Electrolyte disorders and arrhythmogenesis

Cardiology Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 233-245

  El Sherif, Nabil ^a   Turitto, Gioia ^b  

^a SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b University Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypercalcemia; Hyperkalemia; Hypocalcemia; Hypokalemia; Lithium; Magnesium; Sodium

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; LITHIUM; MAGNESIUM; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHANNEL HERG;

ACTION POTENTIAL; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART VENTRICLE CONDUCTION; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; ION CURRENT; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; QT INTERVAL; QT PROLONGATION; REVIEW; SINUS ARREST; ST SEGMENT; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; T WAVE; TORSADE DES POINTES;

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; ELECTROLYTES; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE;

EID: 79959289942     PISSN: 18975593     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Goldman DE. Potential, impedance and rectification in membranes. J Gen Physiol, 1943; 27: 37-60.
2. Hoffman BF, Suckling EE. Effect of several cations on transmembrane potentials of cardiac muscle. Am J Physiol, 1956; 186: 317-324.
3. + activities and resting membrane potential in sheep cardiac Purkinje strands. Circ Res, 1980; 47: 692-700.
4. + current in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes. J Physiol (Lond), 1989; 419: 297-320.
5. Sakmann B, Trube G. Conductance properties of single inwardly rectifying potassium channels in ventricular cells from guinea pig heart. J Physiol, 1984; 347: 641-657.
6. Pelzer D, Trautwein W. Currents through ionic channels in multicellular cardiac tissue and single heart cells. Experientia, 1987; 43: 1153-1162.
7. Yang T, Roden DM. Extracellular potassium modulation of drug block of Ikr. Circulation, 1996; 93: 407-411.
8. Brown MJ, Brown DC, Murphy MB. Hypokalemia from beta2-stimulation by circulating epinephrine. N Engl J Med, 1983; 309: 1414-1419.
9. Paice BJ, Paterson KR, Onyanga-Omara F et al. Record linkage study of hypokalemia in hospitalized patients. Postgrad Med J, 1986; 62: 187-191.
10. M, Narins RG. Hypokalemia and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol, 1990; 65: 4E-9E.
11. Thompson RG, Gobb LA. Hypokalemia after resuscitation out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA, 1982; 248: 2860-2863.
12. Gettes L, Surawicz B. Effects of low and high concentrations of potassium on the simultaneously recorded Purkinje and ventricular action potentials of the perfused pig moderator band. Circ Res, 1968; 23: 717-729.
13. Surawicz B, Braun HA, Crum WB et al. Quantitative analysis of the electrocardiographic pattern of hypopotassemia. Circulation, 1957; 16: 750-763.
14. Surawicz B. Relation between electrocardiogram and electrolytes. Am Heart J, 1967; 73: 814-834.
15. Tsuji H, Venditti FJ Jr, Evans JC et al. The associations of levels of serum potassium and magnesium with ventricular premature complexes (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol (United States), 1994; 74: 232-235.
16. Hohnloser SH, Verrier RL, Lown B, Raeder EA. Effect of hypokalemia on susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation in the normal and ischemic canine heart. Am Heart J, 1986; 112: 32-35.
17. Nordrehaug JE, Johannessen K, Von der Lippe G. Serum potassium concentration as a risk factor of ventricular arrhythmias early in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1985; 71: 645-649.
18. Cooper WD, Kuan P, Reuben SR, Vanderburg MJ. Cardiac arrhythmias following acute myocardial infraction: Association with serum potassium level and prior diuretic therapy. Eur Heart J, 1984; 5: 464-469.
19. Nordrehaug JE, Von der Lippe G. Hypokalemia and ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J, 1983; 50: 525-529.
20. Mitcheson JS, Chen J, Liu M, Culberson C, Sanguinetti MC. A structural basis of drug-induced long QT syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000; 24: 12329-12333.
21. +-induced polarization on (dV/dt)max, threshold potential, and membrane input resistance in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium. Circ Res, 1979; 44: 800-814.
22. Barold S, Falkoff MD, Ong LS, Heinle RA. Hyperkalemia-induced failure of atrial capture during dual-chamber cardiac pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1987; 10: 467-469.
23. Vassalle M, Greineder JK, Stuckey JH. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the sinus node resistance to high potassium. Circ Res, 1973; 32: 348-355.
24. Sutton PM, Taggart P, Spear DW et al. Monophasic action potential recordings in response to graded hyperkalemia in dogs. Am J Physiol, 1989; 256 (4 Pt 2): H956-H961.
25. Zwaardemaker H. On physiological radioactivity. J Physiol, 1920; 53: 273-289.
26. Libbrecht W. Le paradoxe cardiaque. Arch Int Physiol, 1932; 16: 448-452.
27. + concentration on transmembrane potential in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. Circ Res, 1977; 41: 799-807.
28. Ettinger PO, Regan TJ, Oldewurtel HA. Hyperkalemia, cardiac conduction and the electrocardiogram: A review. Am Heart J, 1974; 88: 360-371.
29. Levine HD, Wanzer SH, Merrill JP. Dialyzable currents of injury in potassium intoxication resembling acute myocardial infarction or pericarditis. Circulation, 1956; 13: 29-36.
30. Barold SS. Leonelli F, Herweg B. Hyperkalemia during cardiac pacing. PACE, 2007; 30: 1-3.
31. + activity in swine. Circulation, 1980; 61: 768-778.
32. Coronel R, Fiolet JW, Wilms-Schopman FJ et al. Distribution of extracellular potassium and its relation to electrophysiologic changes during acute myocardial ischemia in the isolated perfused porcine heart. Circulation, 1988; 77: 1125-1138.
33. Vermeulen JT, Tan HL, Rademaker H et al. Electrophysiologic and extracellular ionic changes during acute ischemia in failing and normal rabbit myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 1996; 28: 123-131.
34. Leitch SP, Brown HF. Effect of raised extracellular calcium on characteristics of the guinea pig ventricular action potential. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 1996; 28: 541-551.
35. Weidmann S. Effects of calcium ions and local anesthetics on electrical properties of Purkinje fibers. J Physiol, 1955; 129: 568-582.
36. Keller PK, Aronson RS. The role of magnesium in cardiac arrhythmias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 1990; 32: 433-448.
37. Surawicz B, Lepeschkin E, Herrlich HC. Low and high magnesium concentrations at various calcium levels: Effect on the monophasic action potential, electrocardiogram and contractility of isolated rabbit hearts. Circ Res, 1961; 9: 811-818.
38. DiCarlo LA Jr, Morady F, DeBuitleir M et al. Effects of magnesium sulfate on cardiac conduction and refractoriness in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1986; 7: 1356-1362.
39. Kulick DL, Hong R, Ryzen E. Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous magnesium in patients with normal conduction systems and no clinical evidence of significant cardiac disease. Am Heart J, 1988; 115: 367-373.
40. Takanaka C, Ogunyankin KO, Sarma JS, Singh BN. Antiarrhythmic and arrhythmogenic actions of varying levels of extracellular magnesium: Possible cellular basis for the differences in the efficacy of magnesium and lidocaine in torsades de pointes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 1997; 2: 125-134.
41. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C et al. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation, 1988; 77: 392-397.
42. Ralston MA, Murname MR, Unverferth DV, Leier CV. Serum and tissue magnesium concentrations in patients with heart failure and serious ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Int Med, 1990; 113: 841-846.
43. Eichhorn EJ, Tandon PK, DiBianco R et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of serum magnesium concentration in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure: The PROMISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1993; 21: 634-640.
44. Baxter GF, Sumeray MS, Walker JM. Infarct size and magnesium: Insights into LIMIT-2 and ISIS-4 from experimental studies [see comments]. Lancet, 1996; 348: 1424-1426.
45. Woods KL, Fletcher S. Long-term outcome after intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: The second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2) [see comments]. Lancet, 1994; 343: 816-819.
46. Woods KL, Fletcher S, Roffe C, Haider Y. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: Results of the second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2) [see comments]. Lancet, 1992; 339: 1553-1558.
47. ISIS-4. A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group [see comments]. Lancet, 1995; 345: 669-685.
48. Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival. Protocol for a large simple study of the effects of oral mononitrate, of oral captopril, and of intravenous magnesium. ISIS-4 collaborative group. Am J Cardiol, 1991; 68: 87D-100D.
49. Flather M, Pipilis A, Collins R et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral captopril, of oral isosorbide mononitrate and of intravenous magnesium sulphate started early in acute myocardial infarction: Safety and haemodynamic effects. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Pilot Study Investigators [see comments]. Eur Heart J, 1994; 15: 608-619.
50. Dyckner T, Wester PO. Relation between potassium, magnesium and cardiac arrhythmias. Acta Med Scand Suppl, 1981; 647: 163-169.
51. Tilkian AG, Schroeder JS, Kao J, Hultgren H. Effect of lithium on cardiovascular performance: Report on extended ambulatory monitoring and exercise testing before and during lithium therapy. Am J Cardiol, 1976; 38: 701-708.
52. Wellens HJ, Cats VM, Duren DR. Symptomatic sinus node abnormalities following lithium carbonate therapy. Am J Med, 1975; 59: 285-287.
53. Carmeliet EE. Influence of lithium ions on transmembrane potential and cation content of cardiac cells. J Gen Physiol, 1964; 47: 501-530.