, and D. H. Judson. 2003. "Administrative Records Experiment in 2000 (AREX 2000): Household Level Analysis." Census 2000 Experiment Report. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau.
11. Belden, Russonello and Stewart Research and Communications. 1999. "Generating Greater Participation in the 2000 Census Analysis from a National Survey Conducted for U.S. Census Monitoring Board." Available at: http://www.brspoll.com/Reports/Census%20summary.pdf (accessed December 5, 2005).
12. Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
13. Berinsky, Adam. 2005. "The Perverse Consequences of Electoral Reform in the United States." American Politics Research 33(3): 471-91.
14. Bowers, Dianne K. 2001. "The U.S. Research Industry and Privacy" (March). Available at: http://www.researchinfo.com/docs/legwatch/ 2001-03.cfm (accessed December 5, 2005).
15. Bradburn, Norman M. 1992. "Presidential Address: A Response to the Nonresponse Problem." Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 391-98.
16. Brehm, John. 1993. The Phantom Respondents: Opinion Surveys and Political Representation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
17. Brehm, John. 1994. "Stubbing Our Toes for a Foot in the Door? Prior Contact, Incentives, and Survey Response." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 6: 45-63.
18. Brehm, John, and Wendy Rahn. 1997. "Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital." American Journal of Political Science 41(July): 999-1023.
19. Brewer, Paul R. 2002. "Framing, Value Words, and Citizens' Explanations of Their Issue Opinions." Political Communication 19: 303-16.
20. Bryant, Barbara, and William Dunn. 1995. Moving Money and Power: The Politics of Census Taking. New York: New Strategist Publications.
21. Bulmer, Martin. 1979. Censuses, Surveys and Privacy. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.
22. Butz, W. P., and Scarr, H. A. 1987. "The 1987 German Census: A Trip Report." Report prepared for the U.S. Bureau of Census.
23. Choldin, Harvey M. 1988. "Government Statistics: The Conflict Between Research and Privacy." Demography 25: 145-54.
24. Citro, Constance F., Daniel L. Cork, and Janet L. Norwood, eds. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity: Report of a Panel to Review the 2000 Census. Washington: National Academies Press/Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council.
25. Cohn, D'Vera. 2000. Census Too Nosy? Don't Answer Invasive Questions, GOP Suggests." Washington Post, March 30.
26. The Columbian (Vancouver, Wash.). 2000. "Puck Hits Bump, Numbers Game." March 18.
27. Congressional Record. 1987. U.S. Congress, Senate, 9 October 1987, 14011-12.
28. Congressional Record. 1988. "Proceedings and Debates of the 100th Congress, Second Session." 134(1): 3-1466. (January 25-February 16). Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
29. Council for Marketing and Opinion Research (CMOR). 2003. "Respondent Cooperation and Industry Image Study." Available at: http://www.cmor.org/ rc/evtpubs.cfm (accessed December 5, 2005).
30. Couper, Mick P., Eleanor Singer, and Richard A. Kulka. 1998. "Participation in the 1990 Decennial Census: Politics, Privacy, Pressures." American Politics Quarterly 26(1): 59-80.
31. Crowley, Melinda. 2003. "Generation X Speaks Out on Civic Engagement and the Census: An Ethnographic Approach" (June 17). Available at: http://www.census.gov/pred/www/rpts/Generation%20X%20Final%20Report.pdf (accessed December 5, 2005).
32. Curran, James. 2002. Media and Power. London: Routledge.
33. Davis, James A., Peter P. Mohler, and Tom W. Smith. 1994. "Nationwide General Social Surveys." In Trends and Perspectives in Empirical Social Research, edited by Ingwer Borg and Peter Ph. Mohler. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
34. Davis, James A., Peter P. Mohler, and Tom W. Smith. 2004. "National General Social Surveys." In Trends and Perspectives in Empirical Social Research, edited by Ingwer Borg and Peter P. Mohler. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
35. Druckman, James N. 2001. "On the Limits of Framing." Journal of Politics 63(4): 1041-66.
36. Druckman, James N. 2004. "Priming the Vote." Political Psychology 25: 577-94.
37. Edwards, W. Sherman, and Michael J. Wilson. 2003. "Evaluations of the Census 2000 Partnership and Marketing Program." Census 2000 Testing, Experimentation, and Evaluation Program Topic Report 6. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau.
38. Ebony. 2000. "Why the Census Is Important to You: African Americans' Civil Rights" (April). Available at: www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi- m1077/is-6-55/ai-61619013 (accessed on December 5, 2005).
39. Ettema, James S., James W. Brown, and Russell V. Luepker. 1983. "Knowledge Gap Effects in a Health Information Campaign." Public Opinion Quarterly 47: 516-27.
40. Eveland, William P. Jr., and Dietram A. Scheufele. 2000. "Connecting News Media Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation." Political Communication 17: 215-37.
41. Fan, David P. 1994. "Predicting Public Opinion from Press Coverage." The Public Perspective 5: 21-24.
42. Fay, Robert E., Nancy Bates, and Jeffrey Moore. 1991. "Lower Mail Response in the 1990 Census: A Preliminary Interpretation." Paper presented to the 1991 Annual Research Conference of the U.S. Census Bureau. Arlington, Va. (March 17-20).
43. Finkel, Steven E., and John G. Geer. 1998. "A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising." American Journal of Political Science 42: 573-95.
44. Fitzpatrick, John C., ed. 1939. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. Vol. 31. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
45. Fox, Susannah, Lee Rainie, John Horrigan, Amanda Lenhart, Tom Spooner, and Cornelia Carter. 2000. "Trust and Privacy Online: Why Americans Want to Rewrite the Rules." Washington, D.C.: Pew Internet and American Life Project.
46. Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.
47. Gantz, Walter, Michael Fitzmaurice, and Euisun Yoo. 1990. "Seat-belt Campaigns and Buckling Up: Do the Media Make a Difference?" Health Communication 2: 1-12.
48. Gaziano, Cecilie, and Emanuel Gaziano. 1996. "Theories and Methods in Knowledge Gap Research Since 1970." In An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, edited by Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
49. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2001a. "2000 Census: Review of Partnership Program Highlights, Best Practice for Future Operations." Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO-01-579 (August). Available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01579.pdf (accessed December 5, 2005).
50. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2001b. "2000 Census: Significant Increase in Cost per Housing Unit Compared to 1990 Census." Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO-02-31.
51. Groves, Robert M. 1989. Survey Errors and Survey Costs. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
52. Groves, Robert M., and Lars E. Lyberg. 1988. "An Overview of Nonresponse Issues in Telephone Surveys." In Telephone Survey Methodology, edited by Robert M. Groves, Paul P. Biemer, Lars E. Lyberg, James T. Massey, William L. Nicholas II, and Joseph Waksberg. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
53. Hakim, Catherine. 1979. "Census Confidentiality in Britain." In Censuses, Surveys, and Privacy, edited by Martin Bulmer. New York: Holmes and Meier.
54. Heer, David M., ed. 1968. Social Statistics and the City. Cambridge, Mass.: Joint Center for Urban Studies.
55. Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Simon Jackman. 2003. "Voter Decision Making in Election 2000: Campaign Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy." American Journal of Political Science 47: 583-96.
56. Hobbs, Frank, and Nicole Stoops. 2002. "Demographic Trends in the Twentieth Century." Census 2000 Special Reports, series CENSR-4. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office/U.S. Census Bureau.
57. Holbrook, Thomas. 1996. Do Campaigns Matter? Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
58. Holbrook, Thomas. 2002. "Presidential Campaigns and the Knowledge Gap." Political Communication 19(October): 437-54.
59. Holmes, Steven A. 2000. "Defying Forecasts, Census Response Ends Declining Trend." New York Times, September 20.
60. Hyman, Herman H., and Paul B. Sheatsley. 1947. "Some Reasons Why Information Campaigns Fail." Public Opinion Quarterly 11: 412-23.
61. Inglehart, Ronald. 1999. "Postmodernization Erodes Respect for Authority, but Increases Support for Democracy." In Critical Citizens, edited by Pippa Norris. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
62. Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Iyengar, Shanto 2001. "The Method Is the Message: The Current Stage of Political Communication." Political Communication 18: 225-29.
64. Junn, Jane. 2001. "The Influence of Negative Political Rhetoric: An Experimental Manipulation of Census 2000 Participation." Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago (April 21).
65. Kenworthy, Tom. 2000. "Some Census Workers Feeling the Heat of Hostility, Suspicion: 'People Feel That Somebody Out There Is Watching.' " USA Today, May 2.
66. Klapper, Joseph T. 1960. The Effects of Mass Communication. New York: Free Press.
67. Krosnick, Jon A., and LinChiat Chang. 2001. "A Comparison of the Random Digit Dialing Telephone Survey Methodology with Internet Survey Methodology as Implemented by Knowledge Networks and Harris Interactive." Unpublished paper, Ohio State University, Columbus.
68. Kwak, Nojin. 1999. "Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Education, Motivation, and Media Use." Communication Research 26(4): 385-413.
69. Laan, Paul van der. 2000. "The 2001 Census in Netherlands: Integration of Registers and Surveys." BISNIS project 100049/06. Statistics Netherlands, Division for Social and Spatial Statistics. Available at: http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/conference/vanderlaanpap.doc (accessed December 5, 2005).
70. Ladd, Everett. 1999. The Ladd Report. New York: Free Press.
71. Lasswell, Harold D. 1927. "The Theory of Political Propaganda." American Political Science Review 21(3): 627-31.
72. Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard R. Berelson, and Hazel Gauzet. 1948. The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
73. Leggieri, Charlene, and Ruth Ann Killion. 2000. "Administrative Records Experiment in U.S. Census 2000." Washington: Planning, Research, and Evaluation Division, U.S. Bureau of Census.
74. Levi, Margaret. 1996. "Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review Essay of Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work." Politics and Society 24: 45-55.
75. Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Free Press.
76. Lowenthal, Terri Ann, and Felice J. Levine. 2000. "Census 2000: Counting on a Civic Moment." ASA Footnotes 28(1): 1-3.
77. Luepker, R. V., D. M. Murray, D. R. Jacobs Jr., M. B. Mittelmark, N. Bracht, R. Carlaw, R. Crow, P. Elmer, J. Finnegan, and A. R. Folsom. 1994. "Community Education for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Risk Factor Changes in the Minnesota Heart Health Program." American Journal of Public Health 84: 1383-93.
78. MacCoby, Nathan, and Douglas S. Solomon. 1981. "Heart Disease Prevention: Community Studies." In Public Communication Campaigns, edited by Ronald E. Rice and William J. Paisley. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
79. Martin, Elizabeth A. 2001. "Privacy Concerns and the Census Long Form: Some Evidence from Census 2000." Paper presented at American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods (August 5-9, 2001). Available at: http://www.amstat.org/Sections/Srms/ Proceedings/.
80. Mayer, Thomas S. 2002. "Privacy and Confidentiality Research and the U.S. Census Bureau Recommendations Based on a Review of the Literature." Research Report Series: Survey Methodology 2002-01. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Research Division. Available at: http://www.census.gov/ srd/papers/pdf/rsm2002-01.pdf (accessed December 5, 2005).
81. McCarty, Michael. 2004. "Campaign Hits Broad Target: Everybody Ads Drive Return of Census Forms." USA Today, April 24.
82. Melnick, Daniel. 1981. "The 1980 Census: Recalculating the Federal Equation." Publius 11: 39-65.
83. Mosbacher, Robert A. 1991. "Decision of the Secretary of Commerce on Whether a Statistical Adjustment of the 1990 Census of Population and Housing Should Be Made for Coverage Deficiencies Resulting in an Overcount or Undercount of the Population." Federal Register 56(140, July 22): 335-83.
84. Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. 1977. "The Most Important Decision-Making Process." Policy Review 1: 89-93.
85. National Coalition on Black Civic Participation. 1999. Press release, November 1.
86. National Conference of State Legislatures. Redistricting Task Force. 1999. "Redistricting Law 2000." Available at: http://www.senate.leg. state.mn.us/departments/scr/redist/red2000/red-tc.htm (accessed December 5, 2005).
87. National Research Council. 2005. "Expanding Access to Research Data: Reconciling Risks and Opportunities." Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press/Panel on Data Access for Research Purposes, Committee on National Statistics.
88. Nelson, Thomas. 2004. "Policy Goals, Public Rhetoric, and Political Attitudes." Journal of Politics 66(2): 581-605.
89. Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe Oxley. 1997. "Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Controversy and Its Effect on Tolerance." American Political Science Review 91(3): 567-84.
90. Nie, Norman H., and D. Sunshine Hillygus. 2001. "Education and Democratic Citizenship: Explorations into the Effects of What Happens in Pursuit of the Baccalaureate." In Education and Civil Society, edited by Diane Ravitch and Joseph Viteritti. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
91. Nie, Norman H., Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Berry. 1996. Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
92. O'Connor, Terry. 1991. "Identifying and Classifying Reasons for Nonresponse on the 1990 Farm Costs and Returns Survey, SRB Research Report SRB-91-11." Washington: National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
93. Perloff, Richard M. 2003. The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
94. President's Commission on Federal Statistics. 1971. Federal Statistics: Report of the President's Commission. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
95. Prewitt, Kenneth. 2003/2005. "Politics and Science in Census Taking." In The American People: Census 2000, edited by Reynolds Farley and John Haaga. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. (Orig. pub. by Russell Sage Foundation and Population Reference Bureau.).
96. Prewitt, Kenneth. 2004. "What If We Give a Census and No One Comes?" Science 304(5676, June 4): 1452-53.
97. Price, Vincent, and John Zaller. 1993. "Who Gets the News? Alternative Measures of News Reception and Their Implications for Research." Public Opinion Quarterly 57(2): 133-64.
98. Putnam, Robert D. 1995. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital." Journal of Democracy 6(1): 65-78.
99. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
100. Remington, Todd D. 1992. "Telemarketing and Declining Survey Response Rates." Journal of Advertising Research 32: 6-7.
101. Robertson, Leon S. 1976. "The Great Seat-belt Campaign Flop." Journal of Communication 26(4): 41-45.
102. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: MacMillan.
103. Saluter, Arlene F. 1992. "Marital Status and Living Arrangements: March 1992." Current Population Reports Population Characteristics, series P20-468. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
104. Schorr, Daniel. 1992. "Bad News for Pollsters." New Leader 75(May 4): 3.
105. Shaw, Daron R. 1999. "The Effect of TV Ads and Candidate Appearances on Statewide Presidential Votes, 1988-1996." American Political Science Review 93: 345-61.
106. Sheppard, Jane M. 2001. "2001 Respondent Cooperation and Industry Image Study: Overview and Trends." The Council for Marketing Opinion and Research. (March 6). Available at: http://www.bmra.org.uk/documents/277.ppt (accessed December 5, 2005).
107. Singer, Eleanor, and Elizabeth Martin. 1994. "Survey Confidentiality." AAPOR News 22: 1, 4.
108. Singer, Eleanor, Nancy Mathiowetz, and Mick Couper. 1993. "The Impact of Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns on Survey Participation." Public Opinion Quarterly 57: 465-82.
109. Singer, Eleanor, Theresa F. Rogers, and M. B. Glassman. 1991. "Public Opinion About AIDS Before and After the 1988 U.S. Government Public Information Campaign." Public Opinion Quarterly 55: 161-79.
110. Singer, Eleanor, John Van Howeyk, and Randall J. Neugebauer. 2003. "Attitudes and Behavior: The Impact on Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns on Participation in the 2000 Census." Public Opinion Quarterly 67: 368-84.
111. Skocpol, Theda, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1999. "Making Sense of the Civic Engagement Debate." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
112. Sniderman, Paul M., and Sean M. Theriault. 2004. "The Structure of Political Argument and the Logic of Issue Framing." In Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Non-attitudes, Measurement Error, and Change, edited by Willem E. Saris and Paul M. Sniderman. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
113. Stadt, Huib van de, and J. Mathieu Vliegen. 1992. "An Alternative for the Census? The Case of the Netherlands." Paper presented to the Annual Research Conference. Arlington, Va. (March 22-25). Reprinted in Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Research Conference. Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Economics and Statistics Administration (November).
114. Star, Shirley, and Helen M. Hughes. 1950. "Report of an Educational Campaign: The Cincinnati Plan for the United Nations." American Journal of Sociology 55: 389-97.
115. Steeh, Charlotte G. 1981. "Trends in Nonresponse Rates, 1952-1979." Public Opinion Quarterly 45: 40-57.
116. Survey Sampling, Inc. 2001. "Unlisted Rates of the Top 100 Metropolitan Statistical Areas" (August 23). Fairfield, Conn.: Survey Sampling.
117. Tarrow, Sidney. 1996. "Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work." American Political Science Review 90(2): 389-97.
118. Tichenor, Philip, George Donohue, and Clarence Olien. 1970. "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge." Public Opinion Quarterly 34: 159-70.
119. Traugott, Santa. 1989. "Validating the Self-reported Vote: 1964-1988." National Election Study Technical Report 34. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
120. Triplett, Timothy. 2002. "What Is Gained from Additional Call Attempts and Refusal Conversion and What Are the Cost Implications?" Working paper, Urban Institute. Available at: http://mywebpages.comcast.net/ ttriplett13/tncpap.pdf (accessed December 5, 2005).
121. U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. "Census 2000 Mail Response Rates." Available at: http://www.census.gov/pred/www/rpts/A.7.a.pdf.
122. U.S. Census Monitoring Board. 1999. Census 2000: A National Process Requires Local Focus: Report to Congress. Suitland, Md.: The Board (February 1).
123. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
124. Vigdor, Jacob L. 2001. "Community Composition and Collective Action: Analyzing Initial Mail Response to the 2000 Census." Working Papers Series SAN01-05. Durham, N.C.: Duke University, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy.
125. Viscusi, W. Kip, Joel Huber, and Jason Bell. 2004. "The Value of Regional Water Quality Improvements." Harvard John M. Olin Discussion Paper Series 477 (June). Available at: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin- center (accessed December 5, 2005).
126. Vliegen, J. M., and H. van de Stadt. 1988. "Is a Census Still Necessary? Experiences and Alternatives." Netherlands Official Statistics 3(3): 27-34.
127. Walker, Kent. 2000. "Where Everybody Knows Your Name: A Pragmatic Look at the Costs of Privacy and the Benefits of Information Exchange." The Stanford Technology Law Review (October): 2. Available at: http://stlr. stanford.edu/STLR/Articles/00-STLR-2/index.htm (accessed December 5, 2005).
128. Wallack, Lawrence. 1990. "Two Approaches to Health Promotion in the Mass Media." World Health Forum 11(2): 143-64.
129. Weakliem, David, and Wayne Villemez. 2004. "Public Attitudes Toward the Census: Influences and Trends." Source Social Science Quarterly 85(4): 857-71.
130. Westin, Alan. 2000. "Intrusions: Privacy Tradeoffs in a Free Society." Public Perspectives (November/December): 10.
131. Wolfinger, Raymond E., and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes? New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
132. Wolter, Kirk, Bob Calder, E Malthouse, Sally Murphy, Steven Pedlow, and Javier Porras. 2002. "Partnership and Marketing Program Evaluation: Census 2000 Evaluation." Chicago: National Opinion Research Center.
133. Word, David L. 1997. "Who Responds/Who Doesn't? Analyzing Variation in Mail Response Rates During the 1990 Census." Working paper 19. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division.
134. Yamada, Shigeru, and Nicolaos E. Synodinos. 1994. "Public Opinion Surveys in Japan." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 6: 118-38.
135. Yanovitzky, Itzhak, and Courtney Bennett. 1999. "Media Attention, Institutional Response, and Health Behavior Change: The Case of Drunk Driving, 1978-1996." Communication Research 26(4): 429-53.
136. Yanovitzky, Itzhak, and Jo Stryker. 2001. "Mass Media, Social Norms, and Health Promotion." Communications Research 28: 208-39.
137. Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
138. Zanutto, Elaine, and Alan Zaslavsky. 2002. "Using Administrative Records to Improve Small Area Estimation: An Example from the U.S. Decennial Census." Journal of Official Statistics 18(4): 559-76.