The history and politics of voting technology: In quest of integrity and public confidence

The History and Politics of Voting Technology: In Quest of Integrity and Public Confidence

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-240

  Saltman, Roy G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013361084     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781403977212     Document Type: Book

References (157)

1. Albright, Spencer D., 1942, The American Ballot, American Council on Public Affairs, Washington, DC.
2. Allen, Howard W. and Kay Warren Allen, 1981, "Vote Fraud and Data Validity," in Clubb, Jerome M., William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale (eds.), Analyzing Electoral History: A Guide to the Study of American Voter Behavior, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA, pp. 153-193.
3. Almond, Gabriel A., 2004, "Who Lost the Chicago School of Political Science?," in Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 1 (March), pp. 91-93.
4. Alvarez, R. Michael and Thad E. Hall, 2004, Point, Click and Vote: The Future of Internet Voting, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC.
5. American University Institute of Election Administration and National Scientific Corporation, 1973, A Study of Election Difficulties in Representative American Jurisdictions, Office of Federal Elections, General Accounting Office, Washington, DC.
6. Ansolabehere, Stephen and Charles Stewart III, 2002, Voting Technology and Uncounted Votes in the United States, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
7. Argersinger, Peter H., 1984, "Electoral Processes," in Greene, Jack P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of American Political History, Scribner, NY, pp. 489-512.
8. Argersinger, Peter H., 1986, "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age," in Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 4 (Winter 1985-1986), pp. 669-687.
9. Asbury, Herbert, 1928, The Gangs of New York, Thunder’s Mouth Press, NY.
10. Austrian, Geoffrey D., 1982, Herman Hollerith, Forgotten Giant of Information Processing, Columbia U. Press, NY.
11. Automatic Voting Machine Corporation, 1958, The Voting Machine and American Democracy (2nd ed.), Published by the Corporation, Jamestown, NY.
12. Aylsworth, Leon E., 1930, "The Presidential Short Ballot," in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 24, Issue 4 (November), pp. 966-970.
13. Barrows, Robert G., 1996, "Urbanizing America," in Calhoun, Charles W. (ed.), The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America, SR Books, Wilmington, DE, pp. 91-110.
14. Barstow, David and Don Van Natta, Jr., 2001, "How Bush Took Florida: Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote," The New York Times, July 15, pp. 1, 17, 18.
15. Bass, Herbert J., 1961, "I am a Democrat;" The Political Career of David Bennett Hill, Syracuse U. Press, Syracuse, NY.
16. Becker, Carl L., 1958 (1922), The Declaration of Independence, Vintage Books, NY.
17. Bensel, Richard F., 2004, The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Cambridge U. Press, NY.
18. Bergholz, Richard, 1969, "Experts’ Game: How Elections Can Be Rigged Via Computers," The Los Angeles Times, July 8, p. 1.
19. Blodgett, Geoffrey, 1966, The Gentle Reformers: Massachusetts Democrats in the Cleveland Era, Harvard U. Press, Cambridge, MA.
20. Board of Aldermen of New York City, 1878, Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Aldermen Appointed to Investigate the "Ring" Frauds Together with the Testimony Elicited During the Investigation, New York.
21. Bond, Christopher S. "Kit," 2001, " ‘Motor Voter’ Out of Control," The Washington Post, June 27, p. A25.
22. Boorstin, Daniel J., 1965, The Americans: The National Experience, Vintage Books, NY.
23. Boorstin, Daniel J., 1973, The Americans: The Democratic Experience, Random House, NY.
24. Borden, Morton, 1984, Jews, Turks and Infidels, U. Of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
25. Brace, Kimball W., 2004, Overview of Voting Equipment Usage in United States, Presentation to U.S. Election Assistance Commission, May 5, Washington, DC.
26. Brady, Henry E., 2004, "Postponing the California Recall to Protect Voting Rights," in Political Science and Politics, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1 (January), pp. 27-32.
27. Brady, Henry E., Justin Buchler, Matthew Jarvis, and John McNulty, 2001, Counting All the Votes: The Performance of Voting Technology in the United States, Survey Research Center and Institute of Government Studies, U. of California, Berkeley, CA.
28. Buchler, Justin, Matthew Jarvis, and John McNulty, 2004, "Punch Card Technology and the Racial Gap in Residual Votes," in Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (September), pp. 517-524.
29. Burke, Albie, 1970, "Federal Regulation of Congressional Elections in Northern Cities," in The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. XIV, No. 1 (January 1970), pp. 17-34.
30. Burke, John G., 1997, "Bursting Boilers and Federal Power," in Cutliffe, Stephen H. and Terry S. Reynolds (eds.), Technology & American History, U. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 105-127.
31. Burnham, David, 1985, "Computerized Systems for Voting Seen as Vulnerable to Tampering," The New York Times, July 29, p. 1.
32. California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Voting Technology Project, March 2001, Residual Votes Attributable to Technology, Pasadena, CA and Cambridge, MA.
33. California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Voting Technology Project, July 2001, Voting: What Is, What Could Be, Pasadena, CA and Cambridge, MA.
34. California Secretary of State, 2004, State of California Standards for Accessible Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail Systems In Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Voting Systems, Sacramento, CA.
35. California Secretary of State Bill Jones, 2000, A Report on the Feasibility of Internet Voting, Sacramento, CA.
36. California Secretary of State Kevin Shelley, 2003, Ad Hoc Touch Screen Task Force Report, Sacramento, CA.
37. Callow, Jr., Alexander B., 1966, The Tweed Ring, Oxford U. Press, NY.
38. Campbell-Kelly, Martin and William Aspray, 1996, Computer: A History of the Information Machine, Basic Books, NY.
39. Century Foundation, 2004, Issue Brief: African Americans, Voting Machines, and Spoiled Ballots: A Challenge to Election Reform, New York and Washington, DC (www.tcf.org).
40. Chiles, James R., 1990, "Civic Pride, Old West-Style; County Seats were a Burning Issue in the Wild West," in Smithsonian, Vol. 20, No. 12 (March) pp. 100-110, 154.
41. Chudacoff, Howard P. and Judith E. Smith, 1994, The Evolution of American Urban Society (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
42. Cohen, I. Bernard, 2000, "Howard Aiken and the Dawn of the Computer Age," in Rojas, Raul and Ulf Hashagan (eds.), The First Computers-History and Architecture, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 107-120.
43. Cordata, James W., 1987, Historical Dictionary of Data Processing Organizations, Greenwood Press, NY.
44. Correspondents of The New York Times, 2001, 36 Days, Times Books, NY.
45. Council of State Governments, 1973, Modernizing Election Systems, Lexington, KY.
46. Cunliffe, Marcus, 1971, "Elections of 1789 and 1792," in Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (ed.), History of American Presidential Elections, Volume I, 1789-1844, Chelsea House, NY, pp. 3-55.
47. Cunningham, Jr., Noble E., 1971, "Election of 1800," in Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (ed.), History of American Presidential Elections, Volume I, 1789-1844, Chelsea House, NY, pp. 101-156.
48. Dauer, Manning, 1971, "Election of 1804," in Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (ed.), History of American Presidential Elections, Volume I, 1789-1844, pp. 159-182, Chelsea House, NY.
49. Davenport, John I., 1894, The Election and Naturalization Frauds in New York City, 1860-1870 (2nd ed.), published by the author, NY.
50. Diebold Election Systems, 2003, Checks and Balances in Elections Equipment and Procedures Prevent Alleged Fraud Scenarios, North Canton, OH.
51. Dinkin, Robert J., 1982, Voting in Revolutionary America, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.
52. Dionne, E. J. and William Kristol (eds.), 2001, Bush V. Gore, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
53. Dudley, Robert L. and Alan R. Gitelson, 2002, American Elections: The Rules Matter, Longman, NY.
54. Dugger, Ronnie, 1982, The Politician, Norton, NY.
55. Dugger, Ronnie, 1988, "Annals of Democracy: Counting Votes," The New Yorker, November 7, pp. 40-108.
56. Duval County Election Reform Task Force, 2001, Final Report, Jacksonville, FL.
57. ECRI, 1988, An Election Administrator’s Guide to Computerized Voting Systems, Plymouth Meeting, PA.
58. Election Center, 2005, Election 2004: Review and Recommendations by the Nation’s Election Administrators, Houston, TX.
59. Election Administration Reports, a newsletter published bi-weekly at 5620 33rd Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20015.
60. Elkins, Terry and Eva Waskell, 1987, "Bugs in the Ballot Box," in Campaigns & Elections, Volume 8 (March/April), pp. 20-24.
61. Elliot, Jonathan (ed.), 1836, The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Vol. III, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html).
62. Evans, Eldon Cobb, 1917, A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States, U. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
63. Federal Election Commission, 1990, Performance and Test Standards for Punchcard, Marksense, and Direct Recording Electronic Voting Systems, Washington, DC.
64. Federal Election Commission, 2002, Performance and Test Standards for Punchcard, Marksense, and Direct Recording Electronic Voting Systems, Vols. I and II, Washington, DC.
65. Ferrand, Max (ed.), 1911, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html).
66. Fischer, Claude S., 1997, " ‘Touch Someone’: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability," in Cutliffe, Stephen H. and Terry S. Reynolds (eds.), Technology & American History, U. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 271-300.
67. Fredman, L. E., 1968, The Australian Ballot; The Story of an American Reform, Michigan State U. Press, East Lansing, MI.
68. Galvin, W., 1997, Report Concerning Revocation of Approval for Votomatic 235 Punch Card Devices, October 8, Office of the Secretary of Commonwealth, Boston, MA.
69. Goldberg, Robert, 1987, "Election Fraud: An American Vice," in Reichley, A. James (ed.), Elections American Style, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 180-192.
70. Goldman, Robert M., 2001, A Free Ballot and a Fair Count, Fordham U. Press, NY.
71. Governor’s Select Task Force on Election Procedures, Standards and Technology, 2001, Revitalizing Democracy in Florida, Tallahassee, FL.
72. Gustafson, John, 2000, "Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer," in Rojas, Raul and Ulf Hashagan (eds.), The First Computers-History and Architecture, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 91-106.
73. Hanson, Dirk, 1982, The New Alchemists, Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
74. Harris, Joseph P., 1929, Registration of Voters in the United States, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
75. Harris, Joseph P., 1934, Election Administration in the United States, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
76. Heffner, Richard D., 1999 (1952), A Documentary History of the United States (6th ed.), Mentor, NY.
77. Hoffman, Lance J., 1988, Making Every Vote Count: Security and Reliability of Computerized Vote-Counting Systems, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
78. Hunter, J. P., 1993, "Barca Victory Built on Solid Reputation," Capital Times, May 11, Madison, WI.
79. Imai, Kosuke and Gary King, 2004, "Did Illegal Overseas Absentee Ballots Decide the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election?," in Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (September), pp. 537-549.
80. Internet Policy Institute, 2001, Report of the National Workshop on Internet Voting: Issues and Research Agenda, March, Washington, DC.
81. Ifrah, Georges, 2001, The Universal History of Computing, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
82. Ivins, William Mills, 1970 (1887), Machine Politics and Money in Elections in New York City, Arno Press, NY.
83. Jefferson, David, Aviel D. Rubin, Barbara Simons, and David Wagner, 2004, A Security Analysis of the Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment (SERVE), Federal Voting Assistance Program, Washington, DC.
84. Johnson, Paul, 1999, A History of the American People, Harper Perennial, NY.
85. Josephson, Matthew, 1938, The Politicos, Harcourt, Brace & World, NY.
86. Kaplan, David A., 2001, The Accidental President, William Morrow, NY.
87. Karlan, Pamela S., 2001, "Equal Protection: Bush v. Gore and the Making of a Precedent," in Rakove, Jack N. (ed.), The Unfinished Election of 2000, Basic Books, NY, pp. 159-199.
88. Keating, Dan, 2002, "Democracy Counts: The Media Consortium Florida Ballot Project," presentation to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.
89. Keiger, Dale, 2004, "e-lective Alarm," Johns Hopkins Magazine, February, pp. 50-56.
90. Ketchum, Ralph (ed.), 1986, The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates, Mentor Books, NY.
91. Keyssar, Alexander, 2000, The Right to Vote, Basic Books, NY.
92. Knack, Stephen and Martha Kropf, 2001, Roll Off at the Top of the Ballot: Intentional Undervoting in American Presidential Elections, U. of Maryland and U. of Missouri, Kansas City.
93. Kohno, Tadayoshi, Adam Stubblefield, Aviel D. Rubin, and Dan S. Wallach, 2003, Analysis of an Electronic Voting System, Technical Report TR-2003-19, Johns Hopkins University Information Security Institute, Baltimore, MD.
94. Kramer, Larry, 2001, "The Supreme Court in Politicsw," in Rakove, Jack N. (ed.), The Unfinished Election of 2000, Basic Books, NY, pp. 105-157.
95. Kramnick, Isaac (ed.), 1987, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay: The Federalist Papers, Penguin Books, NY.
96. Lichtman, Allan J., 2001, "Report... on the Racial Impact of the Rejection of Ballots Cast in the 2000 Presidential Election in the State of Florida," in Appendix to Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, DC.
97. Ludington, Arthur C., 1911, American Ballot Laws, 1888-1910, U. of the State of New York, Albany, NY.
98. Macpherson, C. B. (ed.), 1980, John Locke: Second Treatise of Government, Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, IN.
99. Maier, Pauline, 1998, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence, Vintage Books, NY.
100. Main, Jackson Turner, 1973, Political Parties Before the Constitution, U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
101. Main, Jackson Turner, 1974 (1961), The Anti-Federalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788, Norton, NY.
102. Mandelbaum, Seymour J., 1965, Boss Tweed’s New York, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
103. Maryland Department of Budget and Management, 2003, Risk Assessment Report: Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Systems and Processes, Annapolis, MD.
104. Maryland Department of Legislative Services, 2004, Trusted Agent Report: Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting System, Annapolis, MD.
105. McCormick, Richard P., 1953, The History of Voting in New Jersey, 1661-1911, Rutgers U. Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
106. Mercuri, Rebecca T. and Peter G. Neumann, 2003, "Verification for Electronic Balloting Systems," in Gritzalis, Dimitris A. (ed.), Secure Electronic Voting, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, pp. 31-42.
107. Merzer, Martin et al., 2001, The Miami Herald Report: Democracy Held Hostage, St. Martin’s Press, NY.
108. Miller, Worth Robert, 1995, "Harrison County Methods: Election Fraud in Late Nineteenth Century Texas," in Locus: Regional and Local History, Vol. 7, No. 2 (spring), pp. 111-128.
109. Minority Staff, Committee on Government Reform, April 2001, Election Reform in Detroit: New Voting Technology and Increased Voter Education Significantly Reduced Uncounted Ballots, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
110. Minority Staff, Committee on Government Reform, July 2001, Income and Racial Disparities in the Undercount in the 2000 Presidential Election, House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
111. Monroe, Kristen Renwick, 2004, "The Chicago School: Forgotten but Not Gone," in Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 1 (March), pp. 95-98.
112. Morris, Jr., Roy, 2003, Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876, Simon & Schuster, NY.
113. Nathan, Harriet, 1983, Joseph P. Harris, Professor and Practitioner: Government, Election Reform, and the Votomatic, The Bancroft Library, U. Of California, Berkeley, CA.
114. National Association of State Election Directors (NASED), 2001 (1992), Accreditation of Independent Testing Authorities For Voting System Qualification Testing, Council of State Governments, Washington, DC.
115. National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, 1983, A Report to the Congress on the Development of Voluntary Engineering and Procedural Performance Standards for Voting Systems, Federal Election Commission, Washington, DC.
116. National Commission on Federal Election Reform, organized by the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia and the Century Foundation, August 2001, To Assure Pride and Confidence in the Electoral Process, Charlottesville, VA.
117. Neumann, Peter G., 1995, Computer-Related Risks, ACM Press, NY.
118. Office of Secretary of State Cathy Cox, 2003, Analysis of Undervote Performance of Georgia’s Uniform Electronic Voting System, Atlanta, GA.
119. Ohio Secretary of State, 2003, Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Technical Security Assessment Report, Columbus, OH.
120. Overacker, Louise, 1932, Money in Elections, Macmillan, NY.
121. Piven, Frances Fox and Richard Cloward, 1989, Why Americans Don’t Vote, Pantheon Books, NY.
122. Posner, Richard A., 2001, Breaking Deadlock, Princeton U. Press, Princeton, NJ.
123. Pugh, Darrell, 1988, Looking Back-Moving Forward, American Society for Public Administration, Washington, DC.
124. Pursell, Carroll, 1995, The Machine in America, Johns Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore.
125. Reynolds, John F. and Richard L. McCormick, 1986, " ‘Outlawing ‘Treachery’: Split Tickets and Ballot Laws in New York and New Jersey, 1880-1910," in The Journal of American History, Vol. 72, Issue 4 (March), pp. 835-858.
126. Riordan, William, 1963 (1905), Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, E. P. Dutton, NY.
127. Robinson, Lloyd, 2001 (1968), The Stolen Election: Hayes versus Tilden-1876, Forge, NY.
128. Roth, Susan King, 1998, "Disenfranchised by Design: Voting Systems and the Election Process," in Information Design Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 29-38.
129. Saltman, Roy G., 1975, Effective Use of Computing Technology in Vote-Tallying, NBSIR 75-687 (reprinted as NBS SP 500-30, 1978), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
130. Saltman, Roy G., 1988, Accuracy, Integrity and Security in Computerized Vote-Tallying, NBS SP 500-158, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
131. Saltman, Roy G., 1991, "Computerized Voting," in Yovits, Marshall C. (ed.), Advances in Computers, Volume 32, Academic Press, NY.
132. Saltman, Roy G., 2003, "Public Confidence and Auditability in Voting Systems," in Gritzalis, Dimitris A. (ed.), Secure Electronic Voting, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, pp. 125-137.
133. Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., 1993 (1983), The Almanac of American History (revised and updated ed.), Barnes & Noble Books, NY.
134. Shocket, Peter A., Neil R. Heighberger, and Clyde Brown 1993, "The Effect of Voting Technology on Voting Behavior in a Simulated Multi-Candidate City Council Election: A Political Experiment of Ballot Transparency," in The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 45, pp. 521-537.
135. Shurkin, Joel, 1996, Engines of the Mind, W. W. Norton, NY.
136. Sims, Peggy, 2001, List Maintenance Provisions of the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA), Federal Election Commission, Washington, DC.
137. Special Committee on Voting Systems and Election Procedures in Maryland, 2001, Report and Recommendations, State of Maryland, Annapolis, MD.
138. State Plan Committee of Ohio Secretary of State J. Kenneth Blackwell, 2003, Changing the Election Landscape in the State of Ohio, Columbus, OH.
139. Taylor, Frederick W., 1978 (1912), "Scientific Management," in Shafritz, Jay M. and Albert C. Hyde (eds.), Classics of Public Administration, Moore Publishing, Oak Park, IL, pp. 17-20.
140. Technical Guidelines Development Committee, Draft Version I Voluntary Voting System Guidelines, May 9, 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
141. Thernstrom, Abigail and Russell G. Redenbaugh, 2001, "Dissenting Statement," in Appendix to Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, DC, Appendix IX.
142. Tomz, Michael and Robert P. Van Houweling, 2003, "How Does Voting Equipment Affect the Racial Gap in Voided Ballots?," in American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 46-60.
143. Toobin, Jeffrey, 2001, Too Close to Call, Random House, NY.
144. Trattner, Walter I., 1989 (1974), From Poor Law to Welfare State (4th ed.), The Free Press, NY.
145. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2001, Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election, Washington, DC.
146. U.S. Election Assistance Commission, 2005, Fiscal Year 2004 Annual Report, Washington, DC.
147. Wand, Jonathan N. et al., 2001, "The Butterfly Did It: The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida," in American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 4 (December), pp. 793-810.
148. Wesser, Robert F., 1971, "Election of 1888," in Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (ed.), History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968, Volume II, Chelsea House, NY.
149. Whoriskey, Peter, 2000, "Report in '88 Recommended Punch Cards Be Abandoned," Miami Herald, November 16.
150. Wiebe, Robert H., 1967, The Search for Order, 1877-1920, Hill and Wang, NY.
151. Wigmore, John H., 1889, The Australian Ballot System as Embodied in the Legislation of Various Countries (2nd ed.), Boston Book Company, Boston, MA.
152. Williamson, Chilton, 1960, American Suffrage from Property to Democracy, 1760-1860, Princeton U. Press, Princeton, NJ.
153. Wills, Garry, 2002 (1978), Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, Mariner Books, NY.
154. Wilson, Woodrow, 1978 (1887), "The Study of Administration," in Shafritz, Jay M. and Albert C. Hyde (eds.), Classics of Public Administration, Moore Publishing, Oak Park, IL, pp. 3-17.
155. Yarbrough, Tinsley E., 2002, Race and Redistricting: The Shaw-Cromartie Cases, The U. Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
156. Young, H. Peyton, 2001, Dividing the House: Why Congress Should Reinstate an Old Reapportionment Formula, Policy Brief #88, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
157. Zukerman, T. David, 1925, The Voting Machine, Political Research Bureau of the Republican County Committee of New York, New York.