Barium toxicity and the role of the potassium inward rectifier current

Clinical Toxicology

Volumn 52, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 584-593

  Bhoelan, B S ^a   Stevering, C H ^a   Van Der Boog, A T J ^a   Van Der Heyden, M A G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; ECG; IK1; Ion channel; Paralysis; Poisoning

Indexed keywords

BARIUM; BARIUM SULFATE; INWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; SULFATE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIARRHEA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE EXTRASYSTOLE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; INTOXICATION; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MEDLINE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; PUBLICATION; PUBLISHING; REFLEX; REFLEX DISORDER; RESPIRATORY ARREST; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; STOMACH LAVAGE; VOMITING;

ARRHYTHMIA; ECG; IK1; ION CHANNEL; PARALYSIS; POISONING;

ANIMALS; BARIUM COMPOUNDS; HUMANS; HYPOKALEMIA; POTASSIUM CHANNELS, INWARDLY RECTIFYING;

EID: 84903119313     PISSN: 15563650     EISSN: 15569519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.923903     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Oskarsson A, Reeves AL. Barium. In: Nordberg G, Nordberg M, Fowler B, Friberg L, eds. Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. Boston: Academic Press, 2007: 407-414.
2. Withering W. Experiments and observations on the Terra Ponderosa, etc. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 1784; 74: 293-311.
3. Crawford A. Medical Commentaries. 1790; 4: 433-436.
4. Clark J. Account of the good effects derived from the Terra ponderosa muriata, in a peculiar species of Scrophula, occurring among negrous in the West-Indies. Medical Commentaries 1792; 6: 267-270.
5. Hufeland CW. Vollst ä ndige Darstellung der medicinischen Kr ä fte und des Gebrauchs der salzsauren Schwererde. Berlin: Rottman; 1794.
6. Mather A. An account of the effects of an over-dose of the Terra Ponderosa Muriata. Medical Commentaries 1795; 9: 265-270.
7. Schwilgu é CJA. Trait é de Mati è re M é dicale. 2nd ed. Paris: Brosson 1809-1812; 1:407-410.
8. Anonymous. Similarity of barium to digitalis. Lancet 1888; 131: 1311-1312.
9. Cohn AE, Levine SA. The beneficial effects of barium chlorid on Adams-Stokes disease. Report of three cases. Arch Int Med 1925; 36: 1-2.
10. Gilchrist AR. Ephedrine sulphate and barium chloride in the prevention of Stokes-Adams seizures. Br Med J 1934; 1: 610-613.
11. Schott GD. Some observations on the history of the use of barium salts in medicine. Med Hist 1974; 18: 9-21.
12. Hibino H, Inanobe A, Furutani K, Murakami S, Findlay I, Kurachi Y. Inwardly rectifying potassium channels: Their structure, function, and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2010; 90: 291-366.
13. Doig AT. Baritosis: A benign pneumoconiosis. Thorax 1976; 31: 30-39.
14. Seaton A, Ruckley VA, Addison J, Brown WR. Silicosis in barium miners. Thorax 1986; 41: 591-595. (Pubitemid 16039648)
15. P é lissier-Alicot A, L é onetti G, Champsaur P, Allain P, Mauras Y, Botta A. Fatal poisoning due to intravasation after oral administration of barium sulfate for contrast radiography. Forensic Sci Int 1999; 106: 109-113.
16. Savry C, Bouche O, Lefrant JY, Saissy G, Allain P. Barium sulfate poisoning? Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1999; 18: 454-457.
17. Ananda S, Shaohua Z, Liang L. Fatal barium chloride poisoning: Four cases report and literature review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 34: 115-118.
18. Morton W. Poisoning by barium carbonate. Lancet 1945; 246: 738-739.
19. Ghose A, Sayeed AA, Hossain A, Rahman R, Faiz A, Haque G. Mass barium carbonate poisoning with fatal outcome, lessons learned: A case series. Cases J 2009; 2: 9327.
20. Stewart DW, Hummel RP. Acute poisoning by a barium chloride burn. J Trauma 1984; 24: 768-770. (Pubitemid 14069070)
21. Shankle R, Keane Jr. Acute paralysis from inhaled barium carbonate. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 579-580.
22. Akai Y, Tabei K, Amemiya M, Sakairi Y, Kusano E, Asano Y, Nakayama T. A case of barium chloride poisoning. Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 1990; 16: 34-37.
23. Johnsen CH, VanTassell VJ. Acute barium poisoning with respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 1138-1142.
24. Jacobs IA, Taddeo J, Kelly K, Valenziano C. Poisoning as a result of barium styphnate explosion. Am J Ind Med 2002; 41: 285-288. (Pubitemid 34263976)
25. Hung Y, Chung H. Acute self-poisoning by ingestion of cadmium and barium. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1308-1309. (Pubitemid 38628158)
26. Bahlmann H, Lindwall R, Persson H. Acute barium nitrate intoxication treated by hemodialysis. Acta Anaesth Scand 2005; 49: 110-112. (Pubitemid 40214866)
27. Payen C, Dellinger A, Pulce C, Cirimele V, Carbonnel V, Kintz P, Descotes J. Intoxication by large amounts of barium nitrate overcome by early massive K supplementation and oral administration of magnesium sulphate. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30: 34-37.
28. Deepthiraju B, Varma PRK. Barium toxicity a rare presentation of fi reworks ingestion. Indian Pediatr 2012; 49: 762.
29. S á nchez-Chapula JA, Van der Heyden MAG. Molecular regulation of cardiac inward rectifi er potassium channels by pharmacologic agents. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac electrophysiology from cell to bedside . Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: 129-137.
30. De Boer TP, Houtman MJ, Compier M, Van der Heyden MAG. The mammalian K IR 2.x inward rectifi er ion channel family: Expression pattern and pathophysiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199: 243-256.
31. Clarke OB, Caputo AT, Hill AP, Vandenberg JI, Smith BJ, Gulbis JM. Domain reorientation and rotation of an intracellular assembly regulate conduction in Kir potassium channels. Cell 2010; 141: 1018-1029.
32. Coetzee WA, Amarillo Y, Chiu J, Chow A, Lau D, McCormack T, et al. Molecular diversity of K-channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 868: 233-285.
33. Shieh RC, Chang JC, Arreola J. Interaction of Ba2-with the pores of the cloned inward rectifi er K-channels Kir2.1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Biophys J 1998; 75: 2313-2322. (Pubitemid 28492114)
34. Lancaster MK, Dibb KM, Quinn CC, Leach R, Lee JK, Findlay JBC, Boyett MR. Residues and mechanisms for slow activation and Ba 2-block of the cardiac muscarinic K-channel, Kir3.1/Kir3.4. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 35831-35839.
35. Murata Y, Fujiwara Y, Kubo Y. Identification of a site involved in the block by extracellular Mg 2-And Ba 2-As well as permeation of K-in the Kir2.1 K-channel. J Physiol 2002; 544.3: 665-677. (Pubitemid 35355948)
36. Lee YM, Thompson GA, Ashmole I, Leyland M, So I, Stanfi eld PR. Multiple residues in the P-region and M2 of murine Kir2.1 regulate blockage by external Ba 2-. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 13: 61-70.
37. Krapivinsky G, Medina I, Eng L, Krapivinsky L, Yang Y, Clapham DE. A novel inward rectifi er K-channel with unique pore properties. Neuron 1998; 20: 995-1005. (Pubitemid 28247404)
38. D ö ring F, Derst C, Wischmeyer E, Karschin C, Schneggenburger R, Daut J, Karschin A. The epithelial inward rectifi er channel Kir7.1 displays unusual K-permeation properties. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 8625-8636.
39. R oza O, B erman L B. T he pathophysiology of barium: Hypokalemic and cardiovascular effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1971; 177: 433-439.
40. Marmo E. Effects of different drugs with beta-Adrenolytic activity on experimental models of arrhythmias. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 1971; 269: 231-247.
41. Sperelakis N, Schneider MF, Harris, EJ. Decreased K-conductance produced by Ba-in frog sartorius fi bers. J Gen Physiol 1967; 50: 1565-1583.
42. Ahlawat SK, Sachdev A. Hypokalaemic paralysis. Postgrad Med J 1999; 75: 193-197. (Pubitemid 29145859)
43. D iercks D B, S humaik G M, H arrigan R A, B radley W J, C han T C. E lectrocardiographic manifestations: Electrolyte abnormalities. J Emerg Med 2004; 27: 153-160.
44. E l-Sherif N, T uritto G. E lectrolyte disorders and arrhythmogenesis. Cardiol J 2011; 18: 233-245.
45. Watanabe Y. P urkinje repolarization as a possible cause of the U wave in the electrocardiogram. Circulation 1975; 51: 1030-1037.
46. Tai Fu L, Kato N, Takahashi N. Hypopotassemia-induced U wave in electrocardiogram (an experimental study for possible mechanism). Basic Res Cardiol 1984; 79: 494-502. (Pubitemid 14053187)
47. Marti G, Schwarz C, Leichtle AB, Fiedler GM, Arampatzis S, Exadaktylos AK, Lindner G. Etiology and symptoms of severe hypokalemia in emergency department patients. Eur J Emerg Med 2014; 21: 46-51.
48. Postema PG, Ritsema van Eck HJ, Opthof T, van Herpen G, van Dessel PF, Priori SG, et al. I K1 modulates the U-wave: Insights in a 100-year-old enigma. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 393-400.
49. Morita H, Zipes DP, Morita ST, Wu J. Mechanism of U wave and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a canine tissue model of Andersen-Tawil syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75: 510-518. (Pubitemid 47080969)
50. McCauley PT, Washington IS. Barium bioavailability as the chloride, sulfate, or carbonate salt in the rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 1983; 6: 209-217. (Pubitemid 13093245)
51. Tristani-Firouzi M, Jensen JL, Donaldson MR, Sansone V, Meola G, Hahn A, et al. Functional and clinical characterization of KCNJ2 mutations associated with LQT7 (Andersen syndrome). J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 381-388. (Pubitemid 34847970)
52. Can ú n S, P é rez N, Beirana LG. Andersen syndrome autosomal dominant in three generations. Am J Med Genet 1999; 85: 147-156.
53. Thorneloe KS, Nelson MT. Ion channels in smooth muscle: Regulators of intracellular calcium and contractility. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 83: 215-242. (Pubitemid 40942310)
54. B radley K K, J aggar J H, B onev A D, H eppner T J, F lynn E R, Nelson MT, Horowitz B. Kir2.1 encodes the inward rectifi er potassium channel in rat arterial smooth muscle cells. J Physiol 1999; 515: 639-651.
55. Zaritsky JJ, Eckman DM, Wellman GC, Nelson MT, Schwarz TL. Targeted disruption of Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 genes reveals the essential role of the inwardly rectifying K-current in K-mediated vasodilation . Circ Res 2000; 87: 160-166. (Pubitemid 30616913)
56. Koh SD, Bradley KK, Rae MG, Keef KD, Horowitz B, Sanders KM. Basal activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in murine colonic smooth muscle cell. Biophys J 1998; 75: 1793-1800. (Pubitemid 28455175)
57. F lynn E R, M cManus C A, B radley K K, K oh S D, H egarty T M, Horowitz B, Sanders KM. Inward rectifi er potassium conductance regulates membrane potential of canine colonic smooth muscle. J Physiol 1999; 518: 247-256.
58. Bradley KK, Hatton WJ, Mason HS, Walker RL, Flynn ER, Kenyon JL, Horowitz B. Kir3.1/3.2 encodes an IKACh-like current in gastrointestinal myocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278: G289-G296. (Pubitemid 30131198)
59. He W, Liu W, Chew CS, Baker SS, Baker RD, Forte JG, Zhu L. Acid secretion-Associated translocation of KCNJ15 in gastric parietal cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301: G591-G600.
60. Schroeder HA, Tipton IH, Nason AP. Trace metals in man: Strontium and barium. J Chronic Dis 1972; 25: 491-517.
61. Newton D, Harrison GE, Kang C, Warner AJ. Metabolism of injected barium in six healthy men. Health Phys 1991; 61: 191-201.
62. V ale J A. P osition statement: Gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 711-719.
63. Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG, Bedry R, Erdman A, H ö jer J; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper update: Gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013; 51: 140-146.
64. Dean G. Seven cases of barium carbonate poisoning. Br Med J 1950; 2: 817-818.
65. Diengott D, Rozsa O, Levy N, Muammark S. Hypokalemia in barium poisoning. Lancet 1964; 284: 343-344.
66. Meng SJ, Lu QL, Max ZX. Clinical analysis of chronic barium poisoning. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2009; 27: 370-371.
67. W ang C Z, L i B D. T wo cases of hypokalemic paralysis caused by chronic barium poisoning. Clin Focus 2007; 22: 1369.
68. Jolleys A. Death following a barium enema in a child with hirschsprung ' s disease. Br Med J 1952; 1: 692-693.
69. Lewi Z, Bar-Khayim Y. Food-poisoning from barium carbonate. Lancet 1964; 284: 342-343.
70. Jobba G, Rengei B. Ü ber die Neopol-Vergiftung. Arch Toxicol 1971; 27: 106-110.
71. Gould DB, Sorrell MR, Lupariello AD. Barium sulfi de poisoning . Some factors contributing to survival. Arch Intern Med 1973; 132: 891-894.
72. Berning J. Hypokalemia of barium poisoning. Lancet 1975; 305: 110.
73. Wetherill SF, Guarino MJ, Cox RW. Acute renal failure associated with barium chloride poisoning. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 187-188. (Pubitemid 11039826)
74. P helan D M, H agley S R, G uerin M D. I s hypokalaemia the cause of paralysis in barium poisoning? Br Med J 1984; 289: 882.
75. T enenbein M. S evere cardiac dysrhythmia from barium acetate ingestion . Pediatr Emerg Care 1985; 1: 34-36.
76. Schorn TF, Olbricht C, Sch ü ler A, Franz A, Wittek K, Balks HJ, et al. Barium carbonate intoxication. Intensive Care Med. 1991; 17: 60-62.
77. Fogliani J, Giraud E, Henriquet D, Maitrasse B. Intoxication volontaire par le baryum. Ann Fr Anesth R é anim 1993; 12: 508-511. (Pubitemid 23338427)
78. G upta S. B arium carbonate, hypokalaemic paralysis and trismus. Postgrad Med J 1994; 70: 938-939.
79. Downs JC, Millig D, Nichols CA. Suicidal ingestion of barium-sulfi de containing shaving powder. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1995; 16: 56-61.
80. Thomas M, Bowie D, Walker R. Acute barium intoxication following ingestion of ceramic glaze. Postgrad Med J 1998; 74: 545-546. (Pubitemid 28444711)
81. Kakar A, Anand I, Sethi PK. Barium carbonate intoxication: An electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1998; 64: 606-607. (Pubitemid 28438909)
82. Sigue G, Gamble L, Pelitere M, Venugopal S, Arcement L, Tahseen Rab S, Thakur V. From profound hypokalemia to life-Threatening hyperkalemia: A case of barium sulfi de poisoning. Arch Int Med 2000; 160: 548-551. (Pubitemid 30112279)
83. Jourdan S, Bertoni M, Pellegrino S, Petrarulo M, Rossi M. Suicidal poisoning with barium chloride. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 119: 263-265. (Pubitemid 32455503)
84. Koch M, Appoloni O, Haufroid V, Vincent J, Lheureux P. Acute barium intoxication and hemodiafi ltration. J Toxicol 2003; 41: 363-367. (Pubitemid 36835531)
85. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Barium toxicity after exposure to contaminated contrast solution-Goias State, Brazil, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 1047-1048.
86. Talwar V, Mehndiratta N, Verma PK. Barium poisoning mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 50: 658-660.
87. C haudhary S C, A ggarwal A, A vasthi R. A cute severe poisoning by barium carbonate (Rat Poison). J Indian Acad Clin Med 2008; 9: 133-135.
88. R hyee S H, H eard K. A cute barium toxicity from ingestion of " s nake" fi reworks. J Med Toxicol 2009; 5: 209-213.
89. Torka P, Sharma R, Sood R. Rodenticide poisoning as a cause of quadriparesis: A rare entity. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27: 625.e1-e3.
90. Tsai CY, Tseng CC, Liu SF, Lin MC, Fang WF. Acute barium intoxication following accidental inhalation of barium chloride. Intern Med J 2011; 41: 293-295.
91. El Masry MK, Abdelhamid WG, Abdeklader SI, Elmorsi SA, Abdelaziz SA. Massive and sustain K therapy saves life in barium chloride intoxication: A case report. IJCRI 2012; 3: 35-38.