9.08 - Artificial Limbs

Comprehensive Structural Integrity

Volumn 9, Issue , 2007, Pages 329-363

  Mak, A F T ^a   Zhang, M ^a   Leung, A K L ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903409113     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043749-4/09065-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Abrahamson M.A., Vinnecour K.E., Cooney D.F.M. Technical note: improved techniques in alginated check sockets. Orthot. Prosthet. 1987, 40:63-66.
2. Allende M.F., Levy S.W., Barnes G.H. Epidermoid cysts in amputees. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 1963, 43:56-67.
3. F. A. Appoldt and L. Bennett, 1967, A preliminary report on dynamic socket pressure. Bull. Prosthet. Res., Fall, 20-55.
4. Appoldt F.A., Bennett L., Contini R. Socket pressure as a function of pressure transducer protrusion. Bull. Prosthet. Res. 1969, BPR10-11:236-249.
5. Barnes G. Skin health and stump hygiene. Artificial Limbs 1956, 3(1):4-19.
6. Barr A.E., Siegel K.L., Danoff J.V., et al. Biomechanical comparison of the energy-storing capabilities of SACH and Carbon Copy II prosthetic feet during the stance phase of gait in a person with below-knee amputation. Phys. Ther. 1992, 72:344-354.
7. Barth D.G., Schumacher L., Thomas S.S. Gait analysis and energy cost of below-knee amputees wearing six different prosthetic feet. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1992, 4(2):63-75.
8. Bennett L., Kavner D., Lee B.K., Trainor F.A. Shear vs. pressure as causative factors in skin blood flow occlusion. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1979, 60:309-314.
9. G. Berger, J. E. Edelstein, S. Fishman, E. Hoffman, M. Kaufman, D. Krebs and W. P. Springer, 1986, "Lower-limb Orthotics," New York University, New York, pp. 23-47.
10. Berme N. A shorter pylon transducer for measurement of prosthetic forces and moment during amputee gait. Eng. Medicine 1976, 4:6-8.
11. Breakey J.W. Criteria for use of supracongylar and supracondylar-suprapatellar suspension for below knee prostheses. Orthot. Prosthet. 1980, 34:163-168.
12. Brennan J.M., Childress D.S. Finite element and experimental investigation of above-knee amputee limb/prosthesis systems: a comparative study. ASME Advances in Bioengineering 1991, BED-Vol 20:547-550. ASME Press, New York. R. Vanderby (Ed.).
13. Brouwer B.J., Allard P., Labelle H. Running patterns of juveniles wearing SACH and single-axis foot components. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1989, 70:128-133.
14. Buckley J.G., Spence W.D., Solomonidis S. Energy cost of walking comparison of "intelligent prosthesis" with conventional mechanism. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1997, 78:330-333.
15. Buis A.W.P., Convery P. Calibration problems encountered while monitoring stump/socket interface pressures with force sensing resistors: techniques adopted to minimise inaccuracies. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1997, 21:179-182.
16. Childress D.S., Steege J.W. Computer-aided analysis of below-knee socket pressure. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. Progress Report 1987, 2:22-24.
17. Colborne R.G., Naumann S., Longmuir P.E., Berbrayer D. Analysis of mechanical and metabolic factors in the gait of congenital below knee amputees: a comparison of the Sach and Seattle feet. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1992, 71:272-278.
18. Coombes A.G.A., Greenwood C.D., Shorter J.J. Plastic material for external prostheses and orthoses. Human Biomaterials Applications 1996, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. D.L. Wise, D.J. Trantolo, D.E. Altobelli, M.J. Yaszemski, J.D. Gresser (Eds.).
19. Convery P., Buis A.W.P. Conventional patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) socket/stump interface dynamic pressure distribution recorded during the prosthetic stance phase of gait of a trans-tibial amputee. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1998, 22:193-198.
20. Culham E.G., Peat M., Newell E. Analysis of gait following below-knee amputation: a comparison of the SACH and single-axis foot. Physiotherapy (Canada) 1984, 36:237-242.
21. Culham E.G., Peat M., Newell E. Below knee amputation: a comparison of the effect of the SACH and single axis foot on electromyographic patterns during locomotion. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1986, 10(1):15-22.
22. Current T.A., Kogler G.F., Barth D.G. Static structural testing of trans-tibial composite sockets. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1999, 23:113-122.
23. Czerniecki J.M., Gitter A. Prosthetic feet: a scientific and clinical review of current components. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1994, 8(1):109-128.
24. Czerniecki J.M., Gitter A., Munro C. Joint moment and muscle power output characteristics of below knee amputees during running: the influence of energy storing prosthetic feet. J. Biomech. 1991, 24:65-75.
25. Dasgupta A.K., McCluskie P.J.A., Patel V.S., Robins L. The performance of the ICEROSS prostheses amongest transtibial amputees with a special reference to the workplace-a preliminary study. Occup. Med. 1997, 47(4):228-236.
26. Datta D., Vaidya S.K., Howitt J., Gopalan L. Outcome of fitting an ICEROSS prosthesis: views of trans-tibial amputees. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1996, 20:111-115.
27. Doane N.E., Holt L.E. A comparison of the SACH and single-axis foot in the gait of unilateral below-knee amputees. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1983, 7:33-36.
28. Duerksen F., Rogalsky R.J., Cochrane I.W. Knee disarticulation with intercondylar patellofemoral arthrodesis: an improved technique. Clin. Orthop. 1990, 256:50-57.
29. Early J.S. Transmetatarsal and midfoot amputations. Clin. Orthop. 1999, 361:85-90.
30. Edelstein J.E. Current choices in prosthetic feet. Crit. Rev. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 1991, 2:213-226.
31. Ehara Y., Beppu M., Nomura S., et al. Energy storing property of so-called energy-storing prosthetic feet. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1993, 74:68-72.
32. Emrich R., Slater K. Comparative analysis of below-knee prosthetic socket liner materials. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 1998, 22:94-98.
33. Engsberg J.R., Springer M.J.N., Harder J.A. Quantifying interface pressure in below-knee-amputee socket. J. Assoc. Children's Prosthetic-Orthotic Clinics 1992, 27(3):81-88.
34. Faulkner V., Field M., Egan J.W., Gall N.G. Evaluation of high strength materials for prostheses. Orthot. Prosthet. 1987, 40(4):44-58.
35. Faulkner V., Walsh N., Gall N. A computerized ultrasound shape sensing mechanism. Orthot. Prosthet. 1988, 41(4):57-65.
36. Fernie G.R., Ruder K. Lower limb prosthetics. Amputation Surgery and Rehabilitation 1981, 278-283. Churchill Livingston, New York. J.P. Kostuik, R. Gillespie (Eds.).
37. Fillauer C.E., Pritham C.H., Fillauer K.D. Evaluation and development of the silicon suction socket (3S) for below-knee prostheses. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1989, 1:92-103.
38. Fisher L.D., Judge G.W. Bouncy knee: a stance phase flex-extended knee unit. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1985, 9(3):129-136.
39. Fung Y.C.B. Mechanics of soft tissues. Handbook of Bioengineering 1987, McGraw-Hill, New York, chap. 1. R. Skalak, S. Chien (Eds.).
40. Gard S.A., Childress D.S., Uellendahl J.E. The influence of four-bar linkage knees on prosthetic swing-phase floor clearance. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1996, 8(2):34-40.
41. Geertzen J.H.B., Martina J.D., Rietman H.S. Lower limb amputation: Part 2. Rehabilitation-a 10 year literature review. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 2001, 25(1):14-20.
42. Gitter A., Czerniecki J.M., DeGroot D. Biomechanical analysis of the influence of prosthetic feet on below-knee amputee walking. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1991, 70:142-148.
43. Goh J.C.H., Solomonidis S.E., Spence W.D., Paul J.P. Biomechanical evaluation of SACH and uniaxial feet. Prosthet. Othot. Int. 1984, 8:147-154.
44. Goralnik B. Prosthetic knee mechanisms-a guide for the prosthetists. Newsltr. Prost. Ortho. Clin. 1980, 4(1):5-6.
45. Gottschalk F. Trans-femoral amputation, biomechanics and surgery. Clin. Orthop. 1999, 361:15-22.
46. Gottschalk F.A., Kourosh S., Stills M., et al. Does socket configuration influence the position of the femur in above-knee amputation?. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1989, 2:94-102.
47. Greene M.P. Four bar linkage knee analysis. Orthot. Prosthet. 1983, 37:15-24.
48. Haberman L.J., Bedotto R.A., Colodney E.J. Silicone-only suspension (SOS) for the above-knee amputee. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1992, 4:76-85.
49. Halbwachs H. Orthopaedic technology in German technical co-operation. Orthopadic Technik 2000, 1:1-4.
50. Hamill J., Bates B.T., Knutzen K.M., Kirkpatric G.M. Relationship between selected static and dynamic lower extremity measures. Clin. Biomech. 1989, 4(4):217-225.
51. Hatfield A.G., Morrison J.D. Polyurethane gel liner usage in the Oxford Prosthetic Service. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 2001, 25:41-46.
52. Hayes W.C., Keer L.M., Herrmann G., Mockros L.F. A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage. J. Biomech. 1972, 5:541-551.
53. He P., Xue K., Chen Q., Murka P., Schall S. A PC-based ultrasonic data acquisition system for computer aided prosthetic socket design. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 1996, 4(2):114-119.
54. Houston V.L., Burges E.M., Childress D.S., Lehneis H.R., Mason C.P., Garbarini M.A., LaBlance K.P., Boone D.A., Chan R.B., Harlan J.H., Brncick M.D. Automated fabrication of mobility Aids (AFMA): below-knee CASD/CAD testing and evaluation program results. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1992, 29(4):78-124.
55. Houston V.L., Mason C.P., LaBlanc K.P., Beatties A.C., Garbarini M.A., Lorenze E.J. Preliminary results with the DVA-Tekscan BK prosthetic socket/residual limb stress measureent system. Proceedings of 20th Annual Meeting American Academy of Orthotist and Prosthetist, Nashville 1994, 8-9. American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists, Virginia. T.R. Lunsford, L. Fenwick (Eds.).
56. Hsu M., Nielsen D.H., Yack H.J., Shurr D.G. Physiological measurements of walking and running in people with transtibial amputations with 3 different prostheses. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 1999, 29(9):526-533.
57. Isakov E., Susak Z., Becker E. Energy expenditure and cardiac response in above-knee amputees while using prostheses with open and locked knee mechanisms. Scand. J. Rehab. Med. 1985, 12(suppl.):108-111.
58. ISO Standards 10328, 1996, Prosthetics-structural testing of lower limb prostheses.
59. J. Kastner, R. Nimmervoll and I. P. Wanger, 1999, "was kann das C-led"-Ganganalytischer verglcich von C-leg, 3R45 and 3R80 (What are the benefits of the Otto Bock C-leg? A comparative gait analysis of C-leg, 3R45 and 3R80). Med. Orthop. Tech., 131-137.
60. Klute G.K., Czerniecki J.M., Hannaford B., McKibben O. Artificial muscles: pneumatic actors with biomechanical intelligence. Proc. of IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM'99) 1999, 221-226. IEEE, Atlanta, Georgia.
61. Kristinsson The ICEROSS concept: a discussion of a philosophy. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1993, 17:49-55.
62. Krouskop T.A., Muilenberg A.L., Doughtery D.R., Winningham D.J. Computer-aided design of a prosthetic socket for an above-knee amputee. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1987, 24(2):31-38.
63. Lake C., Supan T.J. The incidence of dermatological problems in the silicone suspension sleeve user. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1997, 9:97-106.
64. Lee V.S.P., Solomonidis S.E., Spence W.D. Stump-socket interface pressure as an aid to socket design in prostheses for trans-femoral amputees-a preliminary study. J. Eng. Medicine 1997, 211:167-180.
65. Lee V.S.P., Solomonidis S.E., Spence W.D., Paul J.P. A study of the biomechanics of the residual limb/prosthesis interface in trans-femoral amputees. Proceedings of 8th Word Congress of ISPO 1995, 79. International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics.
66. A. K. L. Leung, M. S. Wong, J. H. Evans, H. H. Kwan and E. C. W. Kung, 1997, The effect of the ICECAST casting procedures on the geometric changes of the trans-tibial residual limb. "J. Proc. 23rd Ann. Meeting of Am. Acad. Orthot. Prosthet.," American Academy of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Virginia, pp. 46-47.
67. Levy S.W. Skin problems of the leg amputee. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1980, 4:37-44.
68. Lewis E.A. Fluid-control knee mechanism: clinical considerations. Bull. Prosthet. Res. 1965, 10:24-56.
69. Long I.A. Normal shape normal alignment (NSNA) above-knee prosthesis. Clin. Prosthet. Orthot. 1985, 9(4):53-54.
70. Long I.A. Normal shape-normal alignment (NSNA) above knee prosthesis. Clin. Prosthet. Orthot. 1985, 9:9-14.
71. Lunsford T.R. Strength and materials. Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Device 1997, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. B. Goldberg, J.D. Hsu (Eds.).
72. Lyon C.C., Kulkarni J., Zimerson E., Van Ross E., Beck M.H. Skin disorders in amputees. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2000, 42:501-507.
73. Macfarlane P.A., Nielsen D.H., Shurr D.G., Meier K. Gait comparisons for below-knee amputees using a Flex-Foot versus a conventional prosthetic foot. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1991, 3(4):150-161.
74. Macfarlane P.A., Nielsen D.H., Shurr D.G., Meier K. Perception of walking difficulty by below-knee amputees using a conventional foot versus the flex-foot. J. Prosthet Orthot. 1991, 3(3):114-119.
75. Mak A.F.T., Liu G.H.W., Lee S.Y. Biomechanical assessment of below-knee residual limb tissue. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1994, 31(3):188-198.
76. A. F. T. Mak, Y. M. Yu, L. M. Hong and C. Chan, 1992, Finite element models for analyses of stresses within above-knee stumps. In: "Proceedings of 7th ISPO," Chicago, ed. J. K. Zupko, ISPO Publishers, Denmark, p. 147.
77. Mak A.F.T., Zhang M., Boone D.A. State-of-the-art research in lower-limb prosthetic biomechnics-socket interface: a review. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 2001, 38(2):161-173.
78. Mauch H.A. Stance control for above-knee artificial legs-design considerations in the S-N-S knee. Bull. Prosthet. Res. 1968, 10:61-72.
79. McColl I. Review of Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre Services 1986, Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), London.
80. McCollough N.C., Hampton F.L., Harris A.R. Knee disarticulation. Atlas of Limb Prosthetics-Surgical and Prosthetic Principles 1981, 369-377. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, St. Louis. C.V. Mosby (Ed.).
81. McCollough N.C., Harris A.R., Hampton F.L. Below knee amputation. Atlas of Limb Prosthetics-Surgical and Prosthetic Principles 1981, 341-368. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, St. Louis. C.V. Mosby (Ed.).
82. McCurdie I., Hanspal R., Nieveen R. ICEROSS-a consensus view: a questionair survey of the use of ICEROSS in the United Kingdom. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1997, 21:124-128.
83. Meglan D., Todd F. Human Walking 1994, 73-99. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland. J. Rose, J.G. Gamble (Eds.).
84. Michael J.W. Component selection criteria: lower limb disarticulations. Clin. Prosthet. Orthot. 1988, 12:99-108.
85. Michael J.W. Prosthetic feet: opinions for the older client. Top Geriatr. Rehab. 1992, 8(30):30-38.
86. Michael J.W. Prosthetic knee mechanism. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1994, 8(1):147-164.
87. Michael J.W. Prosthetic management and biomechanics for transfemoral amputation. Amputation Surgery: Surgical Practice and Patient Management 1996, Butterworth, Heimann, Oxford, UK. G. Murdoch, A.B. Wilson (Eds.).
88. J. W. Michael, 2000, Management of high level and bilateral lower limb amputations. In: "Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation," eds. M. Lusardi and C. Nielsen, pp. 543-552.
89. Miller L.A., Childress D.S. Analysis of a vertical compliance prosthetic foot. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1997, 34(1):52-57.
90. Mooney V., Quigley M.J. Above-knee amputations. Atlas of Limb Prosthetics-Surgical and Prosthetic Principles 1981, 378-401. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, St. Louis. C.V. Mosby (Ed.).
91. Murray M.P., Sepic S.B., Gardner L.M., Mollinger L.A. Gait patterns of above-knee amputees using constant friction knee components. Bull. Prosthet. Res. 1980, 10:35-45.
92. Narita H., Yokogushi K., Shii S., Kakizawa M., Nosaka T. Suspension effect and dynamic evaluation of the total surface bearing transtibial prosthesis: a comparison with the patellar tendon bearing transtibial prosthesis. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1997, 21:75-178.
93. Neo L.D., Lee P.V.S., Goh J.C.H. Principal structural testing of trans-tibial prosthetic assemblies: specimen preparation. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 2000, 24:241-245.
94. H. F. Ossur, 1998, Prosthetic socket design for use with ICEROSS, ICEROSS Seminar, Hong Kong.
95. J. Perry, 1992, "Gait Analysis-Normal and Pathological Function," Slack Incorporated, NJ, pp. 1-48.
96. Pinzur M.S. Restoration of walking ability with Syme's ankle disarticulation. Clin. Orthop. 1999, 361:71-75.
97. Pinzur M.S., Bowker J.H. Knee disarticulation. Clin. Orthop. 1999, 361:23-28.
98. A. A. Polliack, S. Landsberger, D. R. McNeil, R. C. Sieh, D. D. Craig and E. Ayyappa, 1999, Socket measurement systems perform under pressure. Biomechanics, June, 71-80.
99. Polliack A.A., Sieh R.C., Craig D.D., Landsberger S., McNeil D.R., Ayyappa E. Scientific validation of two commercial pressure sensor systems for prosthetic socket fit. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 2000, 24:63-73.
100. Postema K., Hermens H.J., De Vries J., Koopman H.F.J.M., Eisma W.H. Energy storage and release of prosthetic feet: Part 1. Biomechanical analysis related to user benefits. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1997, 21(1):17-27.
101. Postema K., Hermens H.J., De Vries J., Koopman H.F.J.M., Eisma W.H. Energy storage and release of prosthetic feet: Part 2. Subjective ratings of 2 energy storing and 2 conventional feet, user choice of foot and deciding factor. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1997, 21(1):28-34.
102. Powers C.M., Torburn L., Perry J., Ayyappa E. Influence of prosthetic foot design on sound limb loading in adults with unilateral below knee amputations. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1994, 75:825-829.
103. Pritham C.H. Biomechanics and shape of the above-knee socket considered in light of the ischial containment concept. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1990, 14:9-21.
104. Quesada P., Skinner H.B. Analysis of a below-knee patellar tendon-bearing prosthesis: a finite element study. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1991, 28(3):1-12.
105. Radcliff C.W. Functional considerations in the fitting of above-knee prostheses. Artificial Limb 1955, 2(1):35-60.
106. Radcliff C.W. Functional considerations in the fitting of above-knee prostheses. Selected Articles from Articial Limbs 1970, 5-30. Krieger Publishing, Huntington, NY.
107. Radcliff C.W. Prosthetic knee mechanism for above-knee amputees. Prosthetic and Orthotic Practice 1970, 225-250. Edward Arnold, London. G. Murdoch (Ed.).
108. Radcliff C.W. The Knud Jansen lecture-above-knee prosthetics. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1977, 1:146-160.
109. Radcliff C.W., Foort J. Biomechanics of below knee prosthetics. The Patella Tendon Bearing Below Knee Prosthesis 1961, 26-52. University of Californias, Berkeley. V.T. Inman, H.D. Eberhart (Eds.).
110. Radcliff C.W., Foort J. The patellar-tendon-bearing Below-Knee Prosthesis 1961, Biomechanics laboratory, University of California, CA, Berkeley.
111. Rappoport A., Uellendahl G.E. Current trends in prosthetics. Rehab. Management 1993, 6(5):142-143.
112. RehabTech, 2000, "Overview of Failed Components," Monash Rehabilitation Technology Research Unit, Monash University, Australia.
113. Reynolds D.P., Lord M. Interface load analysis for computer-aided design of below-knee prosthetic sockets. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 1992, 30:419-426.
114. Rolock J.R., Tuker K. Development, evaluation, and use of a computer-aided manufacturing technology based on "rapid prototyping" principles. P. O. Bisiness 1998, 1(3):50-54.
115. Sabolich J. Contoured adduction trochanteric controlled alignment method (CAT-CAM). Clin. Prosthet. Orthot. 1985, 9(4):15-26.
116. Sanders J.E., Daly C.H. Measurement of stresses in the three orthogonal direction at the residual limb-prosthetic socket interface. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 1993, 1(2):79-85.
117. Sanders J.E., Daly C.H. Normal and shear stresses on a residual limb in a prosthetic socket during ambulation: comparison of finite element results with experimental measurements. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1993, 30(2):191-204.
118. Sanders J.E., Miller R.A., Berglund D.N., Zacharah S.G. A modular six-directional force sensor for prosthetic assessment: a technical note. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1997, 34(2):195-201.
119. Saunders C.G., Foort J., Bannon M., Lean D., Panych L. Computer aided design of prosthetic socket for below-knee amputee. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1985, 9:17-22.
120. Schroeder F.K., Hendrickson J.R. The Otto Bock all plastic above-knee prosthesis for the geriatric amputee. Orthot. Prosthet. 1968, 22(1):29-32.
121. Schuch C.M. Thermoplastic application in lower extremity prosthetics. J. Prosthet. Orthot. 1991, 3:1-8.
122. Schuch C.M., Pritham C.H. Current transfemoral sockets. Clin. Orthop. 1999, 361:48-54.
123. D. G. Shurr and T. M. Cook, 1990, "Prosthetics and Orthotics," Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA, pp. 17-29.
124. Silver-Thorn M.B., Childress D.C. Parametric analysis using the finite element method to investigate prosthetic interface stresses for persons with trans-tibia amputation. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1996, 33(3):227-238.
125. Smith D.G., Fergason J.R. Transtibial amputations. Clin. Orthop. 1999, 361:108-115.
126. Smith K.E., Vannier M.W., Commean P.K. Spiral CT volumetry of below-knee residua. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 1995, 3:235-241.
127. Staats T.B., Lundt J. The UCLA total surface bearing suction below prosthesis. Clin. Prosthet. Orthot. 1987, 11:118-130.
128. Standards for lower limb prostheses, 1978, Report of a conference held in Phaladelphia, 1977, International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics.
129. Staro A. The principles of swing-phase control: the advantages of fluid mechanisms. Prostheses Braces Tech. Aids 1964, 13:11-16.
130. Staros A., Murphy E.F. Properties of fluid flow applied to above-knee prostheses. Bull. Prosthet. Res. 1964, 10:40-65.
131. Steege J.W., Schnur D.S., van Vorhis R.L., Rovick J.S. Finite element analysis as a method of pressure prediction at the below-knee socket interface. Proceedings of RESNA 10th Ann. Conference, California 1987, 814-816. RESNA, Washington, DC. R.D. Steele, W. Gerrey (Eds.).
132. Snyder R.D., Powers C.M., Fontaine C., Perry J. The effect of five prosthetic feet on the gait and loading of the sound limb in dysvascular below-knee amputees. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1995, 32(4):309-315.
133. Taylor J.S. Important factors in stump-socket relationships. Physiotherapy 1979, 65(1):6-8.
134. Taylor M.B., Clark E., Offord E.A., Baxter C. A comparison of energy expenditure by a high level trans-femoral amputee using the Intelligent Prosthesis and conventionally damped prosthetic limbs. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1996, 20:116-121.
135. Thiele B., James U., Stalberg E. Neurophysiological studies on muscle function in the stump of above-knee amputees. Scand. J. Rehab. Med. 1973, 5:67-70.
136. Tooms R.E., Hampton F.L. Hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy amputation. Atlas of Limb Prosthetics-Surgical and Prosthetic Principles 1981, 402-409. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, St. Louis. C.V. Mosby (Ed.).
137. Torburn L., Perry J., Ayyappa E., Shanfield S.L. Below-knee amputee gait with dynamic elastic response prosthetic feet: a pilot study. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1990, 27(4):369-384.
138. R. Torres-Moreno, 1991, Biomechanical analysis of the interaction between the above-knee residual limb and the prosthetic socket. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Strathclyde.
139. Traugh G.H., Corcoran P.J., Reyes R.L. Energy expenditure of ambulation in patients with above knee amputations. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 1975, 56:69-71.
140. Vannah W.M., Childress D.S. Indentor tests and finite element modeling of bulk muscular tissue in vivo. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1996, 33(3):239-252.
141. Vannah W.M., Drvaric D.M., Hastings J.A., Strand J.A., Harning D.M. A method of residual limb stiffness distribution measurement. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1999, 36(1):1-7.
142. Verhoeff T.T., Poetsma P.A., Gasser L., Tung H. Evaluation of use and durability of polypropylene trans-tibial prostheses. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1999, 23:249-255.
143. Volatile T.B., Roberson J.R., Whitesides T.E. The Mauch hydraulic knee unit for above knee amputation. Orthopedics 1985, 8:229-230.
144. Wevers H.W., Durance J.P. Dynamic testing of below-knee prosthesis: assembly and components. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1987, 11:117-123.
145. Williams R.B., Porter D., Roberts V.C., Regan V.C. Triaxial force transducer for investigating stresses at the stump/socket interface. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 1992, 1:89-96.
146. Wirta R.W., Mason R., Calvo K., Golbranson F.L. Effect on gait using various prosthetic ankle-foot devices. J. Rehab. Res. Dev. 1991, 28(2):13-24.
147. Zachariah S.G., Sanders J.E. Finite element estimates of interface stress in the trans-tibial prosthesis using gap elements are different from those using automated contact. J. Biomech. 2000, 33:895-899.
148. Zahedi S. Bewwertung und biomechanik der intelligenten prothes-eine zwei-jahres-studie (Evaluation and biomechanics of the intelligent prosthesis-a two year study). Orthop. Tech. 1995, 46:32-40.
149. Zhang M., Lord M., Turner-Smith A.R., Roberts V.C. Development of a nonlinear finite element modelling of the below-knee prosthetic socket interface. Med. Eng., Phys. 1995, 17(8):559-566.
150. Zhang M., Mak A.F.T. A finite element analysis of the load transfer between an above-knee residual limb and its prosthetic socket-roles of interfacial friction and distal-end boundary conditions. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 1996, 4(4):337-346.
151. Zhang M., Mak A.F.T. In vivo friction properties of human skin. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 1999, 23:135-141.
152. M. Zhang and A. F. T. Mak, 2002, Investigation of load transfer between a transfemoral residual limb and a prosthetic socket. Ann. Biomed. Eng., in review.
153. M. Zhang, A. F. T. Mak and A. K. I. Chung, 1998a, Dynamic pressure maps over areas of AK prosthetic sockets. In: "Proceedings of 9th Word Congress of ISPO," Amsterdam, eds. M. Soede, A. J. Verbout, M. Swart, L. V. van Woude, W. Polomski and Arendzen, ISPO Publication, Denmark, pp. 709-711.
154. Zhang M., Mak A.F.T., Roberts V.C. Finite element modelling of a residual lower-limb in a prosthetic socket-a survey of the development in the first decade. Med. Eng. Phys. 1998, 20(5):360-373.
155. Zhang M., Roberts V.C. The effect of shear forces externally applied to skin surface on underlying tissues. J. Biomed. Eng. 1993, 15(6):451-456.
156. Zhang M., Turner-Smith A.R., Roberts V.C. The reaction of skin and soft tissue to shear forces applied externally to the skin surface. J. Eng. Medicine 1994, 208(4):217-222.
157. Zhang M., Turner-Smith A.R., Tanner A., Roberts V.C. Clinical investigation of the pressure and shear stress on the trans-tibial stump with a prosthesis. Med. Eng. Phys. 1998, 20(3):188-198.
158. Zhang M., Turner-Smith A.R., Tanner A., Roberts V.C. Frictional action at lower limb/prosthetic socket interface. Med. Eng. Phys. 1996, 18(3):207-214.
159. Zhang M., Zheng Y.P., Mak A.F.T. Estimating the effective Young's modulus of soft tissues from indentation tests-nonlinear finite element analysis of effects of friction and large deformation. Med. Eng. Phys. 1997, 19(6):512-517.
160. Zheng Y.P., Mak A.F.T. An ultrasound indentation system for biomechanical properties assessment of soft tissues in-vivo. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1996, 43(9):912-918.
161. Zheng Y.P., Mak A.F.T. Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 1999, 7(3):257-267.