The functional and palaeoecological implications of tooth morphology and wear for the megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the dinosaur park formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2014, Pages

  Mallon, Jordan C ^a,c   Anderson, Jason S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; ANKYLOSAURIDAE; ARTICLE; CANADA; CENTROSAURINAE; CERATOPSIDAE; CHASMOSAURINAE; CRETACEOUS; DIETARY FIBER; DINOSAUR; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; FOSSIL; HADROSAURIDAE; JAW MOVEMENT; LAMBEOSAURINAE; MEGAHERBIVOROUS DINOSAUR; MORPHOLOGY; NODOSAURIDAE; NONHUMAN; PALEOECOLOGY; PLANT; TOOTH; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; HERBIVORY; TOOTH DISEASE; VETERINARY;

ALBERTA; ANIMALS; DINOSAURS; FOOD HABITS; FOSSILS; HERBIVORY; TOOTH; TOOTH WEAR;

EID: 84903397442     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098605     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Fritz H, Duncan P, Gordon IJ, Illius AW (2002) Megaherbivores influence trophic guilds structure in African ungulate communities. Oecologia 131: 620-625. (Pubitemid 36080243)
2. Owen-Smith RN (1988) Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 369 p.
3. Sinclair ARE (1975) The resource limitation of trophic levels in tropical grassland ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 44: 497-520.
4. Sinclair ARE, Mduma S, Brashares JS (2003) Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature 425: 288-290. (Pubitemid 37158403)
5. Landman M, Schoeman DS, Kerley GIH (2013) Shift in black rhinoceros diet in the presence of elephant: Evidence for competition? PLoS ONE 8(7): e69771. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069771.
6. Archibald JD (1996) Dinosaur extinction and the end of an era: What the fossils say. New York: Columbia University Press. 237 p.
7. Coe MJ, Dilcher DL, Farlow JO, Jarzen DM, Russell DA (1987) Dinosaurs and land plants. In: Friis EM, Chaloner WG, Crane PR, editors. The origins of angiosperms and their biological consequences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 225-258.
8. Lehman TM (2001) Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality. In: Tanke DH, Carpenter K, editors. Mesozoic vertebrate life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 310-328.
9. Sander PM, Gee CT, Hummel J, Clauss M (2010) Mesozoic plants and dinosaur herbivory. In: Gee CT, editor. Plants in Mesozoic time: Morphological innovations, phylogeny, ecosystems. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 331-359.
10. Mallon JC, Evans DC, Ryan MJ, Anderson JS (2012) Megaherbivorous dinosaur turnover in the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 350-352: 124-138.
11. Mallon JC, Evans DC, Ryan MJ, Anderson JS (2013) Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. BMC Ecology 13: 14. doi:10.1186/1472-6785- 13-14
12. Mallon JC, Anderson JS (2013) Skull ecomorphology of megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. PLoS ONE 8(7): e67182. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067182
13. Mallon JC, Anderson JS (2014) Implications of beak morphology for the evolutionary paleoecology of the megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 394: 29-41.
14. Mallon JC, Anderson JS (In press) Jaw mechanics and the evolutionary palaeoecology of the megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. J Vert Paleontol.
15. Fortelius M, Solounias N (2000) Functional characterization of ungulate molars using the abrasion-attrition wear gradient: A new method for reconstructing paleodiets. Am Mus Novit 3301: 1-36.
16. Strait SG (1997) Tooth use and the physical properties of food. Evol Anthr 5: 199-211.
17. Lucas PW (2004) Dental functional morphology: How teeth work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 355 p.
18. Kaiser TM, Fickel J, Streich WJ, Hummel J, Clauss M (2010) Enamel ridge alignment in upper molars of ruminants in relation to their natural diet. J Zool 281: 12-25.
19. Janis CM (1990) Correlation of cranial and dental variables with dietary preferences in mammals: A comparison of macropodoids and ungulates. Mem Queensl Mus 28: 349-366.
20. Grine FE (1986) Dental evidence for dietary differences in Australopithecus and Paranthropus: A quantitative analysis of permanent molar microwear. J Hum Evol 15: 783-822.
21. Greaves WS (1973) The inference of jaw motion from tooth wear facets. J Paleontol 47: 1000-1001.
22. Rensberger JM (1973) An occlusion model for mastication and dental wear in herbivorous mammals. J Paleontol 47: 515-527.
23. Ryan AS (1979) Wear striation direction on primate teeth: a scanning electron microscope examination. Am J Phys Anthropol 50: 155-168.
24. Costa RL Jr, Greaves WS (1981) Experimentally produced tooth wear facets and the direction of jaw motion. J Paleont 55: 635-638.
25. Gordon KD (1984) The assessment of jaw movement direction from dental microwear. Am J Phys Anthropol 63: 77-84.
26. Weishampel DB (1984) Evolution of jaw mechanics in ornithopod dinosaurs. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 87: 1-109.
27. Williams VS, Barrett PM, Purnell MA (2009) Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 11194-11199.
28. Smith JB, Dodson P (2003) A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. J Vert Paleontol 23: 1-12. (Pubitemid 36647284)
29. Parks WA (1924) Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus, a new genus and species of armoured dinosaur; and notes on a skeleton of Prosaurolophus maximus. Univ Toronto Stud Geol Ser 18: 1-35.
30. Arbour VM, Burns ME, Sissons RL (2009) A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus. J Vert Paleontol 29: 1117-1135.
31. Nopcsa BF (1928) Palaeontological notes on reptiles. Geol Hungarica Ser Palaeontol 1: 1-84.
32. Penkalski P, Blows WT (2013) Scolosaurus cutleri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 50: 171-182.
33. Farke AA, Ryan MJ, Barrett PM, Tanke DH, Braman DR, et al. (2011) A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontol Pol 56: 691-702.
34. Teaford MF (2007) What do we know and not know about dental microwear and diet? In: Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the human diet: The known, the unknown, and the unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 106-131.
35. Green JL (2009) Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae). Zool J Linn Soc 156: 201-222.
36. Erickson GM, Krick BA, Hamilton M, Bourne GR, Norell MA, et al (2012) Complex dental structure and wear biomechanics in hadrosaurid dinosaurs. Science 338: 98-101.
37. Gordon KD (1982) A study of microwear on chimpanzee molars: implications for dental microwear analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 59: 195-215.
38. Gordon KD (1984) Hominoid dental microwear: complications in the use of microwear analysis to detect diet. J Dent Res 63: 1043-1046.
39. Gordon KD (1984) Orientation of occlusal contacts in the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, deduced from scanning electron microscopic analysis of dental microwear patterns. Arch Oral Biol 29: 783-787.
40. Erickson GM (1996) Incremental lines of von Ebner in dinosaurs and the assessment of tooth replacement rates using growth line counts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93: 14623-14627.
41. Fiorillo AR (2011) Microwear patterns on the teeth of northern high latitude hadrosaurs with comments on microwear patterns in hadrosaurs as a function of latitude and seasonal ecological constraints. Palaeontol Electron 14(3); 20A:7p; palaeo-electronica.org/2011-3/7-fiorillo/index.htm
42. Varriale FJ (2011) Dental microwear and the evolution of mastication in the ceratopsian dinosaurs. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. 470 p.
43. King T, Andrews P, Boz B (1999) Effect of taphonomic processes on dental microwear. Am J Phys Anthropol 108: 359-373. (Pubitemid 29124550)
44. Teaford MF (1988) Scanning electron microscope diagnosis of wear patterns versus artifacts on fossil teeth. Scanning Microsc 2: 1167-1175.
45. Fraser D, Mallon JC, Furr R, Theodor JM (2009) Improving the repeatability of low magnification microwear methods using high dynamic range imaging. Palaios 24: 818-825.
46. Solounias N, Semprebon GM (2002) Advances in the reconstruction of ungulate ecomorphology with application to early fossil equids. Am Mus Novit 3366: 1-49.
47. Abramoff MD, Magalhaes PJ, Ram SJ (2004) Image processing with Image J. Biophoton. Int. 11(7): 36-42.
48. Teaford MF, Walker A (1984) Quantitative differences in dental microwear between primate species with different diets and a comment on the presumed diet of Sivapithecus. Am J Phys Anthropol 64: 191-200.
49. Solounias N, Teaford M, Walker A (1988) Interpreting the diet of extinct ruminants: The case of a non-browsing giraffid. Paleobiology 14: 287-300. (Pubitemid 19309976)
50. Semprebon GM, Godfrey LR, Solounias N, Sutherland MR, Jungers WL (2004) Can low-magnification stereomicroscopy reveal diet? J Hum Evol 47: 115-144. (Pubitemid 39168939)
51. Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol 26: 32-46.
52. Mahalanobis PC (1936) On the generalised distance in statistics. Proc Nat Inst Sci India 2: 49-55.
53. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1995) Biometry (third edition). New York: WH Freeman and Company. 887 p.
54. Nakagawa S (2004) A farewell to Bonferroni: The problems of low statistical power and publication bias. Behav Ecol 15: 1044-1045.
55. Behrensmeyer AK, Hook RW (1992) Paleoenvironmental contexts and taphonomic modes. In: Behrensmeyer AK, Damuth JD, DiMichele WA, Potts R, Sues H-D, et al, editors. Terrestrial ecosystems through time: Evolutionary paleoecology of terrestrial plants and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 15-136.
56. Hammer Ø, Harper D (2006) Paleontological data analysis. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 351 p.
57. Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4(1): 9. Available: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001-1/pas?t/issue1-01.htm
58. Coombs WP Jr (1978) The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria. Palaeontology 21: 143-170.
59. Coombs WP Jr (1990) Teeth and taxonomy in ankylosaurs. In: Carpenter K, Currie PJ, editors. Dinosaur systematics: Approaches and perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 269-279.
60. Peng J, Russell AP, Brinkman DB (2001) Vertebrate microsite assemblages (exclusive of mammals) from the Foremost and Oldman formations of the Judith River Group (Campanian) of southeastern Alberta: An illustrated guide. Prov Mus Alberta Nat Hist Occas Pap 25: 1-54.
61. Vickaryous MK, Maryańska T, Weishampel DB (2004) Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria (second edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 363-392.
62. Vickaryous MK, Russell AP (2003) A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): A foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zool J Linn Soc 137: 157-186. (Pubitemid 36121918)
63. Russell LS (1940) Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore), an armoured dinosaur from the Belly River Series of Alberta. Univ Toronto Stud Geol Ser 43: 1-28.
64. Hwang SH (2005) Phylogenetic patterns of enamel microstructure in dinosaur teeth. J Morphol 266: 208-240.
65. Barrett PM (2001) Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. In: Carpenter K, editor. The armored dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 25-52.
66. Rybczynski N, Vickaryous MK (2001) Evidence of complex jaw movement in the Late Cretaceous ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus tutus (Dinosauria: Thyreophora). In: Carpenter K, editor. The armored dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 299-317.
67. Godfrey SJ, Holmes R (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. J Vert Paleontol 15: 726-742. (Pubitemid 126024578)
68. Hatcher JB, Marsh OC, Lull RS (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monogr US Geol Surv 49: 1-300.
69. Edmund G (1960) Tooth replacement phenomena in the lower vertebrates. Life Sci Contrib R Ont Mus 52: 1-190.
70. Ostrom JH (1966) Functional morphology and evolution of the ceratopsian dinosaurs. Evolution 20: 290-308.
71. Sternberg CM (1936) The systematic position of Trachodon. J Palaeontol 10: 652-655.
72. Horner JR, Weishampel DB, Forster CA (2004) Hadrosauridae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria (second edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 438-463.
73. Ostrom JH (1961) Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 122: 39-186.
74. Lull RS, Wright NE (1942) Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 40: 1-242.
75. Cuthbertson R, Tirabasso A, Rybczynski N, Holmes R (2012) Kinetic limitations of intracranial joints in Brachylophosaurus canadensis and Edmontosaurus regalis (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), and their implications for the chewing mechanics of hadrosaurids. Anat Rec 295: 968-979.
76. Fisher NI (1993) Statistical analysis of circular data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 295 p.
77. Haas G (1955) The jaw musculature in Protoceratops and in other ceratopsians. Am Mus Novit 1729: 1-24.
78. Mills JRE (1972) Evolution of mastication. Proc Roy Soc Med 65: 392-396.
79. Norman DB, Weishampel DB (1985) Ornithopod feeding mechanisms: Their bearing on the evolution of herbivory. Am Nat 126: 151-164. (Pubitemid 17245164)
80. Crompton AW, Hiiemae K (1970) Molar occlusion and mandibular movements during occlusion in the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Zool J Linn Soc 49: 21-27.
81. Hiiemae KM (1976) Masticatory movements in primitive mammals. In: Anderson DJ, Matthews B, editors. Mastication. Bristol: John Wright and Sons. pp. 105-118.
82. Hiiemae KM, Crompton AW (1985) Mastication, food transport, and swallowing. In: Hildebrand M, Bramble DM, Liem KF, Wake DB, editors. Functional vertebrate morphology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 262-290.
83. Reilly SM, McBrayer LD, White TD (2001) Prey processing in amniotes: Biomechanical and behavioral patterns of food reduction. Comp Biochem Physiol A 128: 397-415. (Pubitemid 32200400)
84. Haas G (1969) On the jaw musculature of ankylosaurs. Am Mus Novit 2399: 1-11.
85. Weishampel DB, Norman DB (1989) Vertebrate herbivory in the Mesozoic; Jaws, plants, and evolutionary metrics. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 238: 87-100.
86. Weishampel DB, Jianu C-M (2000) Plant-eaters and ghost lineages: Dinosaurian herbivory revisited. In: Sues H-D, editor. Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates: Perspectives from the fossil record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 123-143.
87. Coombs WP Jr, Maryańska T (1990) Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 456-483.
88. Sander PM (1997) Teeth and jaws. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, editors. Encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 717-724.
89. Weishampel DB (1984) Interactions between Mesozoic plants and vertebrates: Fructifications and seed predation. N Jb Geol Paläont Abh 167: 224-250.
90. Galton PM (1986) Herbivorous adaptations of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs. In: Padian K, editor. The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203-221.
91. Throckmorton GS (1976) Oral food processing in two herbivorous lizards, Iguana iguana (Iguanidae) and Uromastix aegyptius (Adamidae). J Morphol 148: 363-390.
92. Gorniak GC, Rosenberg HI, Gans C (1982) Mastication in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctuatus (Reptilia: Rynchocephalia): Structure and activity of the motor system. J Morphol 171: 321-353. (Pubitemid 12130735)
93. Barrett PM (2000) Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas: Speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles. In: Sues HD, editor. Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates: Perspectives from the fossil record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 42-78.
94. Carpenter K (1997) Ankylosaurs. In: Farlow JO, Brett-Surman MK, editors. The complete dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 307-316.
95. Kay RF (1975) The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 42: 195-215.
96. Kay RF (1978) Molar structure and diet in extant Cercopithecidae. In: Butler PM, Joysey KA, editors. Development, function, and evolution of teeth. New York: Academic Press. pp. 309-340.
97. Strait SG (1993) Differences in occlusal morphology and molar size in frugivores and faunivores. J Hum Evol 25: 471-484.
98. Freeman PW (2000) Macroevolution in Microchiroptera: Recoupling morphology and ecology with phylogeny. Evol Ecol Res 2: 317-335.
99. Lucas PW, Constantino P, Wood B, Lawn B (2008) Dental enamel as a dietary indicator in mammals. BioEssays 30: 374-385. (Pubitemid 351482335)
100. Carpenter K (1990) Ankylosaur systematics: Example using Panoplosaurus and Edmontonia (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae). In: Carpenter K, Currie PJ, editors. Dinosaur systematics: Approaches and perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 281-298.
101. Lull RS (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Mem Peabody Mus Nat Hist 3: 1-175.
102. Ostrom JH (1964) A functional analysis of jaw mechanics in the dinosaur Triceratops. Postilla 88: 1-35.
103. Dodson P (1996) The horned dinosaurs: A natural history. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 346 p.
104. Dodson P, Forster CA, Sampson SD (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria (second edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 494-513.
105. Tanoue K, Grandstaff BS, You H-L, Dodson P (2009) Jaw mechanics in basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria). Anat Rec 292: 1352-1369.
106. Maynard Smith J, Salvage RJG (1959) The mechanics of mammalian jaws. Sch Sci Rev 141: 289-301.
107. Greaves WS (1974) Functional implications of mammalian jaw joint position. Forma et Functio 7: 363-376.
108. Greaves WS (1978) The jaw lever system in ungulates: A new model. J Zool 184: 271-285.
109. Greaves WS (1980) The mammalian jaw mechanism - the high glenoid cavity. Am Nat 116: 432-440.
110. Lull RS (1908) The cranial musculature and the origin of the frill in the ceratopsian dinosaurs. Am J Sci 25: 387-399.
111. Sampson SD (1993) Cranial ornamentations in ceratopsid dinosaurs: Systematic, behavioural, and evolutionary implications. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Toronto: University of Toronto. 299 p.
112. Barrett PM (1998) Herbivory in the non-avian Dinosauria. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. 308 p.
113. Varriale FJ (2004) Dental microwear in Triceratops and Chasmosaurus and its implication for jaw mechanics in Ceratopsidae. J Vert Paleontol 24 (3, Suppl): 124A-125A.
114. Bryant HN, Russell AP (1992) The role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 337: 405-418. (Pubitemid 23386525)
115. Witmer LM (1995) The Extant Phylogenetic Bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason JJ, editor. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19-33.
116. Lucas PW, Peters CR (2000) Function of postcanine tooth crown shape in mammals. In: Teaford MF, Smith MM, Ferguson MWJ, editors. Development, function, and evolution of teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 282-289.
117. Johnson RE, Ostrom JH (1995) The forelimb of Torosaurus and an analysis of the postureand gait of ceratopsians. In: Thomason JJ, editor. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 205-218.
118. Dodson P, Farlow JO (1997) The forelimb carriage of ceratopsid dinosaurs. In: Wolberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, editors. Dinofest International. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural. pp. 393-398.
119. Thompson S, Holmes R (2007) Forelimb stance and step cycle in Chasmosaurus irvinensis (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia). Palaeontol Electron 10(1); 5A:17p, 8MB; http://palaeo-electronica.org/paleo/2007-1/step/index.html
120. Fujiwara S-I (2009) A reevaluation of the manus structure in Triceratops (Ceratopsia: Ceratopsidae). J Vert Paleontol 29: 1136-1147.
121. Carrano MT (1999) What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs. J Zool 247: 29- 42.
122. Paul GS, Christiansen P (2000) Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: Implications for gait and locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 450-465.
123. You H, Dodson P (2004) Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria (second edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 478-493.
124. Dodson P (1971) Sedimentology and taphonomy of the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta (Canada). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 10: 21-74.
125. Dodson P (1983) A faunal review of the Judith River (Oldman) Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Mosasaur 1: 89-118.
126. Béland P, Russell DA (1978) Paleoecology of Dinosaur Provincial Park (Cretaceous), Alberta, interpreted from the distribution of articulated vertebrate remains. Can J Earth Sci 15: 1012-1024.
127. Currie PJ, Dodson P (1984) Mass death of a heard of ceratopsian dinosaurs. In: Reif W-E, Westphal F, editors. Third Symposium of Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Tübingen: Attempto Verlag. pp. 52-60.
128. Ryan MJ, Russell AP, Eberth DA, Currie PJ (2001) The taphonomy of a Centrosaurus (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) bone bed from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian), Alberta, Canada, with comments on cranial ontogeny. Palaios 16: 482-506. (Pubitemid 33045079)
129. Eberth DA, Brinkman DB, Barkas V (2010) A centrosaurine mega-bonebed from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Alberta: implications for behavior and death events. In: Ryan MJ, Chinnery-Allgeier BJ, Eberth DA, editors. New Perspectives on horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 495-508.
130. Hunt RK, Farke AA (2010) Behavioral interpretations from ceratopsid bonebeds. In: Ryan MJ, Chinnery-Allgeier BJ, Eberth DA, editors. New perspectives on horned dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 447-455.
131. Lucas PW, Turner IM, Dominy NJ, Yamashita N (2000) Mechanical defences to herbivory. Ann Bot 86: 913-920.
132. Sanson G (2006) The biomechanics of browsing and grazing. Am J Bot 93: 1531-1545.
133. Kay RF, Hylander WL (1978) The dental structure of mammalian folivores with special reference to Primates and Phalangeroidea (Marsupialia). In: Montgomery GG, editor. The biology of arboreal folivores. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 173-192.
134. Janis CM (1995) Correlations between craniodental morphology and feeding behavior in ungulates: Reciprocal illumination between living and fossil taxa. In: Thomason JJ, editor. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76-98.
135. Lucas PW, Darvell BW, Lee PKD, Yuen TDB, Choong MF (1995) The toughness of plant cell walls. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 348: 363-372.
136. Jernvall J, Hunter JP, Fortelius M (2000) Trends in the evolution of molar crown types in the ungulate mammals: Evidence from the northern hemisphere. In: Teaford MF, Smith MM, Ferguson MWJ, editors. Development, function, and evolution of teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 269-281.
137. Archer D, Sanson GD (2002) The form and function of the selenodont molar in southern African ruminants in relation to their feeding habits. J Zool 257: 13-26. (Pubitemid 34497389)
138. Evans AR, Sanson GD (2003) The tooth of perfection: Functional and spatial constraints on mammalian tooth shape. Biol J Linn Soc 78: 173-191. (Pubitemid 36453440)
139. Tait J, Brown B (1928) How the Ceratopsia carried and used their head. Trans R Soc Can Ser 3 22: 13-23.
140. Bakker RT (1978) Dinosaur feeding behaviour and the origin of flowering plants. Nature 274: 661-663.
141. Krassilov VA (1981) Changes of Mesozoic vegetation and the extinction of dinosaurs. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 34: 207-224.
142. Weishampel DB, Norman DB (1987) Dinosaur-plant interactions in the Mesozoic. Occ Pap Tyrrell Mus Palaeontol 3: 167-172.
143. Dodson P (1993) Comparative craniology of the Ceratopsia. Am Journal Sci 293A: 200-234.
144. Dodson P (1997) Neoceratopsia. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, editors. Encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 473-478.
145. Sampson SD (2001) Speculations on the socioecology of ceratopsid dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia). In: Tanke DH, Carpenter K, editors. Mesozoic vertebrate life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 263-276.
146. Russell LS (1935) Musculature and function in the Ceratopsia. Bull Nat Mus Can 77: 39-48.
147. Russell DA (1977) A vanished world: The dinosaurs of Western Canada. Natl Mus Can Nat Hist Ser 4: 1-142.
148. Manchester SR, Lehman TM, Wheeler EA (2010) Fossil palms (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae) associated with juvenile herbivorous dinosaurs in the upper Cretaceous Aguja Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas. Int J Plant Sci 171: 679-689.
149. Turner D (2011) Paleontology: A philosophical introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 227 p.
150. Walker A (1976) Wear striations on the incisors of ceropithecid monkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference. Am J Phys Anthropol 45: 299-308.
151. Weishampel DB (1983) Hadrosaurid jaw mechanics. Acta Palaeontol Pol 28: 271-280.
152. Nopcsa F (1900) Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenburgen. I. Schädel von Limnosaurus transsylvanicus nov. gen. et spec. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Math-Naturwiss Kl 68: 555-591.
153. Versluys J (1910) Streptostylie bei Dinosauriern, nebst Bemerkungen über die Verwandtschaft der Vögel und Dinosaurier. Anat Anz 30: 175-260.
154. Versluys J (1922) Die Kaubewegungen von Trachodon. Paläontol Z 4: 80-87.
155. Versluys J (1923) Der Schädel des Skelettes von Trachodon annectens im Senckenberg Museum. Abh Senckenb Naturforsch Ges 38: 1-19.
156. Lambe LM (1920) The hadrosaur Edmontosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Geol Surv Can Mem 120(102): 1-79.
157. von Kripp D (1933) Die Kaubewegung und Lebensweise von Edmontosaurus spec. Auf Grund der mechanischkonstructiven Analyse. Palaeobiologica 5: 409-422.
158. Rybczynski N, Tirabasso A, Bloskie P, Cuthbertson R, Holliday C (2008) A three-dimensional animation model of Edmontosaurus (Hadrosauridae) for testing chewing hypotheses. Palaeontol Electron 11(2); 9A:14p; http://palaeo- electronica.org/2008-2/132/index.html
159. Holliday CM, Witmer LM (2008) Cranial kinesis in dinosaurs: Intracranial joints, protractor muscles, and their significance for cranial evolution and function in diapsids. J Vert Paleontol 28: 1073-1088.
160. Norman DB (1984) On the cranial morphology and evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs. Symp Zool Soc Lond 52: 521-547.
161. King G (1996) Reptiles and herbivory. London: Chapman and Hall. 160 p.
162. Holliday CM (2009) New insights into dinosaur jaw muscle anatomy. Anat Rec 292: 1246-1265.
163. Losos JB, Miles DB (1994) Adaptation, constraint, and the comparative method: Phylogenetic issues and methods. In: Wainwright PC, Reilly SM, editors. Ecological morphology: Integrative organismal biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 60-98.
164. Morris WJ (1970) Hadrosaurian dinosaur bills-morphology and function. Los Angeles County Mus Contrib Sci 193: 1-14.
165. Pregill G (1984) Durophagous feeding adaptations in an amphisbaenid. J Herpetol 18: 186-191.
166. Kräusel R (1922) Die Nahrung von Trachodon: Paläont Z. 4: 80.
167. Currie PJ, Koppelhus EB, Muhammad AF (1995) Stomach contents of a hadrosaur from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. In: Sun A, Wang Y, editors. Sixth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and biota, short papers. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 111-114.
168. Tweet JS, Chin K, Braman DR, Murphy NL (2008) Probable gut contents within a specimen of Brachylophosaurus canadensis (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana. Palaios 23: 624-635.
169. Abel O (1922) Diskussion zu den Vorträgen R. Kräusel und F. Versluys. Paläont. Z 4: 87.
170. Chin K, Gill BD (1996) Dinosaurs, dung beetles, and conifers: Participants in a Cretaceous food web. Palaios 11: 280-285.
171. Chin K (2007) The paleobiological implications of herbivorous dinosaur coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana: Why eat wood? Palaios 22: 554-566.
172. Ungar PS (1994) Incisor microwear of Sumatran anthropoid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 94: 339-363.
173. Carrano MT, Janis CM, Sepkoski JJ Jr (1999) Hadrosaurs as ungulate parallels: Lost lifestyles and deficient data. Acta Palaeontol Pol 44: 237-261. (Pubitemid 30024850)
174. Norman DB, Weishampel DB (1991) Feeding mechanisms in some small herbivorous dinosaurs: Processes and patterns. In: Rayner JMV, Wotton RJ, editors. Biomechanics in evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161-181.
175. Sereno PC (1986) Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia). Natl Geogr Res 2: 234-256.
176. Calvo JO (1994) Jaw mechanics in sauropod dinosaurs. Gaia 10: 183-193.
177. Upchurch P, Barrett PM (2000) The evolution of sauropod feeding mechanisms. In: Sues HD, editor. Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 79-122.
178. Funston GF, Currie PJ (2013) A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible from the late Campanian of Alberta, and insights into the diet of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria). Can J Earth Sci 51: 156-165.
179. Teaford MF (1994) Dental microwear and dental function. Evol Anthropol 3:17-30.
180. Fraser D, Theodor JM (2011) Comparing ungulate dietary proxies using discriminant function analysis. J Morphol 272: 1513-1526.
181. Olson EC (1952) The evolution of a Permian vertebrate chronofauna. Evolution 6: 181-196.
182. Brinkman DB (1990) Paleoecology of the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada: evidence from vertebrate microfossil localities. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 78: 37-54.
183. Brinkman DB, Ryan MJ, Eberth DA (1998) The paleogeographic and stratigraphic distribution of ceratopsids (Ornithischia) in the upper Judith River Group of western Canada. Palaios 13: 160-169.
184. Eberth DA, Currie PJ, Brinkman DB, Ryan MJ, Braman DR, et al. (2001) Alberta's dinosaurs and other fossil vertebrates: Judith River and Edmonton groups (Campanian-Maastrichtian). Mus Rockies Occ Pap 3: 49-75.
185. Lehman TM (1997) Late Campanian dinosaur biogeography in the Western Interior of North America. In: Wolberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, editors. Dinofest International: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Arizona State University.Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences. pp. 223-240.
186. Fiorillo AR (1991) Dental microwear on the teeth of Camarasaurus and Diplodocus : Implications for sauropod paleoecology. In: Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Heintz N, Nakrem HA, editors. Fifth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and biota.Oslo: Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo. pp. 23-24.
187. Fiorillo AR (1998) Dental microwear patterns of the sauropod dinosaurs Camarasaurus and Diplodocus : Evidence for resource partitioning in the Late Jurassic of North America. Hist Biol 13: 1-16.
188. Fiorillo AR (2008) Lack of variability in feeding patterns of the sauropod dinosaurs Diplodocus and Camarasaurus (Late Jurassic, western USA) with respect to climate as indicated by tooth wear features. In: Sankey JT, Baszio S, editors. Vertebrate microfossil assemblages: Their role in paleoecology and paleobiogeography. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.pp. 104-116.
189. Goswami A, Flynnbae JJ, Ranivoharimananac L, Wyss AR (2005) Dental microwear in Triassic amniotes: Implications for paleoecology and masticatory mechanics. J Vert Paleontol 25: 320-329. (Pubitemid 41057632)
190. Whitlock JA (2011) Inferences of diplodocoid (Sauropoda: Dinosauria) feeding behavior from snout shape and microwear analyses. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18304. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018304
191. Ager DV (1963) Principles of paleoecology: An introduction to the study of how and where animals and plants lived in the past. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 371 p.
192. Lamprey HF (1963) Ecological separation of the large mammal species in the Tarangire Game Reserve, Tanganyika. Afr J Ecol 1: 63-92.
193. McNaughton SJ, Georgiadis NJ (1986) Ecology of African grazing and browsing mammals. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17: 39-65.
194. Ungar PS, Brown CA, Bergstrom TS, Walker A (2003) Quantification of dental microwear by tandem scanning confocal microscopy and scale-sensitive fractal analyses. Scanning 25: 185-193. (Pubitemid 36950934)
195. Scott RS, Ungar PS, Bergstrom TS, Brown CA, Grine FE, et al. (2005) Dental microwear texture analysis shows within-species diet variability in fossil hominins. Nature 436: 693-695. (Pubitemid 41117270)
196. Merceron G, Taylor S, Scott R, Chaimanee Y, Jaeger J-J (2006) Dietary characterization of the hominoid Khoratpithecus (Miocene of Thailand): Evidence from dental topographic and microwear texture analyses. Naturwissenschaften 93: 329-333. (Pubitemid 43953891)