A repeated cross-sectional study of socio-economic inequities in dietary sodium consumption among Canadian adults: Implications for national sodium reduction strategies

International Journal for Equity in Health

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  McLaren, Lindsay ^a   Heidinger, Shayla ^a   Dutton, Daniel J ^a   Tarasuk, Valerie ^b   Campbell, Norman R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canada; Dietary; Population; Socio economic factors; Sodium chloride

Indexed keywords

SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ADULT; DIET; FOOD CONSUMPTION; HEALTH SURVEY; NATIONAL PLANNING; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; SODIUM; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATOR;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIRTHPLACE; CALORIC INTAKE; CANADA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; FEMALE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INCOME; MALE; MARRIAGE; OUTCOME VARIABLE; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL STATUS; SODIUM INTAKE; SODIUM REDUCTION STRATEGY; URBAN AREA; ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; CANADIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; HOUSEHOLD; NUTRITION; SOCIOECONOMICS; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL;

CANADA;

ADULT; CANADA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIET; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; FOOD HABITS; HUMANS; INCOME; MALE; NUTRITION SURVEYS; SODIUM; SODIUM, DIETARY;

EID: 84902545920     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14759276     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-13-44     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Sodium Working Group (SWG), Sodium reduction strategy for Canada-recommendations of the Sodium Working Group 2010 Report available online at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/sodium/related-info-connexe/strateg/ reduct-strat-eng.php
2. World Health Organization (WHO), Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children Geneva: World Health Organization 2012
3. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Washington DC: National Academies Press 2005
4. Sodium consumption at all ages. Garriguet D, Health Rep 2007 18 47 52 17578015
5. Intake of household salt in a Danish population. Andersen L, Rasmussen LB, Larsen EH, Jakobsen J, Eur J Clin Nutr 2009 63 598 604 10.1038/ejcn.2008.18 18334998
6. Salt and high blood pressure. Mohan S, Campbell NRC, Clin Sci 2009 117 1 11 10.1042/CS20080207 19476440
7. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Strazzullo P, D'Elia L, Kandala N-B, Cappuccio FP, BMJ 2009 339 4567 10.1136/bmj.b4567 19934192
8. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL, Lancet 2006 367 9524 1747 1757 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 16731270 (Pubitemid 43767064)
9. Senate of Canada, A Healthy, Productive Canada: A Determinant of Health Approach. Final report of the Subcommittee on Population Health of the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology Ottawa: Senate of Canada 2009
10. CSDH (Commission on Social Determinants of Health), Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health Geneva: World Health Organisation 2008
11. The concepts and principles of equity and health. Whitehead M, Int J Health Serv 1992 22 429 445 10.2190/986L-LHQ6-2VTE-YRRN 1644507 (Pubitemid 23364255)
12. From state-centrism to neoliberalism: macro-historical contexts of population health since World War II. Sewell WH Jr, Successful societies: How institutions and culture affect health New York: Cambridge University Press, Hall PA, Lamont M, 2009
13. Canadian inequality: recent developments and policy options. Fortin N, Green DA, Lemieux T, Milligan K, Riddell WC, Can Public Policy 2012 38 121 145 10.3138/cpp.38.2.121
14. Trends in risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Canada: temporal, socio-demographic and geographic factors. Lee DS, Chiu M, Manuel DG, Tu K, Wang X, Austin PC, Mattern MY, Mitiku TF, Svenson LW, Putnam W, Flanagan WM, Tu JV, Can Med Assoc J 2009 181 55 E66 10.1503/cmaj.081629
15. Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults-United States, 2003-2010. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep) 2012 61 703 709 22951452
16. Nutrition inequities in Canada. Tarasuk V, Fitzpatrick S, Ward H, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010 35 172 179 10.1139/H10-002 20383227
17. Determinants of healthy eating among low-income Canadians. Power EM, Can J Public Health 2005 96 Suppl 3 37 S42 16042163
18. Uneven dietary development: linking the policies and processes of globalization with the nutrition transition, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. Hawkes C, Global Health 2006 2 4 18 10.1186/1744-8603-2-4 16569239 (Pubitemid 43676903)
19. McLaren L, Policy options for reducing dietary sodium intake. The School of Public Policy. SPP Research Papers. University of Calgary 2012 Available online at: http://policyschool.ucalgary.ca/?q=content/policy-options-reducing- dietary-sodium-intake
20. An examination of income-related disparities in the nutritional quality of food selections among Canadian households from 1986-2001. Riciutto LE, Tarasuk V, Soc Sci Med 2007 64 186 198 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.020 17030372 (Pubitemid 44750319)
21. Social position and nutrition: a gradient relationship in Canada and the USA. Dubois L, Girard M, Eur J Clin Nutr 2001 55 366 373 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601165 11378810 (Pubitemid 32396746)
22. Spatial variation of salt intake in Britain and association with socioeconomic status. Ji C, Kandala N-B, Cappuccio FP, BMJ Open 2013 3 002246 23295624
23. Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population. Laatikainen T, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Sundvall J, Reinivuoi H, Tuomilehto J, Eur J Clin Nutr 2006 60 965 970 10.1038/sj.ejcn. 1602406 16482074 (Pubitemid 44161017)
24. Sodium and potassium intakes among U.S. adults: NHANES 2003-2008. Cogswell ME, Zhang Z, Carriquiry AL, Gunn JP, Kuklina EV, Saydah SH, Yang Q, Moshfegh AJ, Am J Clin Nutr 2012 96 647 657 10.3945/ajcn.112.034413 22854410
25. Twelve-year trends and correlates of dietary salt intakes for the general adult population of Geneva, Switzerland. Beer-Borst S, Costanza MC, Pechère-Bertschi A, Morabia A, Eur J Clin Nutr 2009 63 155 164 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602922 17928805
26. Salt reduction initiatives around the world. Webster JL, Dunford EK, Hawkes C, Neal BC, J Hypertens 2011 29 1043 1050 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345ed83 21546876
27. Rose G, The strategy of preventive medicine Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992 [Reprinted. Rose's strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008]
28. Estimate of the benefits of a population-based reduction in dietary sodium additives on hypertension and its related health care costs in Canada. Joffres MR, Campbell NRC, Manns B, Tu K, Can J Cardiol 2007 23 437 443 10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70780-8 17487286 (Pubitemid 46977999)
29. Population strategies to decrease sodium intake and the burden of cardiovascular disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Smith-Spangler CM, Juusola JL, Enns EA, Owens DK, Garber AM, Ann Intern Med 2010 152 481 487 10.7326/0003-4819-152-8-201004200-00212 20194225
30. World Health Organization (WHO 2007), Reducing salt intake in populations: Report of a WHO forum and technical meeting, Paris 2006. p 3 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/Salt-Report-VC-april07.pdf
31. Rose's population strategy of prevention need not increase social inequalities in health. McLaren L, McIntyre L, Kirkpatrick S, Int J Epidemiol 2010 39 372 377 10.1093/ije/dyp315 19887510
32. McLaren L, Sumar N, Lorenzetti D, Campbell NRC, McIntyre L, Tarasuk V, Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction (protocol). The Cochrane Library, Issue 8 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd 2013
33. Impact on social inequalities of population strategies of prevention for folate intake in women of childbearing age. Sumar N, McLaren L, Am J Public Health 2011 101 1218 1224 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300018 21566037
34. Will cardiovascular disease prevention widen health inequalities? Capewell S, Graham H, PLoS Med 2010 24:7 8 1000320 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed. 1000320
35. MacIntyre S, Inequalities in health in Scotland: what are they and what can we do about them? Glasgow: Medical Research Council Social & Public Health Sciences Unit 2007
36. What types of interventions generate inequalities? Evidence from systematic reviews. Lorenc T, Petticrew M, Welch V, Tugwell P, J Epidemiol Community Health 2013 67 2 190 193 10.1136/jech-2012-201257 22875078
37. Health Canada, Canada's Food Guides from 1942 to 1992 Available online at: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/context/fg-history-histoire-ga- eng.php
38. Nutrition Canada-A national nutrition survey. Sabry ZI, Campbell E, Campbell JA, Forbes AL, Nutr Rev 1974 32 105 111 4827671
39. Canada H, Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, Nutrition (2004)-A Guide to Accessing and Interpreting the Data Ministry of Health: Ottawa 2006
40. The nutrition Canada survey: a review. Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Pediatric Society, Can Med Assoc J 1976 23 775 777
41. Watt BK, Merrill AL, Composition of foods: raw, processed, and prepared. Agricultural Handbook No. 8, Consumer and Food Economics Institute, Agriculture Research Service Washington D.C: United States Department of Agriculture 1963
42. Nutrition Canada, Codebook for Nutrition Canada National Survey, 1970-72 Ottawa: Public Archives of Canada 1981
43. O'Donnell O, van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Liondelow M, Analyzing health equity using household survey data: a guide to techniques and their implementation Washington DC: The World Bank 2008
44. Statistical methods for estimating usual intake of nutrients and foods: a review of the theory. Dodd KW, Guenther PM, Freedman LS, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Midthune D, Tooze JA, Krebs-Smith SM, J Am Diet Assoc 2006 106 10 1640 1650 10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.011 17000197 (Pubitemid 44415594)
45. Trends in educational inequalities in smoking and physical activity in Canada: 1974-2005. Smith P, Frank J, Mustard C, J Epidemiol Community Health 2009 63 317 323 10.1136/jech.2008.078204 19147632
46. Canadian Nutrient File 2010 Files available for download from Health Canada at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/fiche-nutri-data/index-eng.php
47. Food label use and its relation to dietary intake among US adults. Ollberding NJ, Wolf RI, Contento I, J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 1233 1237 reprinted J Am Diet Assoc 2011, 111:S47-S51 10.1016/j.jada.2010.05.007 20656100
48. Socioeconomic differences in purchases of more vs. less healthy foods and beverages: Analysis of over 25,000 British households in 2010. Pechey R, Jebb SA, Kelly MP, Almiron-Roig E, Conde S, Nakamura R, Shemilt I, Suhrcke M, Marteau TM, Soc Sci Med 2013 92 22 26 23849275
49. Sodium food sources in the Canadian diet. Fischer PWF, Vigneault M, Huang R, Arvaniti K, Roach P, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009 34 884 892 10.1139/H09-077 19935850
50. Trends in the association between obesity and socioeconomic status in U.S. adults: 1971 to 2000. Zhang Q, Wang Y, Obes Res 2004 12 1622 1632 10.1038/oby.2004.202 15536226 (Pubitemid 41132471)
51. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in adult health behaviors among U.S. states, 1990-2004. Harper S, Lynch J, Public Health Rep 2007 122 177 189 17357360
52. Who is eating where? findings from the SocioEconomic status and activity in women (SESAW) study. Thornton LE, Crawford DA, Ball K, Public Health Nutr 2011 14 523 531 10.1017/S1368980010003022 21144099
53. Social class, gender, and time use: implications for the social determinants of body weight? McLaren L, Godley J, MacNairn IAS, Health Rep 2009 20 1 9
54. Sodium levels in Canadian fast-food and sit-down restaurants. Scourboutakos MJ, L'Abbé MR, Can J Public Health 2013 104 2 e8 23618115
55. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Link BG, Phelan J, J Health Soc Behav 1995 36 Extra Issue 80 94
56. Tobacco control policies are egalitarian: a vulnerabilities perspective on clear indoor air laws, cigarette prices, and tobacco use disparities. Dinno A, Glantz S, Soc Sci Med 2009 68 1439 1447 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.003 19282078
57. Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequalities in Canadian children. McLaren L, Emery JCH, Can J Public Health 2012 103 suppl 1 49 s56
58. An evaluation of the UK food standards Agency's salt campaign. Shankar B, Brambila-Macias J, Traill B, Mazzocchi M, Capacci S, Health Econ 2013 22 243 250 10.1002/hec.2772 22223605
59. Impacts of a national strategy to reduce population salt intake in England: serial cross-sectional study. Millett C, Laverty AA, Stylianou N, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pape UJ, PLoS ONE 2012 7 29836 10.1371/journal.pone.0029836 22238665
60. Parliament of Canada, Private Member's Bill C-460: An Act Respecting the Implementation of the Sodium Reduction Strategy for Canada. Second Reading (bill defeated) held May 8, 2013 Available online: http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/ BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&billId=5806485&View=0http://
61. A review of methods to measure dietary sodium intake. Bentley B, J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006 21 63 67 10.1097/00005082-200601000-00012 16407739
62. Health disparities in Canada today: some evidence and a theoretical framework. Frohlich KL, Ross N, Richmond C, Health Policy 2006 79 132 143 10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.12.010 16519957 (Pubitemid 44529700)
63. Obesity and the eating habits of the aboriginal population. Garriguet D, Health Rep 2008 19 1 16
64. Explained and unexplained regional variation in Canadian obesity prevalence. Dutton DJ, McLaren L, Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 19 1460 1468 10.1038/oby.2010.339 21253004