The voting wars: From Florida 2000 to the next election meltdown

The Voting Wars: From Florida 2000 to the Next Election Meltdown

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-239

  Hasen, Richard L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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EID: 84902736684     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (424)

1. Patrick Marley, Larry Sandler, & Mike Johnson, Prosser Wins Recount in Wisconsin Supreme Court Race, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 20, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/122364728.html.
2. John Fund, Recount Likely in Wisconsin Court Race, Wall Street Journal, Apr. 6, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704013604576246821949372388.html ("Any recount will be scrutinized for irregularities and possible vote fraud."). On the Dane County allegations, see Fund's interview on this "Opinion Journal" video embedded in this Talking Points Memo story: http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/04/conservative-pundit-sees-vote-fraud-in-wisconsin-supreme-court-race-video.php.
3. Mark Memmott, How Did Wisconsin Miss 14,000 Votes? Someone Didn't Click Save, The Two-Way (NPR News Blog), Apr. 8, 2011, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/04/08/135235107/how-did-wisconsin-miss-14-000-votes-someone-didnt-click-save.
4. Ian Milhiser, Wisconsin Republican County Clerk Claims She Misplaced 7,500 Votes for Judge Prosser, Her Former Boss, Think Progress Blog, Apr. 8, 2011, 11:55 am, http://thinkprogress.org/2011/04/08/kathy-nickolaus-crook-or-idiot/.
5. The original statement on the Waukesha County Democratic Party website is no longer posted. It was available at http://www.orchidforchange.com/parties/waukeshadems.com/ht/display/ArticleDetails/i/1343504. Excerpts from the statement appear at these links: http://thepoliticalcarnival.net/2011/04/11/waukesha-dem-member-of-the-board-of-canvassers-shocking-somewhat-appalling-i-feel-like-i-must-speak-up/; http://www.jsonline.com/news/waukesha/119627189.html; and http://electionlawblog.org/archives/019215.html.
6. Patrick Marley, Supreme Court Tensions Boil Over, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Mar. 19, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/118310479.html. To view the ad, go to http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/weigel/archive/2011/04/01/wisconsin-unions-attack-prosser-for-calling-a-judge-a-total-bitch.aspx.
7. Footnote 3 of Judge Conley's opinion in Wisconsin Right to Life Political Action Committee v. Brennan, 09-cv-764-wmc (W.D. Wis. Mar. 31, 2011), http://www.scribd.com/doc/52022373/Wrtl-Judges.
8. Journal Sentinel Politifact Wisconsin rated Kloppenburg's "anomalies" claim "barely true." Joanne Kloppenburg Says Anomalies Were Widespread During State Supreme Court Race, April 29, 2011, http://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2011/apr/29/joanne-kloppenburg/joanne-kloppenburg-says-anomalies-were-widespread-/.
9. Bill Glauber, Baldwin Calls for Federal Investigation of Waukesha County Vote Reporting, All Politics Blog, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 9, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/119532844.html.
10. Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, 472 F.3d 949, 954 (7th Cir. 2007) (Evans, J., dissenting), aff'd, 553 U.S. 181 (2008).
11. Massachusetts "Show ID" Billboards Irks Latino Activists, Fox News Latino, April 12, 2011, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/04/12/billboard-irks-latino-activists/;
12. Karoun Demirjian, Man Behind Ad Urging Latinos Not to Vote Is a Longtime GOP Operative, Las Vegas Sun, Oct. 21, 2010, http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2010/oct/21/de-posadas-gop-influence-deep/.
13. Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Broken and How to Fix It 84-85 (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2009).
14. Richard L. Hasen, The Untimely Death of Bush v. Gore, 60 Stanford Law Review 1, 26 (2007).
15. Samuel Issacharoff, The Court's Legacy for Voting Rights, New York Times, Dec. 14, 2000, at A39;
16. Steven J. Mulroy, Lemonade from Lemons: Can Advocates Convert Bush v. Gore into a Vehicle for Reform?, 9 Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy 357 (2002).
17. Bob Mahlburg & Maurice Tamman, Dist. 13 Voting Analysis Shows Broad Problem, Herald-Tribune, Nov. 9, 2006, http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20061109/NEWS/611090343.
18. Paul Krugman, Hack the Vote, New York Times, Dec. 2, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/02/opinion/hack-the-vote.html.
19. The account in this chapter is drawn mainly from court documents, newspaper articles, and the following books: Correspondents of the New York Times, 36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis (New York: Times Books 2001) ("36 Days");
20. Howard Gillman, The Votes That Counted: How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2001) ("Gillman");
21. Abner Greene, Understanding the 2000 Election: A Guide to the Legal Battles That Decided the Presidency (New York: NYU Press 2001) ("Greene");
22. Martin Merzer and the Staff of the Miami Herald, The Miami Herald Report: Democracy Held Hostage (New York: St. Martin's Press 2001) ("Merzer");
23. Political Staff of the Washington Post, Deadlock: The Inside Story of America's Closest Election (New York: Public Affairs 2001) ("Deadlock");
24. Jeffrey Toobin, Too Close to Call: The Thirty-Six-Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election (New York: Random House 2001) ("Toobin");
25. Charles L. Zelden, Bush v. Gore: Exposing the Hidden Crisis in American Democracy (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, abridged and updated edition 2010) ("Zelden").
26. This chapter is also based on my recollection of events. I provided extensive media commentary and analysis during the controversy. I also played a peripheral role late in the Florida litigation, giving informal advice to the Gore campaign in one of its lawsuits (at this point in time, I cannot recall which one).
27. You can listen to the audio of the oral argument in Bush v. Gore and read a full transcript thanks to the Oyez Project at Chicago-Kent College of Law: http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2000/2000_00_949/argument (Bush v. Gore oral argument).
28. The chronology here is laid out best in 36 Days, Deadlock, and Zelden. 36 Days at 22 reports the 200-vote gap.
29. Roy G. Saltman, The History and Politics of Voting Technology: In Quest of Integrity and Public Confidence 7-8, 10 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2006, 2008). Salman provides the greatest detail on the technological issues.
30. Deadlock at 101.
31. Fla. Stat. § 101.5614(5) (Supp. 2001).
32. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 119 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring) (2000), http://supreme.justia.com/us/531/98/.
33. The Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project, Residual Votes Attributable to Technology: An Assessment of the Reliability of Existing Voting Equipment, v. 2, March 30, 2001, http://vote.caltech.edu/drupal/files/working_paper/vtp_wp2.pdf.
34. Richard L. Hasen, The California Recall Punch Card Litigation: Why Bush v. Gore Does Not "Suck," in Clicker Politics: Essays on the California Recall 170-81 (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Shaun Bowler & Bruce E. Cain, eds. 2006).
35. NORC at the University of Chicago, Florida Ballot Project, http://www.norc.org/projects/Florida+Ballots+Project.htm.
36. Merzer at 7, 66, 78-80.
37. 36 Days at 10-13.
38. The New York Times attributed the "Jews for Buchanan" expression to Representative Barney Frank. 36 Days at 36. See also John Nichols, Jews for Buchanan: Did You Hear the One About the Theft of the American Presidency? (New York: New Press 2001). Merzer at 43 (Arafat quotation). There were ten candidates, thanks to a reform to loosen the state's ballot access laws, making it among the easiest in the country for presidential candidates. Merzer at 37. On the 2,800 votes,
39. Jonathan Wand et al., The Butterfly Did It: The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida, 95 American Political Science Review 793, 795 (2001), http://wand.stanford.edu/research/apsr2001.pdf. On the controversy over Buchanan's views on Jews and Israel, see Is Pat Buchanan Anti-Semitic?, Newsweek, Dec. 22, 1991, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1991/12/23/is-pat-buchanan-anti-semitic.html.
40. ABC News, Butterfly Ballot Designer Speaks Out, Dec. 21, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122175&page=1. Reports that she was apolitical appear in Deadlock at 67; and Merzer at 39.
41. The description of the Duval problem is drawn from 36 Days at 91-92; Merzer at 37-38; and Toobin at 172-76. Toobin also points out that claims of roadblocks in African American neighborhoods turned out to be unproven. Toobin at 168-69.
42. Chemerinksy's own recollection appears in Erwin Chemerinksy, The Conservative Assault on the Constitution 238-48 (New York: Simon & Schuster 2010). The trial court's order is unreported but posted at Stanford University's repository on the Florida election controversy at http://election2000.stanford.edu/fladell1120.pdf. The Florida Supreme Court appeal is Fladell v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, 772 So.2d 1240 (Fla. 2000).
43. Justin Martin, Nader: Crusader Spoiler Icon 272 (New York: Basic Books 2003) ("not a dime's worth of difference" quotation). On the Nader voting statistics, see http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm.
44. You can see the full extent of potential remedies for election problems in Steven F. Huefner, Remedying Election Wrongs, 44 Harvard Journal on Legislation 265 (2007).
45. Richard A. Posner, Breaking the Deadlock: The 2000 Election, the Constitution and the Court (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001).
46. Federal Election Commission, 2000 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for All Candidates Listed on at Least One State Ballot (updated 12/2001), http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/prespop.htm (500,000 vote margin).
47. 36 Days at 181-82, 336-37.
48. 36 Days at 113-14; Deadlock at 96.
49. Richard L. Hasen, Beyond the Margin of Litigation: Reforming U.S. Election Administration to Avoid Electoral Meltdown, 62 Washington & Lee Law Review 937 (2005); Merzer at 133 (co-chair).
50. Deadlock at 85.
51. Alec Ewald, The Way We Vote: The Local Dimension of Election Suffrage 3 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press 2009).
52. 36 Days at 330.
53. Deadlock at 85-86; see also Toobin at 67-69. Toobin said that he "was to be Katherine Harris's minder." See also 36 Days at 341 on the secretary of state's office contacts with the Bush team. On the pizza boxes, see Deadlock at 104; see also Merzer at 131-32, recounting Harris's later testimony at the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Hearing, where she said that she did not "have expertise in the management of these activities."
54. Fla. Stat. Ann. § 102.166(5) (Supp. 2001). The interpretation from Roberts appears at http://election.dos.state.fl.us/opinions/new/2000/de0011.pdf. The Rehnquist opinion appears at 531 U.S. 119: "No reasonable person would call it 'an error in the vote tabulation,' Fla. Stat. Ann. § 102.166(5) (Supp.2001), or a 'rejection of ... legal votes,' § 102.168(3)(c), when electronic or electromechanical equipment performs precisely in the manner designed, and fails to count those ballots that are not marked in the manner that these voting instructions explicitly and prominently specify."
55. Deadlock at 104; Merzer at 58-59.
56. Richard L. Hasen, The Democracy Canon, 62 Stanford Law Review 69 (2009), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1344476.
57. Deadlock at 63, 99-100. You can find the Butterworth opinion at: http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122506&page=1.
58. Toobin at 50-52; Deadlock at 81.
59. Deadlock at 156-57, 249-50.
60. Deadlock at 127-28.
61. 36 Days at 97.
62. Deadlock at 127-29.
63. 36 Days at 101.
64. Deadlock at 131-33.
65. Deadlock at 133.
66. Diane H. Mazur, The Bullying of America: A Cautionary Tale About Military Voting and Civil-Military Relations, 4 Election Law Journal 105 (2005), http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/elj.2005.4.105.
67. David Barstow & Don Van Natta, Jr., Examining the Vote: How Bush Took Florida: Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote, New York Times, July 15, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/15/us/examining-the-vote-how-bush-took-florida-mining-the-overseas-absentee-vote.html.
68. Mazur at 111.
69. Michael P. McDonald & Justin Levitt, Seeing Double Voting: An Extension of the Birthday Problem, 7 Election Law Journal 111 (2008), http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/elj.2008.7202.
70. Most of this information comes from the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Report, Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election (June 2001), http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/vote2000/report/main.htm, especially chapter 5. The commission was deeply divided on partisan lines, and to this day it does not include the Dissent from the report written by Commissioner Abigail Thernstrom. Her dissent is available at: http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/final_dissent.pdf. For more on DBT, see Greg Palast, and Merzer at 107;
71. Robert. E Pierre, Botched Name Purge Denied Some the Right to Vote, Washington Post, May 31, 2001, at A01;
72. Scott Hiassen et al., Felon Purge Sacrificed Innocent Voters, Palm Beach Post, May 27, 2001, http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/content/news/election2000/election2000_felons2.html.
73. Palast takes a provocative and controversial look at DST and the felon voting purge in chapter 1 of The Best Democracy Money Can Buy: The Truth About Corporate Cons, Globalization, and High-Finance Fraudsters (New York: Plume expanded electoral edition 2004). The Florida legislature, acting after the 1997 Miami mayoral scandal, mandated that a private company create the purge list for the secretary of state.
74. Lorraine C. Minnite, An Analysis of Voter Fraud in the United States 10 (Demos, n.d. [adapted from the 2003 report, Securing the Vote by L. Minnite & D. Callahan, with updates]), www.demos.org/pubs/analysis.pdf.
75. Guy Stuart, Databases, Felons, and Voting: Bias and Partisanship of the Florida Felons List in the 2000 Elections, 119 Political Science Quarterly 453 (2004). LePore, quoted in chapter 5 of the report of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
76. Hiassen et al.
77. Stuart at 462.
78. Merzer at 8, 97-106, 108.
79. For the best treatment of the problems of partisanship and inconsistent standards on the county canvassing boards, see Roy A. Schotland, In Bush v. Gore, Whatever Happened to the Due Process Ground?, 34 Loyola University of Chicago Law Journal 211 (2002). For the best history of the Miami-Dade board, see Deadlock at 124-126, 137-41.
80. 36 Days at 40.
81. Toobin at 185.
82. 36 Days at 134-35.
83. Al Kamen, Miami "Riot" Squad: Where Are They Now?, Washington Post, Jan. 24, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A31074-2005Jan23.html; Deadlock at 139-43.
84. Zelden at 40-44; Deadlock at 86-89, 119-21.
85. Deadlock at 135-36. For more on Broward, see Deadlock at 122-24.
86. Einer Elhauge, Florida 2000: Bush Wins Again, Weekly Standard, November 26, 2001, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/000/554teojk.asp.
87. Toobin at 208-9, Deadlock at 183. For more on the Martin and Seminole controversies, see 36 Days at 188-89, 253-54, 271-72.
88. The case is at 772 So.2d 1220 (Fla. 2000). The U.S. Supreme Court opinion reversing and remanding is at 531 U.S. 70 (2000). On remand, the Florida Supreme Court issued almost the identical opinion, simply deleting the reference to the Florida state constitution and not expressly acknowledging the concerns raised by the U.S. Supreme Court. 772 So.2d 1273 (Fla. 2000). This surely irked the conservative Justices of the Supreme Court and added to concern about whether the Florida Supreme Court was out of control.
89. Judge Sauls's trial court opinion on the contest was oral. Stanford has posted a copy at: http://election2000.stanford.edu/00-2431_transcript.pdf. The Florida Supreme Court opinion in Gore v. Harris is at 772 So.2d 1243 (Fla. 2000). The U.S. Supreme Court's stay order is at 531 U.S. 1046 (2000), and the Bush v. Gore opinion is at 531 U.S. 98 (2000).
90. There were twice as many overvotes as undervotes in Florida. Merzer at 188. For more on the ruling, see Deadlock at 199-200.
91. Ford Fessenden & John M. Broder, Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote, New York Times, Nov. 12, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/recount/12VOTE.html.
92. Gillman at 125.
93. Merzer at 13, 55; 36 Days at 223-24 (on chads during recounts). The Bush team stay request is posted at http://election2000.stanford.edu/emappforstaybushvvore.pdf. Its supplemental memorandum is at http://election2000.stanford.edu/supp00-a504.pdf. Gore's lawyers did not dispute the degradation point in their opposition to the stay. In their brief on the merits, in footnote 18 they did so. That brief is posted at: http://election2000.stanford.edu/gore949brief.pdf. 36 Days also includes an article dated Nov. 27, 2000 (weeks before the Bush v. Gore case), which includes the following: "That state count showed 4,000 more votes than the first one. Election officials say such an increase is standard fare mostly because partially detached chads on punch-card ballots fall off the second time through, allowing the machines to see votes they had previously missed."
94. Toobin at 264-65. The opinion appears at 531 U.S. 98 (2000).
95. The title of this chapter comes from a column I wrote for Slate: Richard L. Hasen, The Fraudulent Fraud Squad: The Incredible Disappearing American Center for Voting Rights, Slate, May 18, 2007, http://www.slate.com/id/2166589/. My editor on the piece, Dahlia Lithwick, came up with the title, as she did with most witty lines appearing in my pieces during the time she edited my Slate columns.
96. On Gallegos's illness, see Gary Scharrer, Lawmaker Risks Health to Stop Voter ID Bill: A Hospital Bed Was Set Up for Sen. Mario Gallegos in Case He Was Needed, Houston Chronicle, May 22, 2007, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/07/legislature/4824361.html.
97. Ben Philpott, Texas GOP Works to Remove Senate's Two-Thirds Rule, Texas Tribune, Nov. 10, 2010, http://www.texastribune.org/texas-senate/texas-senate/texas-gop-works-to-remove-senates-two-thirds-rule/. For the statistics on the partisan breakdown of the state senate, see this page from the Legislative Reference Library of Texas: http://www.lrl.state.tx.us/legeLeaders/members/memberStatistics.cfm.
98. Gary Scharrar, Gallegos Thanks Colleagues for "Standing with Me," Houston Chronicle, May 24, 2007, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/07/legislature/4831556.html.
99. Queblog, "Texas Republicans Still Carrying Torch for Contrived Voter Fraud Issue," San Antonio Current, Jan. 30, 2009, http://www.sacurrent.com/blog/queblog.asp?perm=69438.
100. Reeve Hamilton, Perry Declares More Emergency Items, Including Voter ID, Texas Tribune, Jan. 20, 2011, http://www.texastribune.org/texas-legislature/texas-legislature/perry-emergency-items-including-voter-id/;
101. Daniel Setiawan, After Six-Year Fight, Perry Signs Voter ID into Law, Texas Observer, May 27, 2011, http://www.texasobserver.org/component/k2/item/17879-voter-id-signed-into-law; Office of the Governor Rick Perry, Press Release, Gov. Perry: SB 14 Takes a Major Step in Securing the Integrity of the Electoral Process; Signs Legislation Requiring Voters to Present Photo ID at Polling Places, May 27, 2011, http://www.governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/16189/.
102. Elise Foley, Rick Perry: South Carolina Is at War with the Government on Voter ID, Huffington Post, Jan. 16, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/16/rick-perry-immigration-voter-id_n_1209485.html;
103. Patrik Jonsson, Partisan Feud Escalates over Voter ID Laws in South Carolina, Other States, Christian Science Monitor, Jan. 11, 2012, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2012/0111/Partisan-feud-escalates-over-voter-ID-laws-in-South-Carolina-other-states.
104. Brief Amici Curiae of Historians and Other Scholars in Support of Petitioners, United States Supreme Court, Crawford v. Marion County Elections Board, Nos. 07-21, 07-25, November 2007, http://www.brennancenter.org/dynamic/subpages/download_file_50874.pdf.
105. Martin Wiskcol, Armey Wants to Transform Congressional GOP, Orange County Register, Sept. 7, 2010, http://www.ocregister.com/news/armey-264883-gop-party.html.
106. Jane Mayer, Covert Operations: The Billionaire Brothers Who Are Waging War Against Obama, New Yorker, Aug. 30, 2010, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer (Freedomworks funded by Koch brothers).
107. The video of the exchange appears at: http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/10/dick_armey_so_many_dems_are_voting_early_because_t.php as part of a post, Dick Armey: Many Dems Are Voting Early to Commit Voter Fraud (VIDEO), Oct. 21, 2010.
108. Michelle Malkin, The Left's Voter Fraud Whitewash, Oct. 27, 2010, http://michellemalkin.com/2010/10/27/62680/.
109. Hearne no longer works for that law firm, but a copy of the brochure is posted on the Brad Blog, at http://www.bradblog.com/Docs/LathropGage_THOR_Insert.pdf.
110. Lorraine C. Minnite, The Myth of Voter Fraud 100 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2010). The recounting of the Saint Louis controversy in the next few paragraphs tracks Minnite's analysis appearing in her book at 99-102.
111. National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ("NVRA"), 42 U.S.C. 1973gg et seq.
112. Minnite at 101 n.48, citing Jo Mannies & Jennifer LaFleur, City Mislabeled Dozens as Voting from Vacant Lots: Property Records Appear to Be in Error, Survey Finds; Just 14 Ballots Are Found Suspect, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Nov. 5, 2001, at A1.
113. Missouri v. Baker, 34 S.W. 3d 410 (Mo. App. 2000), http://caselaw.findlaw.com/mo-court-of-appeals/1406459.html.
114. Minnite at 101, quoting Dirk Johnson, The 2000 Elections: The Swing States: Judge Delays Closing of Polls in St. Louis Amid Unexpectedly Heavy Turnout, New York Times, Nov. 8, 2000, B10, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/08/us/2000-elections-swing-states-judge-delays-closing-polls-st-louis-amid.html.
115. Minnite at 135 and n. 34.
116. Help America Vote Act of 2002, 42 U.S.C. 15301 et seq.; Minnite at 135.
117. Minnite at 101. For the report itself, see Matt Blunt, Mandate for Reform: Election Turmoil in St. Louis, November 7, 2000, Office of Missouri Secretary of State, July 24, 2001, at 36-37, http://web.archive.org/web/20061228014132/http://bond.senate.gov/mandate.pdf. Hearne bragged about his testimony in his biography once posted on the website of the American Center for Voting Rights and available now via the Internet Wayback Machine: http://web.archive.org/web/20050324134516/http://www.ac4vr.com/news/biography.html.
118. Office of the Missouri State Auditor, Board of Election Commissioners, City of St. Louis, Missouri, Report No. 2004-40, May 26, 2004, http://www.auditor.mo.gov/press/2004-40.pdf. The Missouri voter registration numbers by county from 2000 to 2006 appear on the secretary of state's website, http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/registeredvoters.asp?rvmID=0006.
119. Minnite at 102.
120. Greg Gordon, 2006 Missouri's Election was Ground Zero for GOP, McClatchy Newspapers, May 2, 2007, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2007/05/02/16224/2006-missouris-election-was-ground.html.
121. Minnite at 11 n. 31, quoting Murray Waas, Legal Affairs-The Scales of Justice, National Journal, June 2, 2007, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/legal-affairs-the-scales-of-justice-20070602?print=true.
122. The next few paragraphs rely on the Brad Blog, Special Coverage: Thor Hearne's "American Center for Voting Rights" (ACVR) GOP "Voter Fraud" Scam, http://www.bradblog.com/?page_id=4418; and Hasen, Fraudulent Fraud Squad.
123. Susan Schmidt & James V. Grimaldi, Ney Pleads Guilty to Corruption Charges: Lawmaker's Conviction is 8th in Abramoff Probe, Washington Post, Oct. 14, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/13/AR2006101300169.html. On the lack of a website, see the Brad Blog, http://www.bradblog.com/?p=1276.
124. You can view what the website looked like at: http://web.archive.org/web/20050324102250/http://www.ac4vr.com/.
125. Minnite at 249-50 n. 37 describes what was known about the finances of ACVR.
126. Richard L. Hasen, Implausible Deniability: The Internet Foils Fudging by Three "Voter Fraud" Warriors, Slate, June 13, 2007, http://www.slate.com/id/2168350/;
127. Rick Hasen, And the American Center for Voting Rights Domain Name Goes to ..., Election Law Blog, May 2, 2007, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=7640.
128. You can find Arent Fox's application posted at: http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/march_documents/arent_vra_20110311.pdf.
129. Eric Lipton & Ian Urbina, In 5-Year Effort, Scant Evidence of Voter Fraud, New York Times, Apr. 12, 2007, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D8123FF931A25757C0A9619C8B63 ("The Justice Department stand is backed by Republican Party and White House officials, including Karl Rove, the president's chief political adviser. The White House has acknowledged that he relayed Republican complaints to President Bush and the Justice Department that some prosecutors were not attacking voter fraud vigorously. In speeches, Mr. Rove often mentions fraud accusations and warns of tainted elections").
130. Minnite at 227, app. 3, table A3.1.
131. Ian Urbina, Fraudulent Voting Reemerges as a Partisan Issue, New York Times, Oct. 26, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/us/politics/27fraud.html.
132. Wayne Slater, Texas AG Fails to Unravel Large-Scale Voter Fraud Schemes in His Two-Year Campaign, Dallas Morning News, May 18, 2008, http://www.dentonrc.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/051808dnpolvotefraud.3c75dcb.html;
133. Tova Andrea Wang, A Rigged Report on U.S. Voting?, Washington Post, Aug. 30, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/29/AR2007082901928.html. The Election Law Journal later published the draft report coauthored by Wang.
134. Job Serebrov & Tova Wang, Voting Fraud and Voter Intimidation, [Draft] Report to the U. S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) on Preliminary Research and Recommendations (2006), 6 Election Law Journal 330 (2007).
135. The chronology and quotations in this section come from the 392-page OIG report: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General and Office of Professional Responsibility, An Investigation into the Removal of 9 U.S. Attorneys in 2006, September 2008, http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/s0809a/final.pdf.
136. Dan Eggen & Amy Goldstein, Voter-Fraud Complaints by GOP Drove Dismissals, Washington Post, May 14, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/13/AR2007051301106.html.
137. Richard Roesler, No Evidence of Election Crime, Former U.S. Attorney Says, Spokesman Review, May 20, 2007, http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=9951.
138. Charlie Savage, Missouri Attorney a Focus in Firings; Senate Bypassed in Appointment of Schlozman, Boston Globe, May 6, 2007, http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/06/missouri_attorney_a_focus_in_firings/; Waas;
139. U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General and Office of Professional Responsibility, An Investigation of Allegations of Politicized Hiring and Other Improper Personnel Actions in the Civil Rights Division, July 2, 2008 (released publicly January 13, 2009), http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/s0901/final.pdf;
140. Dan Eggen, Ex-Prosecutor Says He Didn't Think Charges Would Affect Election, Washington Post, June 6, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/05/AR2007060502352.html.
141. Michael P. McDonald & Justin Levitt, Seeing Double Voting: An Extension of the Birthday Problem, 7 Election Law Journal 111 (2008). For a detailed, step-by-step analysis of supposed voter fraud claims that fall apart when they are given any scrutiny, see the Brennan Center for Justice's website, The Truth About Fraud, http://www.truthaboutfraud.org. Justin Levitt, who is now a professor at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles, was largely responsible for the material in the website when he worked at the Brennan Center.
142. 169 F.3d 723 (11th Cir. 1999).
143. Jac C. Heckelman, The Effect of the Secret Ballot on Voter Turnout Rates, 82 Public Choice 107 (1995), http://www.wfu.edu/heckeljc/papers/published/PC1995.pdf.
144. Supreme Court Oral Argument in Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/07-21.pdf.
145. Hans A. von Spakovsky, Smoke of Registration Fraud Leads to Election Fires, Fox News, Oct. 31, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,445805,00.html.
146. The longer version of the report is Hans von Spakovsky, Stolen Identities, Stolen Votes: A Case Study in Voter Impersonation, The Heritage Foundation, Legal Memorandum #22, Mar. 10, 2008, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2008/03/Stolen-Identities-Stolen-Votes-A-Case-Study-in-Voter-Impersonation.
147. Sydney H. Schanberg, New York; Mississippi for a While, New York Times, Oct. 26, 1982, http://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/26/opinion/new-york-mississippi-for-a-while.html ("The evidence powerfully suggested that the forgeries were carried out not on Election Day but later, over the Columbus Day weekend, when Beatty operatives swarmed into the skeleton-staffed Board of Elections office in Brooklyn, ostensibly to check over the voter records for irregularities. Handwriting experts testified that sometimes the same forger was responsible for signatures in election districts that are ethnically and geographically far apart - some of them eight miles apart. Which conjures the image of either the fastest roadrunner in Central Brooklyn or a sedentary criminal scribbling names at leisure into the books at the Board of Elections after the primary while officials there, all appointed by the party organization, looked the other way.");
148. Frank Lynn, Boss Tweed Is Gone But Not His Vote, New York Times, Sept. 9, 1984, http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/09/weekinreview/boss-tweed-is-gone-but-not-his-vote.html;
149. Brooklyn Grand Jury Finds Fraud in 8 Primaries, New York Times, Sept. 5, 1984, http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/05/nyregion/brooklyn-grand-jury-finds-fraud-in-8-primaries.html. For links to Jim Sleeper's past and current thoughts on the grand jury report, see the links at: http://electionlawblog.org/?p=20039.
150. Ryan J. Reilly, Election Expert Can' t Find Report on 1984 Voter Impersonation Case Cited by von Spakovsky, TPMMuckraker, June 20, 2011, http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/06/election_expert_cant_find_report_on_1984_voter_impersonation_case_cited_by_von_spakovsky.php. I have posted the 1984 grand jury report at http://electionlawblog.org/wp-content/uploads/1984_grand_jury_report-r84-11.pdf. For more,
151. see Rick Hasen, 1984 New York Grand Jury Report on Voter Fraud Now Available, Election Law Blog, June 23, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=19560.
152. Hasen, Implausible Deniability.
153. Rick Hasen, More Hans v. Reality, Election Law Blog, June 28, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=20953;
154. Rick Hasen, I Guess von Spakovsky Reads My Blog, Election Law Blog, June 28, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=21016.
155. Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, 128 S.Ct. 1610 n.11 (2008).
156. Rick Hasen, Vintage Vadum, Election Law Blog, Sept. 3, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=22585.
157. Joe Mahr, Voter Fraud Case Traced to Defiance County Registrations Volunteer, Toledo Blade, Oct. 19, 2004, http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2004/10/19/Voter-fraud-case-traced-to-Defiance-County-registrations-volunteer.html;
158. CNN Justice, Mary Poppins Prompts Investigation, Oct. 19, 2004, http://articles.cnn.com/2004-10-18/justice/mary.poppins.registers.to.vote_1_voter-registration-naacp-national-voter-fund-legal-status?_s=PM:LAW;
159. AP, Man Pleads Guilty to Mary Poppins Voter Registration, USA Today, Feb. 19, 2005, http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2005-02-19-poppins_x.htm.
160. Mahr.
161. Minnite at 7-11; see also Spencer A. Overton, Voter Identification, 105 Michigan Law Review 631, 649 n. 94 (2007).
162. Mathew Vadum, Registering the Poor to Vote is Un-American, American Thinker, Sept. 1, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/09/registering_the_poor_to_vote_is_un-american.html;
163. Rick Hasen, Beyond the Pale, Election Law Blog, Sept. 1, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=22531.
164. Cara McCoy, Ex-ACORN Official Gets Probation for Voter Registration Plan, Las Vegas Sun, Nov. 23, 2009, http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/nov/23/ex-acorn-official-gets-probation-voter-registratio/.
165. The press release is posted on my Election Law Blog as an update to Election Law Blog, "Criminal Charges Filed Against ACORN, Two Employees," May 4, 2009, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=12596.
166. Francis McCabe, ACORN Defendant Gets Probation, Las Vegas Review-Journal, Jan. 10, 2011, http://www.lvrj.com/news/last-individual-in-acorn-voter-registration-case-gets-probation-113245739.html;
167. Francis McCabe, ACORN Pleads Guilty to Felony Compensation for Registration of Voters, Las Vegas Review-Journal, Apr. 7, 2011, http://www.lvrj.com/news/acorn-pleads-guilty-to-felony-compensation-for-registration-of-voters-119367839.html.
168. Michael Falcone & Michael Moss, Group's Tally of New Voters Was Vastly Overstated, New York Times, Oct. 23, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24acorn.htm.
169. Stephanie Strom, Acorn Report Raises Issues of Legality, New York Times, Oct. 21, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/us/22acorn.html.
170. McCain made the comment at the October 15, 2008, debate. The transcript is posted at: http://www.debates.org/index.php?page=october-15-2008-debate-transcript.
171. Office of the California Attorney General, Press Release, Brown Releases Report Detailing a Litany of Problems with ACORN, But No Criminality, Apr. 1, 2010, http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1888&p=3&y=2010&m=;
172. Daniel Massey, ACORN Files for Bankruptcy, Crain's New York Business, Nov. 3, 2010, http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20101103/FREE/101109948;
173. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Report to Congressional Addressees, ACORN: Federal Funding and Monitoring, GAO Report 11-484, as revised June 17, 2011, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11484.pdf.
174. 549 U.S. 1 (2006).
175. Stephen Ansolabehere & Nathaniel Persily, Vote Fraud in the Eye of the Beholder: The Role of Public Opinion in the Challenge to Voter Identification Requirements, 121 Harvard Law Review 1737 (2008).
176. http://truethevote.org; Urbina, New York Times, Oct. 26, 2010; Ed Barnes, Citizens' Group Helps Uncover Alleged Rampant Voter Fraud in Houston, Fox News, Sept. 25, 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/09/23/voter-fraud-houston-tea-party-truethevote-texas/;
177. Chris Moran, Vasquez, Group Hurl Voter Registration Accusations: "Attack" Alleged on Local Voter Rolls, Houston Chronicle, Aug. 25, 2010, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7170826.html;
178. Morgan Smith, Partisan Battles Plague Voter Registration Drive, Texas Tribune, Oct. 6, 2010, http://www.texastribune.org/texas-politics/texas-political-news/partisan-battles-plague-voter-registration-drive/;
179. Morgan Smith, Texas Tribune, TribBlog, Democrats Sue Houston Area Tea Party Group, Texas Tribune, Oct. 18, 2010, http://www.texastribune.org/texas-politics/texas-political-news/democrats-sue-houston-area-tea-party-group/;
180. Dave Fehling, Harris County Attorney Investigates Allegations of Voter Intimidation at Polls, Texas Tribune, Oct. 21, 2010, http://www.khou.com/home/Harris-County-Attorney-addresses-allegations-of-voter-intimidation-at-polls-105362988.html;
181. Pam Fessler, Efforts to Prevent Voter Fraud Draw Scrutiny, NPR News, Oct. 26, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130822279&;
182. Ryan J. Reilly, True the Vote Documents Show Hidden Donations, Republican Ties, TPMMuckraker, Oct. 29, 2010, http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/10/true_the_vote_documents_show_hidden_donations_republican_ties-vote_fraud_players.php;
183. Patrick Brendel, King Street Patriots Set Fundraising Goal of $500K, Washington Independent, Apr. 5, 2011, http://washingtonindependent.com/107557/king-street-patriots-set-fundraising-goal-of-500k;
184. Patrick Brendel, King Street Patriots Reach Out to Non-Texans, Minorities, American Independent, May 26, 2011, http://www.americanindependent.com/185717/king-street-patriots-reach-out-to-non-texans-minorities;
185. Rachel Slajda, In Texas' Biggest County, A Minority Registration Drive Is Crippled by Fraud Allegations, TPMMuckraker, Oct. 5, 2010, http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/10/in_texas_biggest_county_a_minority_registration_dr.php.
186. John Fund, How the Obama Administration Threatens to Undermine Our Election 27 (New York: Encounter Books 2009).
187. Aaron Deslatte, Elections Bill Prompts League of Women Voters to Stop Registration, Orlando Sentinel, Central Florida Political Pulse, May 9, 2011, http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_politics/2011/05/elections-bill-prompts-league-of-women-voters-to-stop-registration.html.
188. I transcribed the advertisement from the English-language version made by Latinos for Reform and posted at Ben Smith's Politico Blog, Oct. 8, 2010, http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1010/AntiReid_group_to_Hispanic_voters_Dont_Vote.html?showall.
189. Finn is listed as having contributed $45,000 to the group in its 2008 year-end filing with the Internal Revenue Service, http://forms.irs.gov/politicalOrgsSearch/search/Print.action?formId=33911&formType=E72;
190. J. T. Finn, "Pro-Life Hero Dies; John Edward Finn, 1937-2009," Pro-Life.com, http://www.prolife.com/DadLegacy.html (last visited June 29, 2011).
191. Huma Khan, Sharron Angle's Campaign Denounces "Don't Vote" Ad in Nevada; Backer Linked to the GOP, ABC News, Oct. 20, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/vote-2010-election-vote-ad-nevada-targeting-hispanics/story?id=11927768.
192. Brian Beutler, Maker of Ad Telling Latinos Not to Vote Has Long History in GOP, TPM DC, Oct. 19, 2010, http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/10/maker-of-ad-telling-latinos-not-to-vote-has-long-history-in-gop-and-conservative-advocacy.php.
193. Beutler; Andrea Nill Sanchez, BREAKING: Univision Will Not Air GOP Group's Ad Telling Latinos Not to Vote, Think Progress, Oct. 19, 2010, http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/10/19/125117/latinos-for-reform-swift-boat/.
194. KRNV Reno, Where Does Sharron Angle Stand on Immigration?, June 3, 2010, http://www.clipsyndicate.com/video/play/2643847/where_does_sharron_angle_stand_on_immigration_6_3;
195. Karoun Demirjian, Ad Discouraging Hispanics from Voting May Backfire on Republicans, Las Vegas Sun, Oct. 21, 2010, http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2010/oct/21/backlash-ballot/;
196. Tim Gaynor, Hispanic Voter May Decide Tight Nevada Senate Race, Reuters, Oct. 21, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/21/us-usa-elections-nevada-idUSTRE69K4PR20101021.
197. Adam Burke, Number of Latino Voters in Nevada Jumps, NPR's Day to Day, Jan. 18, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18218552;
198. Mark Hugo Lopez, Latinos and the 2010 Elections: Strong Support for Democrats; Weak Voter Motivation, Pew Hispanic Center, Oct. 5, 2010, http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=127.
199. Lopez; Sanchez: Christine Pelosi, GOP Voter Suppression Ad Fails as Pro-Immigrant Americans Refuse to Sit Down and Shut Up, Huffington Post, Oct. 19, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christine-pelosi/gop-voter-suppression-ad_b_768536.html.
200. Peter Overby, Political Ad's Message to Latinos: "Don't Vote," NPR, Oct. 21, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130715322.
201. Pew Research Center, The Latino Vote in the 2010 Elections, Nov. 3, 2010 (updated Nov. 17, 2010), http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1790/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-hispanic-vote.
202. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Report, Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election (June 2001), ch. 1, http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/vote2000/report/ch1.htm.
203. Debbie Wasserman Schultz Compares GOP-Backed Voting Bills to Jim Crow, St. Petersburg Times/Politifact.com, June 9, 2011, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/jun/09/debbie-wasserman-schultz/debbie-wasserman-schultz-compares-gop-backed-votin/.
204. Benjy Sarlin, Bill Clinton: GOP Voting Crackdown Worst Since Jim Crow, TPMDC, July 6, 2011, http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/07/bill-clinton-accuses-gop-of-disenfranchising-minorities.php?ref=fpblg.
205. The solicitation email letter dated June 28, 2011, is posted at: http://talkingpointsmemo.com/documents/2011/06/donna-brazile-extremists-trying-to-pass-restrictive-voting-laws-that-target-democratic-voters.php?page=1.
206. Crawford v. Marion County Election Bd., 472 F.3d 949, 954 (7th Cir. 2007). You can find links to the materials in the case throughout the federal judiciary, including the opinions of the judges in the district court, Seventh Circuit, and Supreme Court at the Election Law@Moritz website, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/election-law/litigation/indy-dems.php. The statistics on the partisan splits among the judges in the election law cases appears in the amicus brief I filed in the case in the U.S. Supreme Court supporting the challengers. That brief is posted at the Moritz site at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/documents/Rokita-BriefamicuscuriaeofProfessorRichardLHasen11-13-07.pdf.
207. Richard L. Hasen, A Voting Test for the High Court, Washington Post, Sept. 19, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/18/AR2007091801572.html.
208. Deborah Hastings, Indiana Nuns Lacking ID Denied at Poll by Fellow Sister, AP, May 6, 2008, http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D90GBCNO0&show_article=1.
209. Michael J. Pitts & Matthew D. Neumann, Documenting Disfranchisement: Voter Identification During Indiana's 2008 General Election, 25 Journal of Law and Politics 329, 340-43 (2009), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1465529.
210. Press Release, Secretary of State Statement on New Photo ID Lawsuit, Official Website of the Indiana Secretary of State, June 20, 2008, http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2850.htm;
211. Justin Levitt, Still Jumping to Conclusions, Brennan Center for Justice Blog, Jan. 30, 2009, http://www.brennancenter.org/blog/archives/still_jumping_to_conclusions.
212. Robert S. Erikson & Lorraine C. Minnite, Modeling Problems in the Voter Identification-Voter Turnout Debate, 8 Election Law Journal 85 (2009), http://www.columbia.edu/rse14/erikson-minnite.pdf.
213. Rachel V. Cobb, D. James Greiner, & Kevin M. Quinn, Can Voter ID Laws Be Administered in a Race-Neutral Manner? Evidence from the City of Boston in 2008, Quarterly Journal of Political Science (forthcoming), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1625041.
214. Thomas B. Edsall, GOP Official Faces Sentencing in Phone-Jamming, Washington Post, May 17, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051601712.html.
215. United States v. Tobin, 480 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2007), http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1294865.html.
216. Allen Raymond with Ian Spiegelman, How to Rig an Election: Confessions of a Republican Operative 175 (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks 2008).
217. TPMMuckraker Reference Section, Shaun Hansen, http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/hansen.php.
218. United States v. Tobin; Raymond at 202; Edsall.
219. Raymond at 191.
220. Thomas B. Edsall & David A. Fahrenthold, 2002 N.H. Scandal Shadows GOP Anew, Washington Post, Apr. 14, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041301673.html.
221. Andrew Miga, Associated Press, Feds Drop Phone-Jamming Case; Hodes: Questions Still Not Answered, May 31, 2009, http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/feds-drop-phone-jamming-case.
222. Associated Press, N.H. Republicans Settle Phone-Jamming Lawsuit, Dec. 3, 2006, http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061203/news_1n3jamming.html.
223. Gilda R. Daniels, Voter Deception, 43 Indiana Law Review 343, 344 (2010), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1591803.
224. Aaron Nathans, GOP Fliers Give Wrong Voting Info; UW Tries to Alert Students, Capital Times, Oct. 3, 2004, at 1A. The graphic of the flyer is courtesy of Professor Justin Levitt.
225. Nathans.
226. Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007, S. 453, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110s453rs/pdf/BILLS-110s453rs.pdf.
227. Justin Levitt, A Devil in the Details of Florida's Early Voting Law, Election Law Blog, May 23, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=18296;
228. New Florida Voting Law: Voting Ban on Final Sunday, June 25, 2011, http://www.theledger.com/article/20110625/EDIT01/110629619?Title=New-Florida-Voting-Law-Voting-Ban-On-Final-Sunday-.
229. Steve Freeman & Joel Bleifuss, Was the 2004 Election Stolen? Exit Polls, Election Fraud, and the Official Count (New York: Seven Stories Press 2006).
230. Jonathan D. Simon, Believe It (or Not): The Massachusetts Special Election for U.S. Senate, Aug. 27, 2010, http://electiondefensealliance.org/files/BelieveIt_OrNot_100904.pdf.
231. Jonathan D. Simon, "Creating Reality": The Method Soros Et Al Seem Determined to Overlook (letter to the editor, New York Review of Books, June 10, 2011), http://electiondefensealliance.org/Letter.
232. Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Was the 2004 Election Stolen?, Rolling Stone, June 1, 2006. An archived copy appears at the Common Dreams website, http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0601-34.htm.
233. Farhad Manjoo, Was the 2004 Election Stolen? No, Salon, June 3, 2006, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/06/03/kennedy. Kennedy's response and Manjoo's reply appear at Was the 2004 Election Stolen? Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Farhad Manjoo Face Off, Salon, June 6, 2006, http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2006/06/06/rfk_responds. Manjoo's two responses deal as well with the long lines point and the exit polls issue. For additional responses on the exit polls from 2004, see Evaluation of Edison/Mitofsky Election System 2004 Prepared by Edison Media Research and Mitofsky International for the National Election Pool (NEP) Embargoed for Release at 10AM ET January 19, 2005, http://abcnews.go.com/images/Politics/EvaluationofEdisonMitofskyElectionSystem.pdf.
234. Lawrence Norden, About That "Flipping" Vote -What You Should Know, Brennan Center for Justice Blog, Oct. 29, 2008, http://www.brennancenter.org/blog/archives/about_that_flipping_vote_what_you_should_know/. The staff of staunch Democratic representative John Conyers issued a report for a House Judiciary Committee on Ohio 2004, finding no evidence supporting the conspiracy theories. "Preserving Democracy: What Went Wrong in Ohio," Status Report of the House Judiciary Committee Democratic Staff, Jan. 5, 2005, http://www.iwantmyvote.com/lib/downloads/references/house_judiciary/final_status_report.pdf.
235. The video of the event is posted on YouTube at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neGbKHyGuHU&feature=player_embedded. The best accounts of the incident and aftermath appear in the Washington Post and in an investigative report by the Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility.
236. Jerry Markon and Krissah Thompson, Dispute Over New Black Panthers Case Causes Deep Divisions, Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/22/AR2010102203982.html; Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Report, Investigation of Dismissal of Defendants in United States v. New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Inc., et al., No. 2:09cv0065 (E.D. Pa. May 18, 2009), Mar. 17, 2011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/52515892/Department-of-Justice-OPR-Report-on-the-New-Black-Panther-Party-Matter ("OPR NBPP Report"). (The report was first posted by Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee: http://democrats.judiciary.house.gov/sites/democrats.judiciary.house.gov/files/OPR%20Report_0.pdf.) A second, broader report on the Department of Justice's handling of voting rights issues by the Department of Justice's Office of the Inspector General remains forthcoming.
237. Jonathan Martin, Rudy's Team, Jonathan Martin's blog, Politico, Feb. 14, 2007, http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0207/Rudys_Team.html. The Election Journal website is www.electionjournal.org.
238. REPORT: Fox News Has Hyped Phony New Black Panther Scandal at Least 95 Times, Media Matters for America, July 16, 2010, http://mediamatters.org/research/201007160038.
239. Carrie Johnson, Holder Confirmed as Nation's First Black Attorney General; He Overcame Objections of Some in GOP, Washington Post, Feb. 3, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/02/AR2009020202581.html.
240. The account of the Ike Brown controversy comes from Markon and Thompson; the OPR NBPP Report; and United States v. Brown, 494 F.Supp.2d 440 (S.D. Miss. 2007).
241. OPR NBPP Report at 75.
242. Ryan J. Reilly, DOJ Attorney Fights to Testify About Black Panthers, Main Justice, Dec. 2, 2009, http://www.mainjustice.com/2009/12/02/doj-attorney-fights-to-testify-about-black-panthers/.
243. Markon and Thompson.
244. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Race Neutral Enforcement of the Law? The U.S. Department of Justice and the New Black Panther Party Litigation: An Interim Report, Nov. 23, 2010, http://www.usccr.gov/NBPH/USCCR_NBPP_report.pdf.
245. Markon and Thompson; Mary Jacoby, Ex-DOJ Voting Section Chief Now Representing South Carolina in Voter ID Fight, Main Justice, Jan. 11, 2012, http://www.mainjustice.com/2012/01/11/ex-doj-voting-section-chief-now-representing-south-carolina-in-voter-id-fight.
246. Abigail Thernstrom, The New Black Panther Case: A Conservative Dissent, National Review Online, July 6, 2010, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/243408/new-black-panther-case-br-conservative-dissent-abigail-thernstrom;
247. Abigail Thernstrom, Yes, the Black Panther Case Is Small Potatoes, National Review Online, July 27, 2010, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/243545/yes-black-panther-case-small-potatoes-abigail-thernstrom.
248. Richard L. Hasen, Beyond the Margin of Litigation: Reforming U.S. Election Administration to Avoid Electoral Meltdown, 62 Washington & Lee Law Review 937 (2005), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=698201;
249. Mark Rollenhagen, Brunner Experienced with Elections; Ohio's Secretary of State Brings Relevant Professional Background to the Job, Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 7, 2007.
250. The quotation appears at the beginning of an advertisement run by the Ohio Republican Party and posted on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=niEF3Z3l_Ac. Below the video itself appears the quotation about Brunner being partisan.
251. Sarah Laskow, Scoring Secretary of State Seats for Dems, The Center for Public Integrity iWatch News, Sept. 8, 2008, http://www.iwatchnews.org/2008/09/08/3065/scoring-secretary-state-seats-dems. In a blog posting at the secretary of state's website, the group claimed to have raised even more: "We raised over $200,000 for Brunner, helping her replace Ken Blackwell. This equaled nearly 10 percent of her budget and close to the $220,000 fundraising advantage she achieved over her Republican opponent." Becky Bond, Support Secretaries of State Who Will Protect the Election, Secretaries of State Project Blog, Apr. 23, 2008, archived at: http://web.archive.org/web/20090618002121/http://www.secstateproject.org/blog/our_plans_for_2008.html. For more on the project,
252. see Avi Zenilman, Secretaries of State Give Dem Firewall, Politico, Nov. 2, 2008, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1008/15105.html. In 2011, I received an "Access Denied" message when I went to the Secretary of State Project website. My query about the current status of the group to Becky Bond, one of the founders of the group who works for Credo Mobile, went unanswered.
253. Chuck Neubauer, Soros and Liberal Groups Seeking Top Election Posts in Battleground States, Washington Times, June 23, 2011, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/23/section-527-works-to-seat-liberals-as-election-ove/?page=1.
254. The fundraising data appear at the "Follow the Money" website of the National Institute on Money in State Politics and appear here: http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=123413. A search of contributions or spending benefitting O'Shaughnessy on the Ohio Secretary of State website revealed no contributions from the Secretary of State Project or ActBlue, and no independent spending benefitting O'Shaughnessy. The election results appear at the secretary's website at: http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/elections/electResultsMain/2010results/20101102sos.aspx.
255. State ex rel. Myles v. Brunner, 899 N.E.2d. 120 (Ohio 2008), http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5018033797971301418&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr.
256. Cass Sunstein, Of Law and Politics, in The Vote: Bush, Gore, and the Supreme Court 6-7 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Cass Sunstein & Richard A. Epstein, eds. 2001).
257. State ex. rel. Colvin v. Brunner, 896 N.E.2d 979 (Ohio 2008), http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/docs/pdf/0/2008/2008-ohio-5041.pdf.
258. Dennis Cauchon, Ohio, Hit Economically, Votes Obama, USA Today, Nov. 5, 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/oh.htm;
259. Catherine Candisky, A Third of New Voters Must Be Verified, Brunner Says, Columbus Dispatch, Oct. 15, 2008, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2008/10/15/fraud_followup.html.
260. The case is Ohio Republican Party v. Brunner. The district court's opinion is at 582 F.Supp.2d 957 (S.D. Ohio 2008) and available at: http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/documents/R52Order.pdf. The original opinion of a panel of Sixth Circuit judges is not good law, because the en banc court order hearing the case took away its precedential value. It can be read at: http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/documents/ORPvBrunnerOct10.pdf. The order of the entire Sixth Circuit sitting en banc and reversing the panel decision is at 544 F.3d 711 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) and is available at: http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10067678243758169013&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr. The U.S. Supreme Court's opinion is at 555 U.S. 5 (2008) and is available at: http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5729624462900804934&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr. The facts and quotations in the next few paragraphs come from these court decisions.
261. A chart of the president nominating each judge appears in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit#Current_composition_of_the_court. The only exceptions to the partisan pattern are Judge Ronald Gilman, a Clinton appointee who has turned out to vote with conservatives on election law issues and Judge Helene White, who was originally a Clinton nominee but whose nomination was stalled in the Senate. President George W. Bush renominated White as part of a package to break the Senate logjam on judicial appointments. Press Release, Senator Patrick Leahy, Leahy Helps Solve Impasse on Sixth Circuit Judicial Nominations, Apr. 15, 2008, http://leahy.senate.gov/press/press_releases/release/?id=93e8c8d6-28d8-4aa0-9883-8b4a6b668770. For more on HAVA mismatches,
262. see Candice Hoke & David Jefferson, Voting and Registration: Technology Issues: Lessons from 2008, in America Votes! Supplement, ch. 3, http://apps.americanbar.org/abastore/index.cfm?section=main&fm=Product.AddToCart&pid=5330200PDF.
263. Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275 (2001), http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6907411608837736130&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr. In this case, the conservative justices of the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the language of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 narrowly, holding that no private right of action existed for an individual to challenge the English-only administration of driver's license examinations. The liberal justices interpreted Title VI broadly in dissent, writing that such a private right of action would further the congressional purposes of Title VI.
264. Edward B. Foley, Running Elections in Cuyahoga County Next Year, Free and Fair, Election Law @ Moritz, Apr. 10, 2007, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/news/articles.php?ID=137.
265. Cuyahoga Election Review Panel, Cuyahoga, OH, Final Report, July 20, 2006, at 8, available at: http://www.acluohio.org/issues/votingrights/cerp_final_report_200607.pdf.
266. Jean Dubail, Bennett Loses a Round; Swings Back at Brunner, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Apr. 4, 2007, http://blog.cleveland.com/openers/2007/04/bennett_loses_a_round_swings_b.html;
267. Jesse Watters, The Worst Judge Ever?, BillOReilly.com, Mar. 24, 2006, http://www.billoreilly.com/blog?action=viewBlog&blogID=-265515387107576531.
268. Mark Niquette, Bennett Resigns from Cleveland Board of Elections, Columbus Dispatch, Apr. 12, 2007, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2007/04/11/resigned.html.
269. Press Release, Ohio Secretary of State, Brunner Swears in New Cuyahoga County Board, May 8, 2007, http://www.sos.state.oh.us/PressReleases/2007%20Press%20Releases/Brunner%20Swears%20In%20New%20Cuyahoga%20County%20Board.aspx.
270. Daniel P. Tokaji, Ohio's Primary: What Will Go Wrong?, Equal Vote Blog, Mar. 2, 2008, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/blogs/tokaji/2008/03/ohios-primary-what-will-go-wrong.html.
271. Joan Mazzolini, 10 Percent of Cuyahoga County's Voting Machines Fail Pre-Election Tests, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Apr. 14, 2010, http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/04/some_cuyahoga_countys_voting_m.html.
272. Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Broken and How to Fix It (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2009). On the pollworker error, see http://electionlawblog.org/?p=29505.
273. Daniel P. Tokaji, Early Returns on Election Reform: Discretion, Disenfranchisement, and the Help America Vote Act, 73 George Washington Law Review 1206, 1249-50 (2005), http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/election06/Tokaji-EarlyReturns-Final.pdf. The account of the "Box 10" episode comes from pages 1226-27 of the Tokaji article.
274. The case is Lucas County Democratic Party v. Blackwell. The district court's opinion is at 341 F. Supp. 2d 861, 863 (N.D. Ohio 2004), and information about the case is available from Election Law @ Moritz at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/lucas.php.
275. Jim Siegel, New Election Law Spurs Repeal Push, Columbus Dispatch, July 15, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2011/07/15/new-election-law-spurs-repeal-push.html; Editorial, New Florida Voting Law: Voting Ban on Final Sunday, Ledger, June 25, 2011, http://www.theledger.com/article/20110625/EDIT01/110629619?Title=New-Florida-Voting-Law-Voting-Ban-On-Final-Sunday-;
276. Justin Levitt, A Devil in the Details of Florida's Early Voting Law, Election Law Blog, May 23, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=18296.
277. Joe Vardon, Husted Draws Line Against Party Over Photo IDs at Voting Booths, Co-lumbus Dispatch, June 25, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/06/25/husted-draws-line-against-party.html;
278. Rick Hasen, A Courageous Statement on Voter ID Bill from Republican Ohio Secretary of State, Election Law Blog, June 24, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=19628.
279. Jim Siegel, Bill Edits Overhaul of State Election Laws, Columbus Dispatch, July 14, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2011/07/14/bill-edits-overhaul-of-state-election-laws.html.
280. Fair Elections Ohio Turns in First 1,000 Signatures for HB 194 Referendum, Progress Ohio Blog, July 18, 2011, http://www.progressohio.org/blog/2011/07/fair-elections-ohio-turns-in-first-1000-signatures-for-hb194-referendum.html; Ed Fitzgerald Says Cuyahoga Will Fight Back, WTAM-Local News, Aug. 28, 2011, http://www.wmms.com/cc-common/news/sections/newsarticle.html?feed=122520&article=9032968;
281. Joe Vardon, Husted Will Send Absentee Ballots to Voters Statewide Next Year, Columbus Dispatch, Sept. 2, 2011, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/09/02/husted-will-send-absentee-ballots-to-voters-statewide-next-year.html.
282. Martinez's biography appears on page 19 of an EAC presentation to a House committee, posted at: http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Page/Congressional%20Testimony%20before%20House%20Administration%20Committee%20June%2017%202004.pdf;
283. Pamela Coloff, Go Ask Alice: What Happened to the Ballot Box That Saved Lyndon Johnson' s Career?, Texas Monthly, November 1998, http://www.texasmonthly.com/1998-11-01/reporter.php.
284. Dr. Buster Soaries, The Grable Group, http://thegrablegroup.com/speakers/dr-buster-soaries-popular-speaker-agent-change/;
285. Max Pizarro, Soaries Recommended Pinkett for LG, PolitickerNJ, July 14, 2009, http://www.politickernj.com/max/31371/soaries-recommended-pinkett-lg;
286. David W. Chen, In Person: A Crowd-Pleaser, With a Mission, New York Times, May 7, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/07/nyregion/in-person-a-crowd-pleaser-with-a-mission.html.
287. Tim Dickinson, The Voice of Voting Reform: 2004 Election Interview: The Rev. DeForest Soaries, Rolling Stone (blog), June 6, 2006, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/the-voice-of-voting-reform-20060606.
288. Ray Martinez III, Improving Our Elections: A View from the Front Lines, 8 Election Law Journal 239, 241 (2009), http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/elj.2009.8309.
289. Position Statement, Commissioner Ray Martinez III, July 10, 2006, On the Matter Regarding EAC Tally Vote Dated July 6, 2006, "Arizona's Request for Accommodation," at 7, http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/News/Vice%20Chairman%20Ray%20Martinez%20III%20Position%20Statement%20Regarding%20Arizona's%20Request%20for%20Accomodation.pdf.
290. Leonard M. Shambon, Implementing the Help America Vote Act, 3 Election Law Journal 424, 428 (2004).
291. National Association of Secretaries of State, NASS Position on Funding and Authorization of U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Adopted on February 26, 2005, Extended Until the 2010 Summer Conference on February 1, 2010, Renewed at the 2010 Summer Conference on July 20, 2010 (until summer conference 2015), http://www.nass.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=906&Itemid;
292. Ben Pershing, House Votes to End Public Funding for Presidential Campaigns, "2 Chambers" blog, Washington Post, Dec. 1, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/house-votes-to-end-public-funding-for-presidential-campaigns/2011/12/01/gIQAc8SaHO_blog.html.
293. Ian Urbina, U.S. Panel Is Said to Alter Finding on Voter Fraud, New York Times, Apr. 11, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/11/washington/11voters.html.
294. Tova Andrea Wang, A Rigged Report on U.S. Voting?, Washington Post, Aug. 30, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/29/AR2007082901928.html.
295. U.S. Election Assistance Commission Office of the Inspector General, Report of Investigation: Preparation of the Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation Report, Report No. I-IV-EAC-02-08, March 2008, http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Page/Report%20of%20Investigation%20-%20Preparation%20of%20the%20Voter%20Fraud%20and%20Voter%20Intimidation%20Report.pdf. The Inspector General of the EAC had no investigators on staff. The IG asked the Inspector General's office of the Interior Department to conduct the investigation.
296. J. Gerald Hebert, "He Said, She Said" at the EAC, Campaign Legal Center Blog, Mar. 13, 2008, http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-216.html;
297. Kenneth P. Doyle, Former EAC Member Says Von Spakovsky Pressured Him to Advance Republican Agenda, BNA Money & Politics Report, Mar. 14, 2008, http://news.bna.com/mpdm/MPDMWB/split_display.adp?fedfid=7100336&vname=mpebulallissues&wsn=503692000&searchid=14982179&doctypeid=1&type=date&mode=doc&split=0&scm=MPDMWB&pg=0;
298. Gerry Hebert, Hans Von Spakovsky's Culture of Corruption, Campaign Legal Center Blog, July 3, 2007, http://www.clcblog.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=257:hans-von-spakovskys-culture-of-corruption;
299. Dan Tokaji, A Worrisome Nominee to the EAC, Equal Vote Blog, Sept. 15, 2006, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/blogs/tokaji/2006/09/worrisome-nominee-to-eac.html.
300. Rick Hasen, Tova Wang Issues Comment on EAC IG Report, Election Law Blog, Mar. 14, 2008, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=9532.
301. Rick Hasen, Picture of the Day: Election Administration Edition, Election Law Blog, Jan. 25, 2012, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28623.
302. Commentary: Deforest B. Soaries Jr., in Making Every Vote Count: Federal Election Legislation in the States, app. A 113-18 (Essays and commentary sponsored by the Policy Research Institute for the Region at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, and the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania, Andrew Rachlin, ed. 2006), http://wws.princeton.edu/research/prior-publications/conference-books/vote.pdf.
303. Jay Weiner, This Is Not Florida: How Al Franken Won the Minnesota Senate Recount 15-16 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2010).
304. For the best legal account of the Franken-Coleman dispute, see Edward B. Foley, The Lake Wobegone Recount: Minnesota's Disputed 2008 U.S. Senate Election, 10 Election Law Journal 129 (2011) ("Foley, Lake Wobegone"),
305. and Edward B. Foley, How Fair Can Be Faster: The Lessons of Coleman v. Franken, 10 Election Law Journal 187 (2011) ("Foley, Lessons"). See also the fifteen-page appendix to Foley's Lake Wobegone article, posted at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/docs/foley-eljapp.pdf. The account of the Minnesota controversy in this chapter draws on Foley's two articles and Weiner's This Is Not Florida.
306. Foley, Lake Wobegone, at 142.
307. James Baker, Statement, Transcript, Nov. 11, 2000, http://dir.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/11/11/baker_text/index.html.
308. Edward B. Foley, The Founder's Bush v. Gore: The 1792 Election Dispute and Its Continuing Relevance, 44 Indiana Law Journal 23 (2010), http://indylaw.indiana.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p23.pdf.
309. In re The Matter of Protest of Election Returns and Absentee Ballots in the Nov. 4, 1997 Election for the City of Miami, Fla., 707 So. 2d 1170, 1171 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 1998), rev. denied, 725 So 2d 1108 (Fla. 1998). The trial court had ordered a new election.
310. The next few paragraphs draw on Richard L. Hasen, Beyond the Margin of Litigation: Reforming U.S. Election Administration to Avoid Electoral Meltdown, 62 Washington & Lee Law Review 937, 957-59 (2005).
311. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), http://supreme.justia.com/us/531/98/.
312. Nixon recounted his reasons for conceding in an autobiography: a "recount would require up to half a year, during which time the legitimacy of Kennedy's election would be in question"; moreover, "the effect could be devastating to America's foreign relations. I could not subject the country to such a situation." See the quotations in R.W. Apple, The 2000 Elections: News Analysis; Recipe for a Stalemate, New York Times, Nov. 9, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/09/us/the-2000-elections-news-analysis-recipe-for-a-stalemate.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. For a view that Nixon gave up the challenge only when it looked fruitless,
313. see David Greenberg, It's a Myth That Nixon Acquiesced in 1960, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 10, 2000, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/10/local/me-49741.
314. Chad Flanders, Bush v. Gore and the Uses of "Limiting," 116 Yale Law Journal 1159 (2007).
315. Richard L. Hasen, The Supreme Court's Shrinking Election Law Docket, 2001-2010: A Legacy of Bush v. Gore or Fear of the Roberts Court, 10 Election Law Journal 325 (2011).
316. Steven J. Mulroy, Lemonade from Lemons: Can Advocates Convert Bush v. Gore into a Vehicle for Reform?, 9 Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy 357 (2002);
317. Samuel Issacharoff, Op-Ed, The Court's Legacy for Voting Rights, New York Times, Dec. 14, 2000, at A39.
318. Richard L. Hasen, Bush v. Gore and the Future of Equal Protection Law in Elections, 29 Florida State Law Review 377 (2001).
319. The next few paragraphs draw on Richard L. Hasen, The Untimely Death of Bush v. Gore, 60 Stanford Law Review 1, 10-14 (2007). The citations to the punch card cases discussed in the text appear in the article.
320. Foley, Lake Wobegone, at 133.
321. Jessica Mador, Why Would Someone Vote for Lizard People?, Minnesota Public Radio, Nov. 24, 2008, http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/11/23/so_why_would_someone_for_the_lizard_people/.
322. Weiner at 112.
323. Coleman v. Ritchie, 758 N.W.2d 306 (Minn. Jan. 5, 2009).
324. In re Contest of General Election Held on November 4, 2008, for the Purpose of Electing a United States Senator from the State of Minnesota, 767 N.W.2d 453 (Minn. 2009).
325. On the culture of "niceness" in Minnesota compared to a more contentious elections-related culture in Ohio, see Steven F. Huefner et al., From Registration to Recounts Revisited: Developments in the Election Ecosystems of Five Midwestern States viii-ix (2011), http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/projects/registration-to-recounts/2011edition.pdf.
326. 635 F.3d 219 (6th Cir.), stay denied, 131 S.Ct. 2149 (2011).
327. Trova Heffernan, An Election for the Ages: Rossi vs. Gregoire, 2004 147-48 (Pullman: Washington State University Press 2010). Heffernan is a staff member for Washington secretary of state Sam Reed, and the book tells the story of the 2004 controversy from Reed's perspective. The trial court gave an oral decision, the transcript of which was published in the Election Law Journal. Borders v. King County, No. 05-2-00027-3, Verbatim Report of Proceedings, June 6, 2005, http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/elj.2005.4.418. The quotations and citations in this section come from these two sources.
328. McDonald v. Reed, 103 P.3d 722 (Wash. 2004).
329. Hasen, Margin, at 943-44.
330. The next few paragraphs draw on Richard L. Hasen, Alaska's Big Spelling Test: How Strong Is Joe Miller's Argument Against the Leeza Markovsky Vote?, Slate, Nov. 11, 2010, http://www.slate.com/id/2274556/. The Alaska Supreme Court opinion in the case is Miller v. Treadwell, 245 P.3d 867 (Alaska 2010). The federal district court opinion is also named Miller v. Treadwell, 736 F.Supp.2d 1240 (D. Alaska 2010). On the "Lisa M." votes,
331. see Rick Hasen, Will "Lisa M. Lackey" Ruin Sen. Murkowski's Chances of a Successful Write-in Vote?, Election Law Blog, Oct. 29, 2010, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=16424.
332. Elizabeth Dunbar & Tom Scheck, Mark Dayton Declared Winner, Finally, Minnesota Public Radio, Dec. 8, 2010, http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/12/08/emmer-recount-concession/.
333. Michigan Athletics, Michigan Fight Song, http://www.mgoblue.com/genrel/062909aaa.html.
334. Mike DeBonis, Hacking Infiltration Ends D.C. Online Voting Trial, Mike DeBonis on Local Politics Blog, Washington Post, Oct. 4, 2010, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/debonis/2010/10/hacker_infiltration_ends_dc_on.html;
335. Jessica Gresko, Michigan Students Get DC Vote Site to Play Song, Associated Press, Oct. 6, 2010, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/oct/5/michigan-students-get-dc-vote-site-to-play-song/.
336. Brock N. Meeks, Military Vote Softens But Doesn't Shift; Pentagon Scrambles to Assure Absentee Ballot Count, MSNBC.com, Sept. 15, 2004, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5964655/ns/politics/t/military-vote-softens-doesnt-shift/#.Tjrew2FPBJs; Military and Overseas Voters Empowerment Act, Pub. L. No. 111-84, Subtitle H, §§ 575-589, 123 Stat 2190, 2318-2335 (2009), amending Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, 42 USC §§ 1973ff-1973ff-7. See S. Candice Hoke & Matthew A. Bishop, Essential Research Needed to Support UOCAVA-MOVE Act Implementation at the State and Local Levels, Cleveland State University Research Paper 10-197 (October 2010), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1697848; Clair Whitmer, What the Move Act Means for You, Overseas Vote Foundation, Jan. 16, 2010, https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/node/282.
337. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, Fact Sheet: MOVE Act, Oct. 27, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/October/10-crt-1212.html.
338. Senator John Cornyn to Attorney General Eric Holder, July 19, 2011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/60372120/SJC-Letter-to-AG-Re-Mil-Voting-Rights-in-2012-Election-JUL-2011-Signed-Scanned; The Republican Lawyer Blog, Cornyn Calls Attention to Military Voter Disenfranchisement, Republican National Lawyers Association, July 19, 2011, http://rnla.org/Blogs/blogs/public/archive/2011/07/19/cornyn-calls-attention-to-military-voter-disenfranchisement.aspx ("Two of the speakers, Hans von Spakovsky and Christian Adams, are RNLA members. Christian Adams mentioned that in addition to the legal issues involved [such as the fact no Section 1983 suit has been filed], the DOJ is not taking adequate efforts to find out whether states are in compliance, does not have personnel with this as a priority, does not communicate information for military voters as it has for civilians, and filed lawsuits too late").
339. J. Christian Adams, Obama's Bumblers Damage Military Voting Rights, Washington Examiner, July 13, 2011, http://washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/2011/07/obamas-bumblers-damage-military-voting-rights#ixzz1UANpJMrd.
340. Eric Eversole, Military Voting in 2010: A Step Forward, But a Long Way to Go, A Study Published By Military Families United's Military Voter Protection Project and AMVETS Legal Clinic at the Chapman University School of Law 1, 4 (n.d.), http://www.mvpproject.org/MVPProject_study_download.pdf.
341. Federal Voting Assistance Program, Department of Defense, 2010 Post-Election Survey Report to Congress iv (September 2011), http://www.fvap.gov/resources/media/2010report.pdf. Eversole criticized the methodology of the FVAP report. Eric Eversole, Guest Post, Eversole Responds on Discrepancy in Military Voter Turnout Data, Questions FVAP Data, Election Law Blog, Oct. 20, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=24491.
342. Hoke and Bishop at 4.
343. J. Alex Halderman, Hacking the D.C. Internet Voting Pilot, Freedom to Tinker, Oct. 5, 2010, https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/jhalderm/hacking-dc-internet-voting-pilot.
344. Paul Stenbjorn, DC BOEE Lessons Learned from Digital Vote by Mail Hacking, District of Columbia Board of Elections & Ethics, http://dcboee.us/dvm/ps_hacker_response.htm.
345. Alex Altman, Will Online Voting Turn into an Election Day Debacle?, Time, Oct. 15, 2010, http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2025696,00.html.
346. David Jefferson, If I Can Shop and Bank Online, Why Can't I Vote Online?, http://electionlawblog.org/wp-content/uploads/jefferson-onlinevoting.pdf (attachment posted as supplement to http://electionlawblog.org/?p=24849, Nov. 1, 2011); U.S. General Accounting Office, Elections: Perspectives on Activities and Challenges Across the Nation 322 (GAO-02-3) (2001), http://books.google.com/books?id=xSkqezf_nSsC&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q&f=false.
347. Mike DeBonis, Michigan Prof Explains How D.C. Online Voting System Was Hacked, Mike DeBonis on Local Politics Blog, Washington Post, Oct. 6, 2010, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/debonis/2010/10/prof_explains_how_dc_online_vo.html.
348. DeBonis, Hacker Infiltration.
349. See David Jefferson, Email Voting: A National Security Threat in Government Elections, Verified Voting Blog, June 20, 2011, http://blog.verifiedvoting.org/2011/06/20/1375.
350. On the success of military postal voting, see Military Postal Service Agency, The 2010 Analysis of the Military Postal System Compliance with the MOVE Act, http://www.fvap.gov/resources/media/2010_MPSA_after_action_report.pdf.
351. National Public Radio, Election 2006: Full U.S. Senate Race Results, http://www.npr.org/news/specials/election2006/results/full_senate_results.html#fl.
352. Jessica Ring Amunson & Sam Hirsch, The Case of the Disappearing Votes: Lessons from the Jennings v. Buchanan Congressional Election Contest, 17 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 397, 398 (2008), http://www.jenner.com/files/tbl_s20Publications%5CRelatedDocumentsPDFs1252%5C2365%5CHirschAmunson.pdf.
353. National Journal, Almanac of American Politics, Florida 13th District, http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/area/fl/13.
354. Jeremy Wallace, Democrats Seize House; Crist In; Buchanan Leads; Uncounted Votes Delay Outcome for Buchanan, Jennings, Sarasota Herald Tribune, Nov. 8, 2006, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28955654_ITM.
355. The Governor's Select Task Force on Election Procedures, Standards, and Technology, Revitalizing Democracy in Florida 32 (Mar. 1, 2001), http://www.collinscenter.org/resource/resmgr/Election-Reform/Revitalizing_Democracy_in_Fl.pdf;
356. Toni Whitt, Touch-Screen Voting Was Supposed to Be Foolproof, Sarasota Herald Tribune, Nov. 9, 2006, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-154211419/touch-screen-voting-supposed.html.
357. Amunson & Hirsch at 399-400.
358. Todd Ruger, Voting Glitch Prompts Warning, Sarasota Herald Tribune, Nov. 5, 2006, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24151731_ITM.
359. Amunson & Hirsch at 400.
360. Weber v. Shelley, 347 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2003), http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14102962181186073285&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr.
361. Charles Stewart III, Voting Technologies, 14 Annual Review of Political Science 353 (2011), http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.053007.145205. Stewart provides a readable and comprehensive overview of voting technology issues since 2000, and the general statements in this section of the chapter about voting technology draw from Stewart's analysis.
362. Brad Friedman, "Diebold Election Systems, Inc" Is No More! (At Least in Name), Huffington Post, Aug. 16, 2007, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brad-friedman/diebold-election-systems-_b_60778.html.
363. Detailed information about the methodology and findings of Bowen's top-to-bottom review appear at California Secretary of State Debra Bowen, Top-to-Bottom Review, http://www.sos.ca.gov/voting-systems/oversight/top-to-bottom-review.htm.
364. AP, Companies Say California Voting-Machine Review Unrealistic, July 30, 2007, http://www.kcra.com/news/13785934/detail.html;
365. Hector Becerra, Registrar of L.A. County to Retire, Los Angeles Times, Aug. 29, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/29/local/me-registrar29.
366. Marc Kovac, Capital News: More Volleys Over Brunner's Project Everest, News Leader, June 11, 2008, http://www.the-news-leader.com/news/article/3921731.
367. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Award Announcement, "Election Integrity Spotlighted at JFK Profile in Courage Awards; California and Ohio Secretaries of State Join Former Governor of Mississippi as Honorees," May 12, 2008, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients/Debra-Bowen-2008.aspx?t=2.
368. Sarasota Alliance for Fair Elections, Inc. v. Browning, 28 So.3d 880 (Fla. 2010), http://caselaw.findlaw.com/fl-supreme-court/1507783.html.
369. Marc L. Songini, Florida Bans Touch-Screen Voting Machines, Computerworld, May 22, 2007, http://www.pcworld.com/article/132138/florida_bans_touchscreen_voting_machines.html.
370. The next few paragraphs draw from the description of the litigation in Amunson and Hirsch.
371. Angie Welborn, House Contested Election Cases: 1933 to 2000 105-6, 121-22 (New York: Novinka Books 2003);
372. Dexter Filkins & Peter M. Warren, Disputed 1984 Indiana Vote a Bad Omen for Sanchez?, Los Angeles Times, May 11, 1997, http://articles.latimes.com/1997-05-11/news/mn-57795_1_indiana-vote;
373. Guy Gugliota, Dornan Challenge to Sanchez Rejected, Washington Post, Feb. 5, 1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/keyraces98/stories/cahouse020598.htm.
374. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Results of GAO's Testing of Voting Systems Used in Sarasota County in Florida's 13th Congressional District; Statement of Naba-jyoti Barkakati, Ph.D. Acting Chief Technologist Applied Research and Methods, GAO-08-425T (2008), http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08425t.pdf.
375. Laurin Frisina et al., Ballot Formats, Touchscreens, and Undervotes: A Study of the 2006 Midterm Elections in Florida, 7 Election Law Journal 25 (2008), http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/elj.2008.7103.
376. Matthew Doig & Maurice Tamman, Analysis Suggests Undervote Caused by Ballot Design, Sarasota Herald Tribune, Nov. 15, 2006, http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20061115/NEWS/611150751?p=4&tc=pg;
377. Kristen K Greene, Effects of Multiple Races and Header Highlighting on Undervotes in the 2006 Sarasota General Election: A Usability Study and Cognitive Modeling Assessment (n.d.), http://chil.rice.edu/research/pdf/Greene_10.pdf.
378. Jeremy Wallace, Getting Set to Try for House, Sarasota Herald Tribune, July 16, 2009, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-204011463/getting-set-try-house.html.
379. Doug Sword, 3 Years After Vote Furor, Machine Vendor Is Back, Sarasota Herald Tribune, Sept. 24, 2009, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-208424352/3-years-after-vote.html.
380. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, Justice Department Requires Key Divestiture in Election Systems & Software/Premier Election Solutions Merger, Mar. 8, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/March/10-at-235.html;
381. Patrick O'Donnell, Ballot-Scanning Company Election Systems & Software Agrees to Give Cuyahoga County $200,000, Cleveland Plain Dealer Metro Blog, Mar. 22, 2011, http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/03/ballot_scanning_company_electi.html.
382. Caltech-MIT Voting Technology Project, Voting: What Is, What Could Be 3 (2001), http://vote.caltech.edu/drupal/files/report/voting_what_is_what_could_be.pdf;
383. Charles Stewart III, Residual Vote in the 2004 Election, 5 Election Law Journal 158 (2006), http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/elj.2006.5.158;
384. Charles Stewart III, What Hath HAVA Wrought? Consequences, Intended and Not, of the Post-Bush v. Gore Reforms, i21, Caltech-MIT Voting Technology Project, VTP Working Paper # 102 (Apr. 7, 2011), http://vote.caltech.edu/drupal/files/working_paper/wp_102_pdf_4dadc8a267.pdf.
385. J. David McSwane, Election Is Settled, But Clapp Is Not, Sarasota Herald Tribune, Mar. 12, 2011, http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110312/ARCHIVES/103121043.
386. Crocker Stephenson, Cary Spivak, & Patrick Marley, Justices' Feud Gets Physical; Prosser, Bradley Clashed on Eve of Union Ruling, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, June 25, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/124546064.html;
387. Jason Stein & Larry Sandler, Special Prosecutor: No Charges for Prosser, Bradley in Fracas, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Aug. 25, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/128389748.html.
388. Shushannah Walshe, $30 Million Pouring in to Influence Wisconsin Recall Elections, ABC News, Aug. 4, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/30-million-pouring-influence-wisconsin-recall-elections/story?id=14235471.
389. Tom Tolan, 6 Fake Democrats Fall, Setting Stage for GOP Recalls, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 12, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/125464393.html.
390. Daniel Bice, Conservative Group Sends Absentee Ballot with Late Return Date, No Quarter Blog, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Aug. 1, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/126530753.html;
391. Brad Friedman, "National Director" of Koch's "Americans for Prosperity" Created Mysterious WI "Gun Group," Coordinated on Misleading Absentee Ballot Mailings, Brad Blog, Aug. 8, 2011, http://www.bradblog.com/?p=8658&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.
392. Mike Johnson, Exit Pollsters Draw Complaints from Voters, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 12, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/125432878.html.
393. Video from the Aug. 9, 2011, episode appears at: http://ed.msnbc.msn.com/?videoDate=20110809.
394. Josh Marshall, Home Stretch, Part 2!, Talking Points Memo, Aug. 9, 2011, http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/2011/08/home_stretch_part_2.php?ref=fpblg.
395. https://twitter.com/#!/Maliheh_/status/101196438524006401; https://twitter.com/#!/craftyme25/status/101157003161907200; https://twitter.com/#!/flossofer/status/101148807525437440; https://twitter.com/#!/slackadjuster/status/101140128600305664.
396. Larry Sandler, Dem Spokesman Accuses GOP of Tricks in Waukesha Vote Count, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel All Politics Blog, Aug. 9, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/127434893.html.
397. The state chair's statement is reprinted on the Election Law Blog at Rick Hasen, The Wisconsin Recall Election Comes Down to Waukesha, Election Law Blog, Aug. 9, 2011, http://electionlawblog.org/?p=21660.
398. https://twitter.com/#!/Charlie_Golf/status/101144756914106368, https://twitter.com/#!/charliemax/status/101121547925848064, https://twitter.com/#!/judsonphillips/status/100269611823546368.
399. Darling Declares Victory, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Aug. 10, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/127435773.html;
400. Larry Sandler, Dems Back Off Vote-Tampering Charges, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel All Politics Blog, Aug. 10, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/127437863.html.
401. Brad Friedman, Wisconsin GOP Recall Election-Open Thread, Brad Blog, Aug. 9, 2011, http://www.bradblog.com/?p=8662.
402. https://twitter.com/#!/kline_m/status/101423017065852928, https://twitter.com/#!/Skye820/status/101436562327347201.
403. Doug Chapin, Quick Lesson from the Wisconsin Recalls: Election Officials Are Public Figures, University of Minnesota Humphrey School of Public Affairs, Program for Excellence in Election Administration Blog, Aug. 10, 2011, http://blog.lib.umn.edu/cspg/peea/2011/08/quick_lesson_from_the_wisconsi.php.
404. https://twitter.com/#%21/WiscPrincipal/status/101149221733924864.
405. Laurel Walker, Waukesha Clerk Denies Delaying Voting Results, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Aug. 10, 2011, http://www.jsonline.com/news/waukesha/127457003.html.
406. Democratic Party of Wisconsin Chairman Mike Tate Says Waukesha County Clerk Kathy Nickolaus Has "Screwed Up Counting the Vote" in Two Consecutive Elections, Politifact Wisconsin, Aug. 11, 2011, http://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2011/aug/11/state-democratic-party-wisconsin/democratic-party-wisconsin-chairman-mike-tate-says/.
407. Charles Stewart III, Where Are the Cool Gadgets?, in R. Michael Alvarez, Charles Stewart III, & Ron Rivest, Reflections on the VTP's Contributions to Science, Policy-making and Education, Caltech-MIT Voting Technology Project, VTP Working Paper # 100 (September 2010), http://vote.caltech.edu/drupal/files/working_paper/wp100_pdf_4cab501223.pdf.
408. Rob Richie & Emily Hellman, A Survey and Analysis of Statewide Election Recounts, 2000-2009 1 (April 2011), http://www.fairvote.org/assets/Uploads/Recounts2011Final.pdf.
409. Cass Sunstein, Republic 2.0 (2008).
410. See also Natalie Jomini Stroud, Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure, 30 Political Behavior 341 (2007), http://www.springerlink.com/content/pl751rr585356425/.
411. Jonathan McDonald Ladd, The Role of Media Distrust in Partisan Voting, 32 Political Behavior 567 (2010), http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jml89/LaddMediaVoting.pdf.
412. M.D. Conover et al., Political Polarization on Twitter, Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (2011), http://truthy.indiana.edu/site_media/pdfs/conover_icwsm2011_polarization.pdf.
413. See also Younghwan Kim, The Contribution of Social Network Sites to Exposure to Political Difference: The Relationships Among SNSs, Online Political Messaging, and Exposure to Cross-Cutting Perspectives, 27 Computers in Human Behavior 971 (2011), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563210003687;
414. Jennifer Brundidge, Encountering "Difference" in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks, 60 Journal of Communication 680 (2010), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x/abstract;
415. Thomas J. Johnson, Shannon L. Bichard, & Weiwu Zhang, Communication Communities or "CyberGhettos?": A Path Analysis Model Examining Factors That Explain Selective Exposure to Blogs, 15 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 60 (2009), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01492.x/full.
416. Sarita Yardi & danah boyd, Dynamic Debates: An Analysis of Group Polarization Over Time on Twitter, 30 (5) Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 316, 325 (2010), http://bst.sagepub.com/content/30/5/316.abstract.
417. Henry Farrell & Daniel W. Drezner, The Power and Politics of Blogs, 134 Public Choice 15 (2008), http://danieldrezner.com/research/blogpaperfinal.pdf.
418. See also Matthew W. Ragas & Spiro Kiousis, Intermedia Agenda-Setting and Political Activism: MoveOn.org and the 2008 Presidential Election, 13 Mass Communication and Society 560 (2010), http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2010.515372#preview.
419. Trova Heffernan, An Election for the Ages: Rossi vs. Gregoire, 2004 147-48 (Pullman: Washington State University Press 2010). On the Bill Gardner statements, see the tweets of Politico reporter Reid Epstein at https://twitter.com/#!/reidepstein/status/131752810852253697 and https://twitter.com/#!/reidepstein/status/131752181643755520.
420. Eva Galperin, BART Pulls a Mubarak in San Francisco, Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog, Aug. 12, 2011, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/08/bart-pulls-mabarak-san-francisco.
421. Thomas J. Johnson & David D. Perlmutter, Introduction: The Facebook Election, 13 Mass Communication and Society 554 (2010), http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2010.517490.
422. The next few pages draw from my article Richard L. Hasen, Beyond the Margin of Litigation: Reforming U.S. Election Administration to Avoid Electoral Meltdown, 62 Washington & Lee Law Review 937 (2005).
423. Richard H. Pildes, The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics, 118 Harvard Law Review 28, 82 (2004), http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=nyu_plltwp&sei-redir=1#search=%22pildes%20constitutionalization%20democratic%20politics%22.
424. Steven F. Huefner et al., From Registration to Recounts Revisited: Developments in the Election Ecosystems of Five Midwestern States viii (2011), http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/projects/registration-to-recounts/2011edition.pdf.