Avocado Fruit Quality Management during the Postharvest Supply Chain

Food Reviews International

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 169-202

  Bill, Malick ^a,b   Sivakumar, Dharini ^b   Thompson, A Keith ^b,c   Korsten, Lise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

^c CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atmosphere modification; Fruit softening; Packaging; Persea americana; Postharvest diseases

Indexed keywords

PACKAGING; QUALITY MANAGEMENT; STORAGE MANAGEMENT; SUPPLY CHAINS;

FRUIT SOFTENING; MANAGEMENT PRACTICES; PERSEA AMERICANA; PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS; POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES; POST-HARVEST TREATMENTS; POSTHARVEST DISEASE; TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT;

FRUITS;

EID: 84903393821     PISSN: 87559129     EISSN: 15256103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.907304     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Morton, J.K. Fruits of Warm Climates; Purdue University: Miami, FL, 1987. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/emblic.html(accessed October 2012).
2. Bregh, B.O.; Ellstrand, N. Taxonomy of the avocado. California Avocado Society Yearbook 1986, 70, 135-145.
3. Chen, H.; Morrell, P.L.; Ashworth V.E.T.M.; de la Cruz, M; Clegg, M.T. Tracing the geographic origins of major avocado cultivars. J. Hered. 2009, 100, 56-65.
4. Whiley, A.W.; Schaffer, B.; Wolstenholme, B.N. The Avocado Botany, Production and Uses; CABI Publishing: New York, 2002; p 416.
5. Zentmyer, G.A. Part IV. Avocado. In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases; APS Press, St Paul, MN, 1994; pp 71-84.
6. Market Research Analyst. Avocado market forecast 2008-2012. Published 2008. http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/agriculture/200801166705.pdf(accessed December 2013).
7. Hernandez, G. Production and Trade Forecast to Grow; GAIN Report; Foreign Agricultural Service: Mexico, 2011.
8. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective; Bruinsma, J., Ed.; Earthscan: London, and FAO: Rome, 2003.
9. Eurostat. Crops Products and Annual data. 2008. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/agriculture/data/database (accessed October 2013).
10. De Bon, H. Fruitrop; No. 183, CIRAD Market News Service: Montpellier, France, 2010.
11. USAID-TAPP. Market Bulletin. 2011. http://www.tanzania-agric.org {pipe} www.fintrac.com {pipe} Issue #02 {pipe}(accessed 1 June 2011).
12. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations. The State of Food Security in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crisis; FAO: Rome, 2010.
13. Schaffer, B.; Wolstenholme, B.N.; Whiley, A.W. The Avocado Botany, Production and Uses, 2nd ed.; CABI Publishing: New York, 2013.
14. Platt-Aloia, K.A.; Thomson, W.W. Ultrastructure of the mesocarp of mature avocado fruit and changes associated with ripening. Annu. Bot. 1981, 48, 451-465.
15. Slater, G.G.; Shankman, S.; Shepherd, J.S.; Alfin-Slater, R.B. Seasonal variation in the composition of California avocados. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1975, 23, 468-474.
16. Lu, Q.Y.; Arteaga, J.R.; Zhang, Q.; Huerta, S.; Go, V.L.; Heber, D. Inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: Role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2005, 16, 23-30.
17. Lee, J.; Koo, N.; Min, D. Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidative nutraceuticals. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2004, 3, 21-33.
18. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations. Agriculture, Trade and Food Security: Issues and Options in the WTO Negotiations on Agriculture from the Perspective of Developing Countries, Vol. I and II; FAO: Rome, 2000.
19. Lu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, D.; Lee, R.; Gao, K. California "Hass" avocado: Profiling of carotenoids, tocopherol, fatty acid, and fat content during maturation and from different growing areas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 408-413.
20. Ozdemir, F.; Topuz, A. Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocados during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period. Food Chem. 2004, 86, 79-83.
21. Torres, A.M.; Mau-Lastovicka, T.; Rezaaiyan, R. Total phenolics and high-performance liquid chromatography of phenolic acids of avocado. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1987, 35, 921-925.
22. Golukeu, M.; Ozdemir,F. Changes in phenolic composition of avocado cultivars during harvesting time. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2010, 46, 112-115.
23. El-Mageed, M.A.A. Development of volatile compounds of avocado and casimiroa during fruit maturation. Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci. 2007, 15, 89-99.
24. Pereira, M.E.C. Changes in volatile compounds during ripening of West Indian-type 'Simmonds' avocado treated with ethylene and aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene. In Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting, Palm Desert, California, August 2-5, 2010; American Society for Horticultural Science: Palm Desert, California, 2010; p 93.
25. Obenland, D; Collin, S.; Sievert, J., Negm; FLu Arpaia, M. Influence of maturity and ripening on aroma volatiles and flavor in 'Hass' avocado. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2012. 17, 41-50.
26. Defilippi, B.G.; Manríquez, D.; Luengwilai, K.; González-Agüero, M. Aroma volatiles: Biosynthesis and mechanisms of modulation during fruit ripening. Adv. Bot. Res. 2009, 50, 1-37.
27. Seymour, G.B.; Tucker, G.A. Avocado. In Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening; Chapman and Hall: London, 1993; Vol. 1, pp 53-81.
28. Pesis, E.; Fuchs, Y.; Zauberman, G. Cellulase and softening in avocado. Plant Physiol. 1978, 61, 416-419.
29. Kathryn, A.; Platt-Aloia, W.; Thomson, W.; Roy, E.Y. Ultrastructural changes in the walls of ripening avocados: Transmission, scanning, and freeze fracture microscopy. Bot. Gaz. 1980, 141, 366-373.
30. Hoffman, N. E.; Yang, S.F. Changes of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid content in ripening fruits in relation to their ethylene production rates. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1980, 105, 492-495.
31. Erickson, L.; Takaake, Y. Effect of temperature on the ripening of Hass avocados. California Avocado Society Yearbook 1964, 48, 92-94.
32. Zauberman, G.; Schiffmann-Nadel, M.; Yanko, U. The response of avocado fruits to different storage temperatures. HortScience 1977, 12, 353-354.
33. Tucker, M.L.; Laties, G.G. Interrelationship of polysome prevalence, gene expression, and respiration during ripening of ethylene and/or cyanide treated avocado fruit. Plant Physiol. 1984, 74, 307-315.
34. Awad, M.; Young, R.E. Postharvest variation in cellulase, polygalacturonase, and pectinmethylesterase in avocado (Persea americana Mill, cv Fuerte) fruits in relation to respiration and ethylene production. Plant Physiol. 1979, 64, 306-308.
35. Board, M.; Colquhoun, A.; Newsholme, E.A. High Km glucose phosphorylating (glucokinase) activities in a range of tumor cell lines and inhibition of rates of tumor growth by the specific enzyme inhibitor mannoheptulose. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 3278-3285.
36. + complex isolated from the leaves of Scurrula fusca (Loranthaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 489-492.
37. Bertling, I.; Bower, J.P. Sugars as energy sources-Are there a link to avocado quality. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 2005, 28, 24-27.
38. Liu, X.; Robinson, P.W.; Madore, M.A.; Witney, G.W.; Arpaia, M.L. 'Hass' avocado carbohydrate fluctuations, II: Fruit growth and ripening. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1999, 124, 679-681.
39. Meyer, M.D.; Terry, L.A. Development of a rapid method for the sequential extraction and subsequent quantification of fatty acids and sugars from avocado mesocarp tissue. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 7439-7445
40. Landahl, S.; Meyer, M.D.; Terry, L.A. Spatial and temporal analysis of textural and biochemical changes of imported avocado cv. Hass during fruit ripening. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 7039-7047.
41. Blakey R.J.; Bower, J.P.; Bertling, I. Influence of water and ABA supply on the ripening pattern of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit and the prediction of water content using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2009, 53, 72-76.
42. Pearson, D. Seasonal English market variation in the composition of South African and Israeli avocados. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1975, 26, 207-213.
43. Lee, S.K.; Young, R.E. Growth measurement as an indication of avocado fruit maturity. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1983, 108, 395-397.
44. Knight, R.J. History, distribution and uses. In The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Whiley, A.W., Schaffer, B., Wolstenholme B.N., Eds.; Cab International Publishing: Wallingford, UK, 2002; pp 1-14.
45. Woolf, A.B.; Wexler, A.; Prusky, D.; Kobiler, E.; Lurie, S. Direct sunlight influences postharvest temperature responses and ripening five avocado cultivars. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 2000, 125, 370-376.
46. Botha, B.M. Supercritical fluid extraction of avocado. South African Growers' Association Yearbook 1987, 27, 24-27.
47. Swarts, D.H. A practical method of determining the oil content of avocados for growers. Citrus and subtropical fruit. J. Hortic. Abst. 1976, 511, 1977-3000.
48. Kruger, F.J.; Claassens, N.J.F.; Kritzinger, M.; Claassens, V.E. A short review of recent research on the impact of climatic conditions on the postharvest quality of South African export avocados. Rev. Chapingo Ser. Hortic. 1999, 5, 339-345.
49. Thompson, A.K. Postharvest Technology of Fruit and Vegetable; Blackwell Science: London, 1996; pp 170-281.
50. Snijder, B.; Mathumbu, J.M.; Kruger, F.J. Development of fruit maturity and mineral content norms for export avocado cultivars from different South African avocado growing regions. In Proceedings V World Avocado Congress, Málaga, Spain, October 19-24, 2003; Actas V Congreso Mundial Del Aguacate; South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook: Africa, 2003; pp 51-54.
51. Kassim, A.; Workneh, T.S.; Bezuidenhout, C.N. A review on postharvest handling of avocado fruit. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2013, 8, 2385-2402.
52. Wedding, C.; Wright, S.; Grauf, R.D.; White, B.; Gadek, T.P. Effects of seasonal variability on FT-NIR prediction of dry matter content for whole Hass avocado fruit Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2013, 75, 9-16.
53. Lee, S.K.; Young, R.E.; Schiffman, P.M.; Coggins, C.W. Maturity studies of avocado fruit based on picking dates and dry weight. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1983, 108, 390-394.
54. Woolf, A.B.; Requejo-Tapia, C.; Cox, K.A.; Jackman, R.C. 1-MCP reduces physiological storage disorders of 'Hass' avocados. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2005, 35, 43-60.
55. Hofman, P.J.; Jobin-Decor, M.; Giles, J. Percentage of dry matter and oil content are not reliable indicators of fruit maturity or quality in late-harvested 'Hass' avocado. HortScience 2000, 35, 694-695.
56. Werman, M.J.; Neeman, I. Avocado oil production and chemical characteristics. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1987, 64, 229-232.
57. Ranney, C.A.; Gillette, G.; Brydon, S.; Mcintyre, A.; Rivers, O.; Vasquez, C.A. Physiological maturity and percent dry matter of California avocado. In Proceedings of 2nd World Avocado Congress, California, April 21-26, 1992; University of California: Riverside, CA, 1992; pp 379-385.
58. Arpaia, M.L.; Van Rooyen, Z.; Bower, J.P.; Hofman, P.J.; Woolf, A.B. Grower practices will influence postharvest fruit quality. In 2nd Seminario Internacional De Paltos, La Cruz, Chile, September 29-October 1, 2004; pp 1-9.
59. Köhne, J.S.; Kremer-Köhne, S. Picking Hass avocados without pedicel. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1995, 18, 66.
60. Darvas, J.M. Eitology and control of some fruit diseases of avocado (Persea americana) at Westfalia estate. DSc thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 1982.
61. Duvenhage, J.A. The influence of wet picking on post-harvest diseases and disorders of avocado fruit. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1993, 16, 77-79.
62. Vuthapanich, S.; Hofman, P.; Klieber, A.; Whiley, T. Improving the marketability of Hass avocado through manipulation of production practices. Talking Avocados 1995, 6, 22-23
63. Postharvest Handling Bulletin No. 18. Avocado (Pear): Postharvest Care and Market Preparation; Postharvest Handling Technical Bulletin: Georgetown, January 2004.
64. Ultee, A.; Kets, E.P.W.; Smid, E.J. Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 4606-4610.
65. Food and Agriculture Organization. Agriculture, Trade and Food Security: Issues and Options in the WTO Negotiations on Agriculture from the Perspective of Developing Countries, Vol. I; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, 2000.
66. Ben-Yehoshua, S. Individual seal-packaging of fruit and vegetables in plastic film-A new postharvest technique. Hortic. Sci. 1985, 20, 32-37.
67. White, A.; Woolf, A.B.; Hofman, P. Avocado Care Assessment Manual; The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd.: Auckland, New Zealand, 2001, p 66.
68. Darvas, J.M. The control of postharvest avocado diseases with prochloraz. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1984, 7, 57-58.
69. Everett, K.R.; Owen, S.G.; Cutting, J.G.M. Testing efficacy of fungicides against postharvest pathogens of avocado (Persea americana Cv. Hass). N. Z. Plant Protect. 2005, 58, 89-95.
70. Scheepers, S.; Jooste, A.; Alemu, Z.G. Quantifying the impact of phytosanitry standards with specific reference to MRLS on the trade flow of South African avocados to the European Union. Agrekon 2007, 46, 260-273.
71. Smith, L.A.; Dann, E.K.; Leonardi, J.; Dean, J.R.; Cooke, A.W. Exploring non-traditional products for management of postharvest anthracnose and stem end rot in avocado. In VI World Avocado Congress, Queensland, September 5-9, 2011; http://www.worldavocadocongress2011.com/?PageID=15(accessed October 22, 2011).
72. Everett, K.R.; Korsten, L. Postharvest rots of avocados: Improved chemical control by using different application methods. In Proceedings of the 49th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, New Zealand, August 13-15, 1996; New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc): New Zealand, 1996; Vol. 3, pp 37-40.
73. Mavuso Z.S.; Van Niekerk J.M. Development of a more effective post-harvest treatment for the control of post-harvest diseases of avocado fruit. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 2010, 33, 53-55.
74. Lunt, R.E.; Smith, H.; Darvas, M.M. A comparison between waxing and cellophane wrapping of avocados for export. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1981, 4, 57-62.
75. Johnston, J.W.; Banks, N.H. Selection of a surface coating and optimization of its concentration for use on 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana) fruit. Crop Hortic. Sci. 1998, 26, 143-151.
76. Cutting, J.G.M.; Bower, J.P.; Wolstenholme, B.N. Effect of abscisic acid on abscisic acid metabolism, PPO activity, phenolics and quality in ripening avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1989, 12, 53-55.
77. Durand, B.J.; Orcan, L.; Yanko, U.; Zauberman, G.; Fuchs, Y. Effects of waxing on moisture loss and ripening of 'Fuerte' avocado fruit. Sci. Hortic. 1984, 19, 421-422.
78. Kremer-Kohne, S.; Duvenhage, J.A. Alternatives to polyethylene wax as post-harvest treatment for avocados. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1997, 20, 97-98.
79. Lemmer, D.; Kruger, F.J.; Malumane, T.R.; Nxudu, K.Y. 1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 2002, 25, 25-34.
80. Vorster, L.L. The avocado industry in South Africa. California Avocado Society Yearbook 2005, 87, 59-62.
81. Elmsly, T.A.; Mandemaker, A.J.; Smith, D.B.; Dixon, J. Effect of the fruit coating Biocoat™ on ripe rots of 'Hass' avocados. New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report. 7, 103-106.
82. Kruger, F. Observation on relevant research: Wax on avocados and mangoes. Subtrop. Q. J. 2013, 2, 22-26.
83. de Boer, A. Unapproved Food Additives Discovered in Wax on Apples; Report, Food Standards Agency. CBI: Diemen, 2010.
84. Itai A.; Tanahashi T. Inhibition of sucrose loss during cold storage in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) by 1-MCP. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2008, 48, 355-363.
85. Zhang, Z.; Huber, D.J.; Rao, J. Ripening delay of mid-climacteric avocado fruit in response to elevated doses of 1-methylcyclopropene and hypoxia-mediated reduction in internal ethylene concentration. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2011, 60, 83-91.
86. Zhang, Z.; Huber, D.J.; Rao J. Antioxidant systems of ripening avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit following treatment at the preclimacteric stage with aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2013, 76, 58-64.
87. Jeong, J.; Huber, D.J.; Sargent, S.A. 1-Methylcyclopropene and waxing regulate the ripening storage life of avocado fruit. HortScience 2000, 35, 468-469.
88. Perishable Product Export Control Board (PPECB). South African Fruit Export Data; Information and Business Intelligence Division: Panorama, South Africa, 2009.
89. Department of Agriculture Forest and Fisheries. A Profile of the South African Avocado Market Value Chain; Directorate Marketing: Arcadia, South Africa, 2011. http://www.daff.gov.za/docs/AMCP/AvocadoMVCP2010-11.pdf(accessed June 17, 2012).
90. Thompson A.K. Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Fruits and Vegetables, 2nd ed.; CAB International: Oxford, UK, 2010.
91. Anonymous. Recommended Conditions for Cold Storage of Perishable Produce; International Institute of Refrigeration Basic Publication: Paris, 1967.
92. Kader, A.A. Modified Atmospheres. An Indexed Reference List with Emphasis on Horticultural Commodities, Supplement No. 4; Postharvest Horticulture Series 3; University of Califonia, Davis: Davis, CA, 1985.
93. Snowdon, A. A Colour Atlas of Post-Harvest Disease and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables, Vol. 1. Fruits and General Introduction; Wolfe Scientific: London, 1991.
94. Yahia, E.M. Persea americana Mill. In Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits; Woodhead Publishing: Oxford, 2001; Vol. 2, pp 125-185.
95. Lutz J.M.; Hardenburg R.E. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables and Florist and Nursery Stocks; United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 66; United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, 1968.
96. 2. In Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture III Symposium on Management, Quality and Postharvest Physiology of Fruits, Vina del Mar, Chile, October 7-12, 1991; Vol. 35, pp 297-303.
97. Salunkhe D.K.; Desai B.B. Postharvest Biotechnology of Fruits; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1984; Vol. 2, pp 387-396.
98. Eaks, I. L. Effects of chilling on respiration and ethylene production of 'Hass' avocado fruit at 20 °C. Hortic. Sci. 1983, 18, 235-237.
99. Pantastico, E.B. Postharvest Physiology, Handling and Utilization of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables; AVI Publishing: Westpoint, CT, 1975.
100. Thompson, A.K.; Mason, G.F.; Halkon, W.S. Storage of West Indian seedling avocado fruits. J. Hortic. Sci. 1971, 46, 83-88.
101. Scott, K.J.; Chaplin, G.R. 1978. Reduction of chilling injury in avocados stored in sealed polyethylene bags. Trop. Agric. 1978, 55, 87-90.
102. Corrales Garcia, J. Physiological and biochemical responses of "Hass" avocado fruits to cold storage in controlled atmospheres. In 7th International Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference. Proceedings Volume 3: Fruits Other Than Apples and Pears, Davis, California, July 13-18, 1997. Postharvest Horticulture Series, 1997, 17, 69-74.
103. Spalding, D.H.; Reeder, W.F. Low-oxygen, high carbon dioxide controlled atmosphere storage for the control of anthracnose and chilling injury of avocados. Phytopathology 1975, 65, 458-460.
104. 2 treatment on storage life of avocado fruit in relation to respiration and ethylene production. Acta Hortic. 1983, 138, 155-163.
105. 4 teatment. J. Am. Hortic. Sci. 1984, 109, 689-692.
106. Hofman, P.J.; Smith, L.G. Preharvest effects on postharvest quality of subtropical and tropical fruit. In Proceedings of International Conference on Postharvest Handling of fruit, Chiang Mai, Thailand, July 19-23, 1993; Champ, B.R., Highley, E., Johnson, G.I, Eds.; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, 1993; Vol. 5, 261-268.
107. Meir, S.; Philosoph, H.S.; Lurie, S.; Droby, S.; Akerman, M.; Zauberman, G.; Shapiro, B.; Cohen, E.; Fuchs, Y. Reduction of chilling injury in stored avocado, grapefruit, and bell pepper by methyl jasmonate. Can. J. Bot. 1996, 74, 870-874.
108. Nishijima, K.A.; Chan, H.T.; Sanxter, S.S.; Linse, E.S. Reduced heat shock period of 'sharwil' avocado for cold tolerance in quarantine cold treatment. HortScience 1995, 30, 1052-1055.
109. Florissen, P.; Ekman, J.S.; Blumenthal, C.; Mcglasson, W.B.; Conroy, J.; Holford, P.L. The effects of short heat treatments on the induction of chilling injury avocado fruit (Persea Americana Mill.). Postharvest Biol. Technol. 1996, 8, 129-134.
110. Hofman, P.J.; Stubbings, B.A.; Adkins, M.F.; Meiburg, G.F.; Woolf, A.B. Hot water treatments improve 'Hass' avocado fruit quality after cold disinfestations. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2002, 24, 183-192.
111. Sabehat, A.; Weiss, D.; Lurie, S. The correlation between heat-shock protein accumulation and persistence and chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. Plant Physiol. 1996, 110, 531-537.
112. Rozenzvieg, D.; Elmaci, C.; Samach, A.; Lurie, S.; Porat, R. Isolation of four heat shock protein cdnas from grapefruit peel tissue and characterization of their expression in response to heat and chilling temperature stresses. Plant Physiol. 2004, 121, 421-428.
113. Polenta, G.A.; Calvete, J.J.; Gonzalez, C.B. Isolation and characterization of the main small heat shock protein induced in tomato pericarp by thermal treatment. FEBS J. 2007, 274, 6447-6455.
114. Woolf, A.B.; Watkins, C.B.; Bowen, J.H.; Lay Yee, M.; Maindonald, J.H.; Ferguson. I. B. Reducing external chilling injury in stored 'Hass' avocadoes with dry heat treatments. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1995, 120, 1050-1056.
115. Ouma, G. Heat treatments affect postharvest quality of avocado. HortScience, 2001, 3, 504. [Abstract]
116. Vicente, A.R.; Costa, M.I.; Martinez, G.A.; Chaves, A.R.; Civello, P.M. Effect of heat treatments on cell wall degradation and softening in strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2005, 38, 213-222.
117. Smith, J. H. E.; Lunt, R. E. Storage temperature studies. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1984, 7, 36-37.
118. Kritzinger, M.; Kruger, F.J. Preliminary results on the evaluation of hot water heat shock treatments of South African avocados. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1997, 20, 1-5.
119. Swarts, D.H. Die invloed van abnormale lae temperature op die ontwikkeling van koueskade by Fuerte avokado's. Subtropical 1980, 1, 16-18.
120. Dixon, J.; Smith, D.B.; Elmsly, T.A.; Pak, H.A. Quality of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit after high humidity storage and/or exogenous ethylene removal. New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2003, 3, 99-107.
121. Van Rooyen, Z.; Bower, J.P. Effects of storage temperature, harvest date and fruit origin on post-harvest physiology and the severity of mesocarp discolouration in 'Pinkerton' avocado (Persea americana Mill.). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 2006, 81, 89-98.
122. Van Rooyen, Z. Semi-commercial trials to determine the risk of shipping 'Hass' at 1°C for 30 days. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 2009, 32, 36-41.
123. Perishable Product Export Control Board (PPECB). South African Fruit Export Data; Information and Business Intelligence Division: Panorama, South Africa, 2010.
124. Baile, J.B.; Young, R.E. The avocado. In The Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products; Hulme, A.C., Ed.; Academic Press: London, 1971; pp 5-31.
125. Wills, R.B.H.; McGlasson, W.B.; Graham, D.; Lee, T.H.; Hall, E.G. Postharvest: An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit and Vegetables, 3rd ed.; BSP Professional Books: London, 1989.
126. Hatton, TT.; Reeder, W.F.; Campbell, C.W. Ripening and Storage of Florida Avocados; Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, 1965; p 697.
127. Horpkirk, G; White, A.; Beever, D.J.; Forbes, S.K. Influence of postharvest temperatures and the rate of fruit ripening on internal postharvest rots and disorders of New Zealan 'Haas' avocado fruit. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 1994, 22, 305-311.
128. Bower, J.P.; Cutting, J.G.M. Avocado fruit development and ripening physiology. Hortic. Rev. 1988, 10, 229-261.
129. Manicom, B.Q. Diseases. In The Cultivation of Avocado; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops: Nelspruit, South Africa, 2001; pp 214-230.
130. Smilanick, J.L.; Margosan, D.A. Management of postharvest decay of avocado fruit. In Califonia Avocado Research Symposium, California, October 20, 1989; California Avocado Commission: California, 2001; pp 115-119.
131. Hartill W.F.T. Post-harvest diseases of avocado fruits in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 1991, 19, 297-304.
132. Korsten, L. Biological control of avocado fruit diseases. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 1993.
133. Bartlett, D.W.; Clough, J.M.; Godwin, J.R.; Hall, A.A.; Hamer, M.; Parr-Dobrzanski, B. The strobilurin fungicides. Pest Manage. Sci. 2002, 58, 649-662.
134. Willingham, S.L.; Pegg, K.G.; Coates, L.M.; Cooke, A.W.; Dean, J.R.; Langdon P.W.B.; Beasley, D.R. Field management of avocado postharvest diseases. Acta Hortic. 2001, 553, 435-438.
135. Ippolito, A.; Nigro, F. Impact of preharvest application of biological agents on postharvest diseases of fresh fruits and vegetables. Crop Protect. 2000, 19, 715-723.
136. Quinn, L.P.; de Vos, B.J.; Fernandes-Whaley, M.; Roos, C.; Bouwman, H.; Kylin, H.; Pieters, R.; van den Berg, J. Pesticide Use in South Africa: One of the Largest Importers of Pesticides in Africa. In Pesticides in the Modern World - Pesticides Use and Management; Stoytcheva, M., Ed.; InTech, 2011; pp 459-507.
137. Korsten, L.; DE Villiers, E.E.; Rowell, A.; Kotzé, J.M. Postharvest biological control of avocado fruit diseases. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1993, 16, 65-69.
138. El Ghaouth, A.; Wilson, C.L.; Wisniewski, M.; Droby, S.; Smilanick, J. L.; Korsten, L. Biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. In Biological Control of Crop Diseases; Gnanamanickam, S.S., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2002; pp 289-312.
139. Janisiewicz, W.J.; Cornway, W.S. Combining biological control with physical and chemical treatments to control fruit decay after harvest. Stewart Postharvest Rev. 2010, 10, 1-3.
140. Korsten, L.; Bezuidenhout, J.J.; Kotzé, J.M. Biocontrol of avocado postharvest diseases. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1989, 12, 10-12.
141. Korsten, L.; De Villiers, E.E.; De Jager, E.S.; Cook, N.; Kotzé, J.M. Biological control of avocado postharvest diseases. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1991, 14, 57-59.
142. Regnier, T.; Combrinck, S.; du Plooy, W.; Botha, B. Evaluation of Lippia scaberrima essential oil and some pure terpenoid constituents as postharvest mycobiocides for avocado fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2010, 57, 176-182.
143. Sellamuthu, P.S.; Mafune, M.; Sivakumar, D.; Soundy P Thyme oil vapour and modified atmosphere packaging reduce anthracnose incidence and maintain fruit quality in avocado J. Sci. Food Agric. 2013, 93, 3024-3031.
144. Sellamuthu, P.S.; Sivakumar, D.; Soundy P. Korsten, L. Enhancing the defence related and antioxidant enzymes activities in avocado cultivars with essential oil vapours. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2013, 81, 66-72.
145. Aveno, J.L.; Orden, M.E.M. Hot water treatment of mango: A study of four export corporations in the Philippines. 2012. http://www.Kmitl.Ac.Th/Ejkmitl/Vol4no1/Mangohwt.Pdf(accessed August 23, 2012).
146. Kim, J.J.; Ben-Yehoshua, S.; Shapiro, B.; Henis, Y.; Carmeli, S. Accumulation of scoparone in heat-treated lemon fruit inoculated with Penicillium Digitatum Sacc. Plant Physiol. 1991, 97, 880-885.
147. Rodov, V.; Burns, P.; Ben-Yehoshua, S.; Fluhr, R.; Ben-Shalom, N. Induced local disease resistance in citrus mesocarp (albedo): Accumulation of phytoalexins and PR proteins. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 1996, 2, 1101-1104.
148. Pavoncello, D.; Lurie, S.; Droby, S.; Port, R.A. Hot water treatment induces resistance to Penicillium digitatum and promotes the accumulation of heat shock and pathogenesis-related proteins in grapefruit Flavedo. Plant Physiol. 2001, 111, 17-22.
149. Port, R.; McCollum, T.G.; Vinokur, V.; Droby, S. Effects of various elicitors on the transcription of a β-1,3-endoglucanase gene in citrus fruit. J. Phytopathol. 2001, 150, 1-6.
150. Plumbley, R. A.; Prusky, D.; Kobiler, I. The effect of hot-water treatment on the levels of antifungal diene and quiescence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in avocado fruits. Plant Pathol. 1993, 42, 116-120.
151. Karunaratne, A.M.; Adikaram, N.K.B. Significance of time lapse between harvest and postharvest hot water treatment on a locally popular avocado variety. In Proceedings of an International Workshop, Chiang Mai, Thailand, May 18-21, 1997. Dis. Resist. Fruit 1998, 80, 146-164.
152. Arauz, L. Mango anthracnose: Economic impact and current options for integrated management. Plant Dis. 2000, 84, 600-611.
153. Burdon J.; Lallu N.; Haynes G.; McDermott K.; Billing D. The effect of delays in establishment of a static or dynamic controlled atmosphere on the quality of 'Hass' avocado fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2008, 49, 61-68.
154. Zentmyer, G.A. Avocado diseases. Trop. Pest Manage. 1984, 30, 388-400.
155. Eaks, I.L. Ripening, chilling injury, and respiratory response of 'Hass' and 'Fuerte' avocado fruits at 20 °C following chilling. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1976, 101, 538-540.
156. Florissen, P.; Ekman, J.S.; Blumenthal, C.; McGlasson, W.B.; Conroy, J.; Holford, P.L. The effects of short heat treatments on the induction of chilling injury avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill.). Postharvest Biol. Technol. 1996, 8, 129-134.
157. Chaplin, G.R.; Wills, R.B.H.; Graham, D. Objective measurement of chilling injury in the mesocarp of stored avocados. HortScience 1982, 17, 238-239.
158. Kruger, F.J.; Truter, A.B. Relationship between preharvest quality determining factors and controlled atmosphere storage in South African export avocados. Acta Hortic. 2003, 600, 109-113.
159. Kruger, F.J.; Kritzinger, M.; Malumane, R. Recommendations for controlling the post harvest problems of the Pinkerton cultivar. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 2000, 23, 8-14.
160. Bower, J.P. Effect of fruit water stress and irrigation regime in the ripening of stored avocado fruit, cultivar Fuerte. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1984, 7, 55-56.
161. Bangerth, F. Calcium related physiological disorders of plant. J. Plant Growth Regul. 1979, 17, 97-122.
162. Swarts, D.H. Post harvest problems of avocados-Let's talk the same language. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1984, 7, 15-19.
163. Pesis, E.; Ackerman, M.; Ben-Arie, R.; Feygenberg, O.; Feng, X.; Apelbaum, A.; Goren, R.; Prusky, D. Ethylene involvement in chilling injury symptoms of avocado during cold storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2002, 24, 71-181.
164. Bower, J.P.; Bertling, I. Shelf life extension and reduction of chilling injury of 'Hass' avocados stored at ultra-low temperatures. In Proceedings XXVII IHC-International Symposium on the Role of Postharvest Technology in the Globalisation of Horticulture, Seoul, Korea, August 13-19, 2006; Acta Hort. 2008, 768, pp 189-194.
165. Bower, J.P.; Cutting, J.G.M. Some factors affecting post-harvest quality in avocado fruit. South African Growers' Association Year Book 1987, 10, 143-146.
166. Khan, V. Polyphenol oxidase activity and browning of three avocado varieties. J. Sci. Agric. 2006, 26, 1319-1324.
167. Vanini, L.S.; Kwiatkowski, A.; Clement, E. Polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in avocado pulp (Persea americana Mill.). Ciên. Tecnol. Aliment. 2010, 30, 525-531.
168. Zauberman, G.; Fochs, Y.; Akerman, M. Peroxidase activity in avocado fruit stored at chilling temperatures. Sci. Hortic. 1985, 26, 261-265.
169. Beaudry, R.; Luckanatinvong, V.; Solomon, T. Maintaining quality with CA and MAP. Acta Hortic. 2006, 712, 245-252.
170. Kader, A.A. Biochemical and physiological basis for effects of controlled and modified atmospheres on fruits and vegetables. Food Technol. 1986, 40, 99-100.
171. Fabion, D.F.; Mitchel, F.G; Meyer, G. Response of 'Hass' avocado to postharvest storage in controlled atmosphere. In Proceedings of the 2nd World Avocado Congress, California, April 21-26, 1991; University of California: Riverside, CA, 1992; pp 467-472.
172. Eksteen, G.J.; Truter, A.B. Effects of controlled and modified atmosphere storage on quality of eating ripe avocados. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook 1985, 8, 78-80.
173. Kader, A.A. Avocado. In CA Requirements and Recommendations; Postharvest Technology Research and Information Center, Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22. University Of California: Davis, CA, 2001; pp 29-70.
174. Toivonen P.M.A.; DeEll J.R. Chlorophyll fluorescence, fermentation product accumulation, and quality of stored broccoli in modified atmosphere packages and subsequent air storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2001, 23, 61-69.
175. Hardenberg, R.E. Effect of in-package environment on keeping quality of fruits and vegetables. Hortic. Sci. 1971, 6, 198-201.
176. Zagory, D.; Kader, A.A. Modified Atmosphere packaging of fresh produce. J. Food Technol. 1988, 42, 70-77.
177. Aharoni, Y.; Schiffman-Nadel, M.; Zauberman, G. Effects of gradually decreasing temperature and polyethylene wraps on the ripening and respiration of avocado fruits Israel. J. Agric. Res. 1968, 18, 77-82.
178. Bishop, D. Controlled atmosphere storage. In Cold and Chilled Storage Technology; Dellino, C.J.V., Ed.; Blackie and Sons: London and Glasgow, 1997; pp 53-92.
179. Meir, S.; Naiman, D.; Akerman, M.; Hyman, J.Y.; Zauberman, G.; Fuchs, Y. Prolonged storage of 'Hass' avocado fruit using modified atmosphere packaging. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 1997, 12, 51-60.
180. Scott K.J.; Chaplin G.R. Reduction of chilling injury in avocados stored in sealed polyethylene bags. Trop. Agric. 1978, 55, 87-90.
181. Oudit, D. D.; Scott, K. J. Storage of "Hass" avocados in polyethylene bags. Trop. Agrekon 1973, 50, 241-243.
182. Flores, F.B.; Martínez-Madrid, M.C.; Amor, M.B.; Pech, J.C.; Latché, A.; Romojaro, F. Modified atmosphere packaging confers additional chilling tolerance on ethylene inhibited cantaloupe Charentais melon fruit. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2004, 219, 431-435.
183. Kader, A.A. Modified and controlled atmosphere storage of tropical fruits. In Postharvest Handling of Tropical Fruits, ACIAR Conference Proceedings, Chang Mai, Thailand, July 19-23, 1993, Champ, B.R., Highley, E., Johnson, G.I., Eds.; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australia, 1994; Vol. 50, pp 239-249.
184. Kanellis, A.K.; Solomos, T.; Mattoo, A.K. Hydrolytic enzyme activities and protein pattern of avocado fruit ripened in air and in low oxygen, with and without ethylene. Plant Physiol. 1989, 90, 257-266.
185. Burg, S.P. Postharvest Physiology and Hypobaric Storage Of Fresh Produce; CAB International: Oxford, UK, 2004.
186. Spalding, D.H.; Reeder, F. Low pressure (hypobaric) storage of avocados. HortScience 1976, 11, 491-492.
187. Maftoon Azad, N. Evaluation of edible films and coatings for extending the postharvest shelf life of avocado. PhD thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 2006.
188. Aguilar-Méndez, M.A.; Matín-Martínez, E.S.; Tomás, S.A.; Cruz-Orea, A.; Jaime-Fonseca, M.R. Gelatine-starch films: Physicochemical properties and their application in extending the post-harvest shelf-life of avocado (Persea americana). J. Sci. Food Agric. 2008, 88, 185-193.
189. Hofman, P.J.; Jobin-Decor, M.; Meiburg, G.F.; Macnish, A.J.; Joyce, D.C. Ripening and quality responses of avocado, custard apple, mango and papaya fruit to 1-methylcyclopropene. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2001, 41, 567-572.