Captivated and grossed out: An examination of processing core and sociomoral disgusts in entertainment media

Journal of Communication

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 543-565

  Rubenking, Bridget ^a   Lang, Annie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COGNITION; MASS MEDIA; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 84902073543     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: 14602466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12094     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Barger, B., Nabi, R., & Hong, L. Y. (2010). Standard back-translation procedures may not capture proper emotion concepts: A case study of Chinese disgust terms. Emotion, 10, 703. doi:10.1037/a0021453.
2. Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2000). From homeostasis to allodynamic regulation. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 459-481). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3. Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276-298. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276.
4. Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Fridlund, A. J. (1990). The skeletomotor system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, and inferential elements (pp. 325-384). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
5. Chapman, H. A., Kim, D. A., Susskind, J. M., & Anderson, A. K. (2009). In bad taste: Evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust. Science, 323, 1222-1225. doi:10.1126/science.1165565.
6. Darwin, C. (1872). The expressions of the emotions in man and animals.
7. Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23, 567-589. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x.
8. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition & Emotion, 9, 87-108. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.95.
9. Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701-713. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7.
10. Haidt, J., Rozin, P., McCauley, C. R., & Imada, S. (1997). Body, psyche, and culture: The relationship between disgust and morality. Psychology and Developing Societies, 9, 107-131. doi:10.1177/097133369700900105.
11. Herz, R. (2012). That's disgusting: Unraveling the mysteries of repulsion. New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company.
12. Jennings, J. R., & Gianaros, P. J. (2007). Methodology. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Psychophysiology (Vol. 3, pp. 812-833). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. de Jong, P. J., van Overveld, M., & Peters, M. L. (2011). Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to a core disgust video clip as a function of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity. Biological Psychology, 88, 174-179.
14. Lang, A. (1990). Involuntary attention and physiological arousal evoked by structural features and emotional content in TV commercials. Communication Research, 17, 275-299. doi:10.1177/009365090017003001.
15. Lang, A. (2006). Motivated cognition (LC4MP): The influence of appetitive and aversive activation on the processing of video games. In P. Messaris & L. Humphries (Eds.), Digital media: Transformation in human communication (pp. 237-256). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
16. Lang, A. (2009). The limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing. In R. L. Nabi & M. B. Olivers (Eds.) The Sage handbook of mass media effects (pp. 193-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage: Sage.
17. Lang, A., Bradley, S. D., Sparks, J. V., Jr., & Lee, S. (2007a). The motivation activation measure (MAM): How well does it predict individual differences in physiological indicators of appetitive and aversive activation? Communication Methods & Measures, 1, 113-136. doi:10.1080/19312450701399370.
18. Lang, A., & Newhagen, J. (1996). Negative video as structure: Emotion, attention, capacity, and memory. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 460-477. doi:10.1080/08838159609364369.
19. Lang, A., Park, B., Sanders-Jackson, A., & Wilson, B. D. (2007b). Separating emotional and cognitive load: How valence, arousing content, structural complexity and information density affect the availability of cognitive resources. Media Psychology, 10, 317-338. doi:10.1080/15213260701532880.
20. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simmons, & M. Balaba (Eds.), Attention and orienting (pp. 97-136). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x.
22. Lee, S., & Lang, A. (2009). Discrete emotion and motivation: Relative activation in the appetitive and aversive motivational systems as a function of anger, sadness, fear, and joy during televised information campaigns. Media Psychology, 124, 148-170. doi:10.1080/15213260902849927.
23. Leshner, G., Bolls, P., & Thomas, E. (2009). Scare 'em or disgust 'em: The effects of graphic health promotion messages. Health Communication, 24, 447-458. doi:10.1080/10410230903023493.
24. Leshner, G., Bolls, P., & Wise, K. (2011). Motivated processing of fear appeal and disgust images in televised anti-tobacco ads. Journal of Media Psychology, 23, 77-89. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000037.
25. Miller, A., & Leshner, G. (2007). How viewers process live, breaking, and emotional television news. Media Psychology, 10, 23-40. doi:10.1080/15213260701300915.
26. Nabi, R. L. (2002). The theoretical versus the lay meaning of disgust: Implications for emotion research. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 695-703. doi:10.1080/02699930143000437.
27. Newhagen, J. E., & Reeves, B. (1992). The evening's bad news: Effects of compelling negative television news images on memory. Journal of Communication, 42, 25-41. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00776.x.
28. Ohman, A. (1979). The orienting response, attention, and learning: An information processing perspective. In H. D. Kimmel, E. H. Van Olst, & J. F. Orlebeke (Eds.), The orienting reflex in humans (pp. 443-471). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Olatunji, B., Williams, N., Tolin, D., Sawchuck, C., Abramowitz, J., Lohr, J., & Elwood, L. (2007). The disgust scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19, 281-297. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.281.
30. Oliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2010). Appreciation of entertainment: The importance of meaningfulness via virtue and wisdom. Journal of Media Psychology, 23, 29-33. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000029.
31. Oliver, M. B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61, 984-1004. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01585.x.
32. Potter, R. F., & Bolls, P. (2012). Psychophysiological measurement and meaning: Cognitive and emotional processing of media. New York, NY: Routledge.
33. Raney, A. A. (2011). The role of morality in emotional reactions to and enjoyment of media entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology, 23, 18-23. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000027.
34. Rohrman, S., Hopp, H., & Quirin, M. (2008). Gender differences in psychophysiological responses to disgust. Journal of Psychophysiology, 22, 65-75. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.22.2.65.
35. Rozin, P. (1999). The process of moralization. Psychological Science, 10, 218-222. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00139.
36. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 3-41. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.94.1.23.
37. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. (2008). Disgust. In M. Lewis, J. Haviland, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 757-776). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
38. Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The moral/emotion (CAD) triad hypothesis: A mapping between the other-directed moral emotions, disgust, contempt, and anger, and Shweder's three universal moral codes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.4.574.
39. Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., & Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1096-1109. doi:10.1177/0146167208317771.
40. Shenhav, A., & Mendes, W. B. (2013). Aiming for the stomach and hitting the heart: Dissociable triggers and sources for disgust reactions. Emotion, 11. doi:10.1037/a0034644.
41. Simpson, J., Carter, S., Anthony, S. H., & Overton, P. G. (2006). Is disgust a homogeneous emotion? Motivation and Emotion, 30, 31-41. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9005-1.
42. Stark, R., Walter, B., Schienle, A., & Vaitl, D. (2005). Psychophysiological correlates of disgust and disgust sensitivity. Journal of Psychophysiology, 19, 50-60. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.19.1.50.
43. Tamborini, R. (2011). Moral intuition and media entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 23, 39-45. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000031.
44. Toronchuk, J. A., & Ellis, G. R. (2007). Disgust: Sensory affect or primary emotional system? Cognition & Emotion, 21, 1799-1818. doi:10.1080/02699930701298515.
45. Vorderer, P., Steen, F. F., & Chan, E. (2006). Motivation. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 3-17). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Vrana, S. R. (1993). The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG. Psychophysiology, 30, 279-286. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03354.x.
47. Yartz, A. R., & Hawk, L. W., Jr. (2002). Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: Fear versus disgust. Biological Psychology, 59, 55-68. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00121-1.
48. Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillman & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.