Capsule endoscopy: Current practice and future directions

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 7752-7759

  Hale, Melissa F ^a   Sidhu, Reena ^a   McAlindon, Mark E ^a  

^a ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Capsule endoscopy; Colon; Indications; Oesophageal; Small bowel; Technology

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER SCREENING; CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE; CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY; CELIAC DISEASE; CHROMOENDOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; CROHN DISEASE; DATA ANALYSIS; DOUBLE BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG TARGETING; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; FIBEROSCOPE; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GUIDED IMAGERY; HUMAN; IMAGING SOFTWARE; INTESTINE BIOPSY; INTESTINE RADIOGRAPHY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SMALL INTESTINE; SMALL INTESTINE TUMOR; COLONOSCOPY; DUODENOSCOPY; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; FORECASTING; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; MASS COMMUNICATION; PATHOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TRENDS;

CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY; COLONOSCOPY; DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION; DUODENOSCOPY; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; FORECASTING; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS;

EID: 84903187880     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7752     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. McAlindon ME, Parker CE, Hendy P, Mosea H, Panter S, Dabvison C, Fraser C, Despott EJ, Sidhu R, Sanders DS, Makins R. Provision of service and training for small bowel endoscopy in the UK. Frontline Gastroenterol 2012; 2: 98-103 [DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2011-100044]
2. Ho KK, Joyce AM. Complications of capsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2007; 17: 169-178, viii-ix [PMID: 17397783 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2006.11.001]
3. Liao Z, Gao R, Xu C, Li ZS. Indications and detection, completion, and retention rates of small-bowel capsule endoscopy: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 280-286 [PMID: 20152309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.03]
4. Carey EJ, Heigh RI, Fleischer DE. Endoscopic capsule endoscope delivery for patients with dysphagia, anatomical abnormalities, or gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 423-426 [PMID: 14997148]
5. Cheifetz AS, Lewis BS. Capsule endoscopy retention: is it a complication? J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 688-691 [PMID: 16940879 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200609000-00005]
6. Li F, Gurudu SR, De Petris G, Sharma VK, Shiff AD, Heigh RI, Fleischer DE, Post J, Erickson P, Leighton JA. Retention of the capsule endoscope: a single-center experience of 1000 capsule endoscopy procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68: 174-180 [PMID: 18513723 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.037]
7. Boysen M, Ritter M. Small bowel obstruction from capsule endoscopy. West J Emerg Med 2010; 11: 71-73 [PMID: 20411080]
8. Cheon JH, Kim YS, Lee IS, Chang DK, Ryu JK, Lee KJ, Moon JS, Park CH, Kim JO, Shim KN, Choi CH, Cheung DY, Jang BI, Seo GS, Chun HJ, Choi MG. Can we predict spontaneous capsule passage after retention? A nationwide study to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of capsule retention. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 1046-1052 [PMID: 18072054 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-966978]
9. Baichi MM, Arifuddin RM, Mantry PS. What we have learned from 5 cases of permanent capsule retention. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64: 283-287 [PMID: 16860090 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.036]
10. Payeras G, Piqueras J, Moreno VJ, Cabrera A, Menéndez D, Jiménez R. Effects of capsule endoscopy on cardiac pacemakers. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 1181-1185 [PMID: 16329014 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-870558]
11. Harris LA, Hansel SL, Rajan E, Srivathsan K, Rea R, Crowell MD, Fleischer DE, Pasha SF, Gurudu SR, Heigh RI, Shiff AD, Post JK, Leighton JA. Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Implantable Electromedical Devices is Safe. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013: 959234 [PMID: 23710168 DOI: 10.1155/2013/959234]
12. Bandorski D, Stunder D, Höltgen R, Jakobs R, Keuchel M. Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators-Is the Formal Contraindication still Justified?. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 747-752 [PMID: 23955141 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1335999]
13. Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, Fleischer DE, Hara AK, Heigh RI, Shiff AD, Sharma VK. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2407-2418 [PMID: 16279893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00274.x]
14. Ladas SD, Triantafyllou K, Spada C, Riccioni ME, Rey JF, Niv Y, Delvaux M, de Franchis R, Costamagna G. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE): recommendations (2009) on clinical use of video capsule endoscopy to investigate small-bowel, esophageal and colonic diseases. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 220-227 [PMID: 20195992 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0029-1243968]
15. Hadithi M, Heine GD, Jacobs MA, van Bodegraven AA, Mulder CJ. A prospective study comparing video capsule endoscopy with double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 52-57 [PMID: 16405533 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1572-0241.2005.00346.x]
16. Nakamura M, Niwa Y, Ohmiya N, Miyahara R, Ohashi A, Itoh A, Hirooka Y, Goto H. Preliminary comparison of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 59-66 [PMID: 16429356 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-870446]
17. Teshima CW, Kuipers EJ, van Zanten SV, Mensink PB. Double balloon enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: an updated meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26: 796-801 [PMID: 21155884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06530.x]
18. Liu K, Kaffes AJ. Review article: the diagnosis and investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 416-423 [PMID: 21692820 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-2036.2011.04744.x]
19. Yamada A, Watabe H, Kobayashi Y, Yamaji Y, Yoshida H, Koike K. Timing of capsule endoscopy influences the diagnosis and outcome in obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Hepatogastroenterology 2012; 59: 676-679 [PMID: 22469708 DOI: 10.5754/hge12180]
20. Carey EJ, Leighton JA, Heigh RI, Shiff AD, Sharma VK, Post JK, Fleischer DE. A single-center experience of 260 consecutive patients undergoing capsule endoscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 89-95 [PMID: 17100969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00941.x]
21. May A, Wardak A, Nachbar L, Remke S, Ell C. Influence of patient selection on the outcome of capsule endoscopy in patients with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 684-688 [PMID: 16082277 DOI: 10.1097/01. mcg.0000173857.22933.3b]
22. Sidhu R, Sanders DS, Sakellariou VP, McAlindon ME. Capsule endoscopy and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: are transfusion dependence and comorbidity further risk factors to predict a diagnosis? Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1329-1330 [PMID: 17531021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01171.x]
23. Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, Gurudu SR, Fleischer DE, Hara AK, Heigh RI, Shiff AD, Sharma VK. A metaanalysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 954-964 [PMID: 16696781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00506.x]
24. Dionisio PM, Gurudu SR, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, Fleischer DE, Hara AK, Heigh RI, Shiff AD, Sharma VK. Capsule endoscopy has a significantly higher diagnostic yield in patients with suspected and established small-bowel Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1240-1248; quiz 1249 [PMID: 20029412 DOI: 10.1038/ ajg.2009.713]
25. Chong AK, Taylor A, Miller A, Hennessy O, Connell W, Desmond P. Capsule endoscopy vs. push enteroscopy and enteroclysis in suspected small-bowel Crohn's disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 255-261 [PMID: 15729235 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5107(04)02571-4]
26. Crook DW, Knuesel PR, Froehlich JM, Eigenmann F, Unterweger M, Beer HJ, Kubik-Huch RA. Comparison of magnetic resonance enterography and video capsule endoscopy in evaluating small bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21: 54-65 [PMID: 19086147 DOI: 10.1097/ MEG.0b013e32830ce7a7]
27. Tillack C, Seiderer J, Brand S, Göke B, Reiser MF, Schaefer C, Diepolder H, Ochsenkühn T, Herrmann KA. Correlation of magnetic resonance enteroclysis (MRE) and wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) in the diagnosis of small bowel lesions in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 1219-1228 [PMID: 18484672 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20466]
28. Rondonotti E, Herrerias JM, Pennazio M, Caunedo A, Mascarenhas-Saraiva M, de Franchis R. Complications, limitations, and failures of capsule endoscopy: a review of 733 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 712-76; quiz 752, 754 [PMID: 16246685 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.05.002]
29. Caunedo-Alvarez A, Romero-Vazquez J, Herrerias-Gutierrez JM. Patency and Agile capsules. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5269-5273 [PMID: 18785278 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5269]
30. Sidhu R, Brunt LK, Morley SR, Sanders DS, McAlindon ME. Undisclosed use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may underlie small-bowel injury observed by capsule endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 992-995 [PMID: 20692369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.07.011]
31. Endo H, Hosono K, Inamori M, Nozaki Y, Yoneda K, Fujita K, Takahashi H, Yoneda M, Abe Y, Kirikoshi H, Kobayashi N, Kubota K, Saito S, Ohya T, Hisatomi K, Teratani T, Matsuhashi N, Nakajima A. Characteristics of small bowel injury in symptomatic chronic low-dose aspirin users: the experience of two medical centers in capsule endoscopy. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 544-549 [PMID: 19373431 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-0090040-z]
32. Lang J, Price AB, Levi AJ, Burke M, Gumpel JM, Bjarnason I. Diaphragm disease: pathology of disease of the small intestine induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 516-526 [PMID: 3384981 DOI: 10.1136/ jcp.41.5.516]
33. Hayashi Y, Yamamoto H, Taguchi H, Sunada K, Miyata T, Yano T, Arashiro M, Sugano K. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small-bowel lesions identified by doubleballoon endoscopy: endoscopic features of the lesions and endoscopic treatments for diaphragm disease. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44 Suppl 19: 57-63 [PMID: 19148795 DOI: 10.1007/ s00535-008-2277-3]
34. Rokkas T, Niv Y. The role of video capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis of celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 303-308 [PMID: 22266837 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834fa914]
35. Kurien M, Evans KE, Aziz I, Sidhu R, Drew K, Rogers TL, McAlindon ME, Sanders DS. Capsule endoscopy in adult celiac disease: a potential role in equivocal cases of celiac disease? Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 227-232 [PMID: 23200728 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.09.031]
36. Atlas DS, Rubio-Tapia A, Van Dyke CT, Lahr BD, Murray JA. Capsule endoscopy in nonresponsive celiac disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 1315-1322 [PMID: 21835400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.05.049]
37. Culliford A, Daly J, Diamond B, Rubin M, Green PH. The value of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with complicated celiac disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 55-61 [PMID: 15990820 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5107(05)01566-X]
38. Chen WG, Shan GD, Zhang H, Li L, Yue M, Xiang Z, Cheng Y, Wu CJ, Fang Y, Chen LH. Double-balloon enteroscopy in small bowel tumors: a Chinese single-center study. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3665-3671 [PMID: 23801870 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3665]
39. Talamonti MS, Goetz LH, Rao S, Joehl RJ. Primary cancers of the small bowel: analysis of prognostic factors and results of surgical management. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 564-70; discussion 570-1 [PMID: 11982470 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.137.5.564]
40. Baichi MM, Arifuddin RM, Mantry PS. Small-bowel masses found and missed on capsule endoscopy for obscure bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 1127-1132 [PMID: 17710681 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701266898]
41. Postgate A, Despott E, Burling D, Gupta A, Phillips R, O'Beirne J, Patch D, Fraser C. Significant small-bowel lesions detected by alternative diagnostic modalities after negative capsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68: 1209-1214 [PMID: 19028234 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.06.035]
42. Gralnek IM, Adler SN, Yassin K, Koslowsky B, Metzger Y, Eliakim R. Detecting esophageal disease with second-generation capsule endoscopy: initial evaluation of the PillCam ESO 2. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 275-279 [PMID: 18389444 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-995645]
43. Guturu P, Sagi SV, Ahn D, Jaganmohan S, Kuo YF, Sood GK. Capsule endoscopy with PILLCAM ESO for detecting esophageal varices: a meta-analysis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2011; 57: 1-11 [PMID: 21372764]
44. Sánchez-Yagüe A, Caunedo-Alvarez A, García-Montes JM, Romero-Vázquez J, Pellicer-Bautista FJ, Herrerías-Gutiérrez JM. Esophageal capsule endoscopy in patients refusing conventional endoscopy for the study of suspected esophageal pathology. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 977-983 [PMID: 16894311 DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000230094.21911.f8]
45. Spada C, De Vincentis F, Cesaro P, Hassan C, Riccioni ME, Minelli Grazioli L, Bolivar S, Zurita A, Costamagna G. Accuracy and safety of second-generation PillCam COLON capsule for colorectal polyp detection. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012; 5: 173-178 [PMID: 22570677 DOI: 10.1177/1756283X124 38054]
46. Heresbach D, Barrioz T, Lapalus MG, Coumaros D, Bauret P, Potier P, Sautereau D, Boustière C, Grimaud JC, Barthélémy C, Sée J, Serraj I, D'Halluin PN, Branger B, Ponchon T. Miss rate for colorectal neoplastic polyps: a prospective multicenter study of back-to-back video colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 284-290 [PMID: 18389446 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2007-995618]
47. Hassan C, Zullo A, Winn S, Morini S. Cost-effectiveness of capsule endoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 414-421 [PMID: 18302080 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2007-995565]
48. Friedrich K, Gehrke S, Stremmel W, Sieg A. First clinical trial of a newly developed capsule endoscope with panoramic side view for small bowel: a pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 1496-1501 [PMID: 23701674 DOI: 10.1111/ jgh.12280]
49. Nakamura M, Ohmiya N, Shirai O, Takenaka H, Kenji R, Ando T, Watanabe O, Kawashima H, Itoh A, Hirooka Y, Niwa Y, Goto H. Advance of video capsule endoscopy and the detection of anatomic landmarks. Hepatogastroenterology 2009; 56: 1600-1605 [PMID: 20214201]
50. Park S, Chun HJ, Keum B, Seo YS, Kim YS, Jeen YT, Lee HS, Um SH, Kim CD, Ryu HS. Capsule Endoscopy to Detect Normally Positioned Duodenal Papilla: Performance Comparison of SB and SB2. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 202935 [PMID: 22548051 DOI: 10.1155/2012/202935]
51. Lo SK. How should we do capsule reading? Tech Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 8: 146-148 [DOI: 10.1016/j.tgie.2006.11.001]
52. Liangpunsakul S, Mays L, Rex DK. Performance of Given suspected blood indicator. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2676-2678 [PMID: 14687816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.08731.x]
53. Buscaglia JM, Giday SA, Kantsevoy SV, Clarke JO, Magno P, Yong E, Mullin GE. Performance characteristics of the suspected blood indicator feature in capsule endoscopy according to indication for study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 298-301 [PMID: 18255353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.029]
54. Saurin JC, Lapalus MG, Cholet F, D'Halluin PN, Filoche B, Gaudric M, Sacher-Huvelin S, Savalle C, Frederic M, Lamarre PA, Ben Soussan E. Can we shorten the small-bowel capsule reading time with the "Quick-view" image detection system? Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44: 477-481 [PMID: 22281376 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.12.021]
55. Koulaouzidis A, Smirnidis A, Douglas S, Plevris JN. Quick-View in small-bowel capsule endoscopy is useful in certain clinical settings, but QuickView with Blue Mode is of no additional benefit. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 1099-1104 [PMID: 22668872 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835563ab]
56. Spada C, Hassan C, Costamagna G. Virtual chromoendoscopy: will it play a role in capsule endoscopy? Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 927-928 [PMID: 21978581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.09.009]
57. Gupta T, Ibrahim M, Deviere J, Van Gossum A. Evaluation of Fujinon intelligent chromo endoscopy-assisted capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastroenterology bleeding. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 4590-4595 [PMID: 22147964 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i41.4590]
58. Tsutsui A, Okamura S, Muguruma N, Tsujigami K, Ichikawa S, Ito S, Umino K. Three-dimensional reconstruction of endosonographic images of gastric lesions: preliminary experience. J Clin Ultrasound 2005; 33: 112-118 [PMID: 15756663 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20100]
59. Bhandari S, Shim CS, Kim JH, Jung IS, Cho JY, Lee JS, Lee MS, Kim BS. Usefulness of three-dimensional, multidetector row CT (virtual gastroscopy and multiplanar reconstruction) in the evaluation of gastric cancer: a comparison with conventional endoscopy, EUS, and histopathology. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 619-626 [PMID: 15114303 DOI: 10.1016/ S0016-5107(04)00169-5]
60. Taylor SA, Halligan S, Slater A, Goh V, Burling DN, Roddie ME, Honeyfield L, McQuillan J, Amin H, Dehmeshki J. Polyp detection with CT colonography: primary 3D endoluminal analysis versus primary 2D transverse analysis with computer-assisted reader software. Radiology 2006; 239: 759-767 [PMID: 16543593 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2392050483]
61. Koulaouzidis A, Karargyris A, Rondonotti E, Noble CL, Douglas S, Alexandridis E, Zahid AM, Bathgate AJ, Trimble KC, Plevris JN. Three-dimensional representation software as image enhancement tool in small-bowel capsule endoscopy: a feasibility study. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45: 909-914 [PMID: 23849802 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.05.013]
62. Barbosa DJ, Ramos J, Lima CS. Detection of small bowel tumors in capsule endoscopy frames using texture analysis based on the discrete wavelet transform. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2008; 2008: 3012-3015 [PMID: 19163340 DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4649837]
63. Li B, Meng MQ. Tumor recognition in wireless capsule endoscopy images using textural features and SVM-based feature selection. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2012; 16: 323-329 [PMID: 22287246 DOI: 10.1109/TITB.2012.2185807]
64. Ankri R, Peretz D, Motiei M, Sella-Tavor O, Popovtzer R. New optical method for enhanced detection of colon cancer by capsule endoscopy. Nanoscale 2013; 5: 9806-9811 [PMID: 23969635 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02396f]
65. Swain P, Toor A, Volke F, Keller J, Gerber J, Rabinovitz E, Rothstein RI. Remote magnetic manipulation of a wireless capsule endoscope in the esophagus and stomach of humans (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1290-1293 [PMID: 20417507 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.064]
66. Keller J, Fibbe C, Volke F, Gerber J, Mosse AC, Reimann-Zawadzki M, Rabinovitz E, Layer P, Schmitt D, Andresen V, Rosien U, Swain P. Inspection of the human stomach using remote-controlled capsule endoscopy: a feasibility study in healthy volunteers (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 22-28 [PMID: 21067740 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.053]
67. Rey JF, Ogata H, Hosoe N, Ohtsuka K, Ogata N, Ikeda K, Aihara H, Pangtay I, Hibi T, Kudo SE, Tajiri H. Blinded nonrandomized comparative study of gastric examination with a magnetically guided capsule endoscope and standard videoendoscope. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 373-381 [PMID: 22154417 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.09.030]
68. Quirini M, Menciassi A, Scapellato S, Dario P, Rieber F, Ho CN, Schostek S, Schurr MO. Feasibility proof of a legged locomotion capsule for the GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 1153-1158 [PMID: 18513557 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.11.052]
69. Kim HM, Yang S, Kim J, Park S, Cho JH, Park JY, Kim TS, Yoon ES, Song SY, Bang S. Active locomotion of a paddlingbased capsule endoscope in an in vitro and in vivo experiment (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 381-387 [PMID: 20497903 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.058]
70. Yim S, Gultepe E, Gracias DH, Sitti M. Biopsy using a magnetic capsule endoscope carrying, releasing, and retrieving untethered microgrippers. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61: 513-521 [PMID: 24108454]
71. Woods SP, Constandinou TG. Wireless capsule endoscope for targeted drug delivery: mechanics and design considerations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60: 945-953 [PMID: 23192476 DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2012.2228647]
72. Phillips Technology. Phillips Intelligent Pill Technology. Available from: URL: http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/backgrounders/081111-ipill.html