Polymeric slippery coatings: Nature and applications

Polymers

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1266-1311

  Samaha, Mohamed A ^a   Gad el Hak, Mohamed ^b  

^a Princeton University   (United States)

^b Virginia Commonwealth University   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomimetic; Contact angle; Drag reduction; Hysteresis; Longevity; Lotus effect; Microstructure roughness; Omniphobic; Slip length; SLIPS; Superhydrophobic; Superoleophobic

Indexed keywords

BIOMIMETICS; COATINGS; CONTACT ANGLE; DRAG REDUCTION; HYDROPHOBICITY; HYSTERESIS; LIQUIDS; PLANTS (BOTANY); SURFACE CHEMISTRY;

LONGEVITY; LOTUS EFFECT; OMNIPHOBIC; SLIP LENGTH; SLIPS; SUPERHYDROPHOBIC; SUPEROLEOPHOBIC;

POLYMERS;

EID: 84901981990     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20734360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/polym6051266     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Bico, J.; Marzolin, C.; Quéré, D. Pearl drops. Europhys. Lett. 1999, 47, 220-226.
2. Quéré, D. Surface chemistry: Fakir droplets. Nat. Mater. 2002, 1, 14-15.
3. Feng, L.; Li, S.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhai, J.; Song, Y.; Liu, B.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1857-1860.
4. Callies, M.; Chen, Y.; Marty, F.; Pépin, A.; Quéré, D. Microfabricated textured surfaces for super-hydrophobicity investigations. Microelectron. Eng. 2005, 78-79, 100-105.
5. Davies, J.; Maynes, D.; Webb, B.W.; Woolford, B. Laminar flow in a microchannel with superhydrophobic walls exhibiting transverse ribs. Phys. Fluids 2006, 18, doi:10.1063/1.233645.
6. Lee, C.; Choi, C.-H.; Kim, C.-J. Structured surfaces for giant liquid slip. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.064501.
7. Quéré, D. Wetting and roughness. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2008, 38, 71-99.
8. Bobji, M.S.; Kumar, S.V.; Asthana, A.; Govardhan, R.N. Underwater sustainability of the "Cassie" state of wetting. Langmuir 2009, 25, 12120-12126.
9. Sakai, M.; Yanagisawa, T.; Nakajima, A.; Kameshima, Y.; Okada, K. Effect of surface structure on the sustainability of an air Layer on superhydrophobic coatings in a water-ethanol mixture. Langmuir 2009, 25, 13-16.
10. Rothstein, J.P. Slip on superhydrophobic surfaces. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2010, 42, 89-109.
11. Poetes, R.; Holtzmann, K.; Franze, K.; Steiner, U. Metastable underwater superhydrophobicity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.166104.
12. Shirtcliffe, N.J.; McHale, G.; Atherton, S.; Newton, M.I. An introduction to superhydrophobicity. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 161, 124-138.
13. Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Superhydrophobic surfaces: From the lotus leaf to the submarine. C. R. Mec. 2012, 340, 18-34.
14. Neinhuis, C.; Barthlott, W. Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces. Ann. Bot. 1997, 79, 667-677.
15. Gao, X.; Jiang, L. Water-repellent legs of water striders. Nature 2004, 432, 36.
16. Lafuma, A.; Quéré, D. Superhydrophobic states. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 457-460.
17. Wenzel, R.N. Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1936, 28, 988-994.
18. Cassie, A.B.D.; Baxter, S.Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1944, 40, 546-551.
19. Navier, C.L.M.H. Memoire sur les lois du mouvement des fluides. Mem. Acad. R. Sci. Inst. France 1823, 6, 389-440.
20. Samaha, M.A.; Ochanda, F.O.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Tepper, G.C.; Gad-el-Hak, M. In Situ, non-invasive characterization of superhydrophobic coatings. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2011, 82, 045109.
21. Pennisi, E. Water's tough skin. Science 2014, 343, 1194-1197.
22. Tuteja, A.; Choi, W.; Ma, M.; Mabry, J.M.; Mazzella, S.A.; Rutledge, G.C.; McKinley, G.H.; Cohen, R.E. Designing superoleophobic surfaces. Science 2007, 318, 1618-1622.
23. Tuteja, A.; Choi, W.; McKinley, G.H.; Cohen, R.E.; Rubner, M.F. Design parameters for superhydrophobicity and superoleophobicity. MRS Bull. 2008, 33, 752-758.
24. Joly, L.; Biben, T. Wetting and friction on superoleophobic surfaces. Soft Matter 2009, 5, 2549-2557.
25. Leng, B.; Shao, Z.; de With, G.; Ming, W. Superoleophobic cotton textiles. Langmuir 2009, 25, 2456-2460.
26. Ramos, S.M.M.; Benyagoub, A.; Canut, B.; Jamois, C. Superoleophobic behavior induced by nanofeatures on oleophilic surfaces. Langmuir 2010, 26, 5141-5146.
27. Jin, H.; Kettunen, M.; Laiho, A; Pynnönen, J.; Paltakari, J.; Marmur, A.; Ikkala, O.; Ras, R.H.A. Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic nanocellulose aerogel membranes as bioinspired cargo carriers on water and oil. Langmuir 2011, 27, 1930-1934.
28. Yang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Men, X.; Xu, X.; Zhu, X. A simple approach to fabricate superoleophobic coatings. New J. Chem. 2011, 35, 576-580.
29. Zhao, H.; Law, K.-Y. Directional self-cleaning superoleophobic surface. Langmuir 2012, 28, 11812-11818.
30. Jin, H.; Tian, X.; Ikkala, O.; Ras, R.H.A. Preservation of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties upon wear damage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 485-488.
31. Wong, T.-S.; Kang, S.H.; Tang, S.K.Y.; Smythe, E.J.; Hatton, B.D.; Grinthal, A.; Aizenberg, J. Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity. Nature 2011, 477, 443-447.
32. Cheng, Y.T.; Rodak, D.E.; Hayden, C.A. Effects of micro- and nano-structures on the self-cleaning behaviour of lotus leaves. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 1359-1362.
33. Koch, K.; Bhushan, B.; Jung, Y.C.; Barthlott, W. Fabrication of artificial Lotus leaves and significance of hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity and low adhesion. Soft Matter 2006, 5, 1386-1393.
34. WordPress. Available online: http://biodsign.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/lotusan.jpg (accessed on 5 May 2011).
35. Flickr. Available online: http://www.flickr.com/photos/leonefabre/3922996122/ (accessed on 5 May 2011).
36. Atomic World. Available online: http://www.hk-phy.org/atomic_world/lotus/lotus01_e.html (accessed on 5 May 2011).
37. Thenakedscientists. Available online: http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/ biomimetics borrowingfrombiology/ (accessed on 5 May 2011).
38. Cheng, Y.T.; Rodak, D.E. Is the lotus leaf superhydrophobic? Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, doi:10.1063/1.1895487.
39. Wikimedia Commons. Available online: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Water-strider-1.jpg (accessed on 11 May 2011).
40. Feng, X.-Q.; Gao, X.; Wu, Z.; Jiang, L.; Zheng, Q.-S. Superior water repellency of water strider legs with hierarchical structures: Experiments and analysis. Langmuir 2007, 23, 4892-4896.
41. Bush, J.W.M.; Hu, D.L. Walking on water: Biolocomotion at the interface. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2006, 38, 339-369.
42. Hu, D.L.; Chan, B.; Bush, J.W.M. The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion. Nature 2003, 424, 663-666.
43. Hu, D.L.; Prakash, M.; Chan, B.; Bush, J.W.M. Water-walking devices. Exp. Fluids 2007, 43, 769-778.
44. Stonedahl, G.M.; Lattin, J.D. The Gerridae or Water striders of oregon and Washington (Hemiptera:Heteroptera). In Technical Bulletin 144; Oregon State University: Corvallis, OR, USA, 1982; pp. 1-36.
45. Flynn, M.R.; Bush, J.W.M. Underwater breathing: The mechanics of plastron respiration. J. Fluid Mech. 2008, 608, 275-296.
46. Zheng, Y.; Gao, X.; Jiang, L. Directional adhesion of superhydrophobic butterfly wings. Soft Matter 2007, 3, 178-182.
47. Xia, F.; Jiang, L. Bio-inspired, smart, multiscale interfacial materials. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2842-2858.
48. Nitrogenseekers. Available online: http://nitrogenseekers.wordpress.com/page/36/ (accessed on 20 November 2013).
49. Bauer, U.; Federle, W. The insect-trapping rim of Nepenthes pitchers surface structure and function. Plant Signal. Behav. 2009, 4, 1019-1023.
50. Bohn, H.F.; Federle, W. Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 14138-14143.
51. Barthlott, W.; Porembski, S.; Seine, R.; Theisen, I. The Curious World of Carnivorous Plants; Timber Press: Portland, ON, USA, 2007.
52. Maynes, D.; Jeffs, K.; Woolford, B.; Webb, B.W. Laminar flow in a microchannel with hydrophobic surface patterned microribs oriented parallel to the flow direction. Phys. Fluids 2007, 19, doi:10.1063/1.2772880.
53. Bico, J.; Thiele, U.; Quéré, D. Wetting of textured surfaces. Colloids Surf. A 2002, 206, 41-46.
54. Henoch, C.; Krupenkin, T.N.; Kolodner, P.; Taylor, J.A.; Hodes, M.S.; Lyons, A.M.; Peguero, C.; Breuer, K. Turbulent drag reduction using superhydrophobic surfaces. In Proceedings of 3rd AIAA Flow Control Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 5-8 June 2006.
55. Choi, C.-H.; Kim, C.-J. Large slip of aqueous liquid flow over a nanoengineered superhydrophobic surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.066001.
56. Lee, C.; Kim, C-J. Maximizing the giant slip on superhydrophobic microstructures by nanostructuring their sidewalls. Langmuir 2009, 25, 12812-12818.
57. Jung, Y.C.; Bhushan, B. Mechanically durable carbon nanotube-composite hierarchical structures with superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, and low-drag. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 4155-4163.
58. Zhu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Men, X.; Yang, J.; Wang, K.; Xu, X.; Zhou, X.; Xue, Q. Robust superhydrophobic surfaces with mechanical durability and easy repairability. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15793-15797.
59. Emami, B.; Bucher, T.M.; Tafreshi, H.V., Pestov, D.; Gad-el-Hak, M.; Tepper, G.C. Simulation of meniscus stability in superhydrophobic granular surfaces under hydrostatic pressures. Colloids Surf. A 2011, 385, 95-103.
60. Yang, H.; Deng, Y. Preparation and physical properties of superhydrophobic papers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 325, 588-593.
61. Bhagat, S.D.; Kim, Y.-H.; Suh, K.-H.; Ahn, Y.-S.; Yeo, J.-G.; Han, J.-H. Super hydrophobic silica aerogel powders with simultaneous surface modification, solvent exchange and sodium ion removal from hydrogels. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2008, 112, 504-509.
62. Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the drag reduction of submerged aerogel-particle coatings. Colloids Surf. A 2012, 399, 62-70.
63. Ma, M.; Mao, Y.; Gupta, M.; Gleason, K.K.; Rutledge, G.C. Superhydrophobic fabrics produced by electrospinning and chemical vapor deposition. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 9742-9748.
64. Singh, A.; Steely, L.; Allcock, H.R. Poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] superhydrophobic nanofibers. Langmuir 2005, 21, 11604-11607.
65. Zhu, M.; Zuo, W.; Yu, H.; Yang, W.; Chen, Y. Superhydrophobic surface directly created by electrospinning based on hydrophilic material. J. Mater. Sci. 2006, 41, 3793-3797.
66. Ochanda, F.O.; Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Tepper, G.C.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Fabrication of superhydrophobic fiber coatings by DC-biased AC-electrospinning. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 123, 1112-1119.
67. Sarkar, S.; Deevi, S.; Tepper, G. Biased AC electrospinning of aligned polymer nanofibers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 1034-1039.
68. Wang, X.; Ding, B.; Yu, J.; Wang, M. Engineering biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces of electrospun nanomaterials. Nano Today 2011, 6, 510-530.
69. Lin, J.; Wang, X.; Ding, B.; Yu, J.; Sun, G.; Wang, M. Biomimicry via electrospinning. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2012, 37, 94-114.
70. Laird, E.D.; Bose, R.K.; Qi, H.; Lau, K.K.S.; Li, C.Y. Electric field-induced, reversible lotus-to-rose transition in nanohybrid shish kebab paper with hierarchical roughness. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 12089-12098.
71. Srinivasan, S.; Chhatre, S.S.; Mabry, J.M.; Cohen, R.E.; McKinley, G.H. Solution spraying of poly(methyl methacrylate) blends to fabricate microtextured, superoleophobic surfaces. Polymer 2011, 52, 3209-3218.
72. Srinivasan, S.; Choi,W.; Park, K.-C.; Chhatre, S.S.; Cohen, R.E.; McKinley, G.H. Drag reduction for viscous laminar flow on spray-coated non-wetting surfaces. Soft Matter 2013, 9, 5691-5702.
73. Huang, X.; Chrisman, J.D; Zacharia, N.S. Omniphobic slippery coatings based on lubricant-infused porous polyelectrolyte multilayers. ACS Macro Lett. 2013, 2, 826-829.
74. Shillingford, C.; MacCallum, N.; Wong, T-S.; Kim, P.; Aizenberg, J. Fabrics coated with lubricated nanostructures display robust omniphobicity. Nanotechnology 2014, 25, doi:10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014019.
75. Gad-el-Hak, M. Flow Control: Passive, Active, and Reactive Flow Management; Cambridge University Press: London, UK, 2000.
76. Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Sustainability of superhydrophobicity under pressure. Phys. Fluids 2012, 24, doi:10.1063/1.4766200.
77. Gad-el-Hak, M. The fluid mechanics of microdevices-The freeman scholar lecture. J. Fluids Eng. 1999, 121, 5-33.
78. Lauga, E.; Brenner, M.P.; Stone, H.A. Microfluidics: The no-slip boundary condition. In Handbook of Experimental Fluid Dynamics; Tropea, C., Yarin, A., Foss, J., Eds.; Springer:New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 1219-1240.
79. Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Modeling drag reduction and meniscus stability of superhydrophobic surfaces comprised of random roughness. Phys. Fluids 2011, 23, doi:10.1063/1.3537833.
80. Lauga, E.; Stone, H.A. Effective slip in pressure-driven Stokes flow. J. Fluid Mech. 2003, 489, 55-77.
81. Ou, J.; Perot, J.B.; Rothstein, J.P. Laminar drag reduction in microchannels using ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Phys. Fluids 2004, 16, 4635-4643.
82. Ou, J.; Rothstein, J.P. Direct velocity measurements of the flow past drag-reducing ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Phys. Fluids 2005, 17, doi:10.1063/1.2109867.
83. Ybert, C.; Barentin, C.; Cécile, C.-B.; Jospeh, P.; Bocquet, L. Achieving large slip with superhydrophobic surfaces: Scaling laws for generic geometries. Phys. Fluids, 2007, 19, doi:10.1063/1.2815730.
84. Cheng, Y.P.; Teo, C.J.; Khoo, B.C. Microchannel flow with superhydrophobic surfaces: Effects of Reynolds number and pattern width to channel height ratio. Phys. Fluids 2009, 21, doi:10.1063/1.3281130.
85. Daniello, R.; Waterhouse, N.E.; Rothstein, J.P. Drag reduction in turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces. Phys. Fluids 2009, 21, doi:10.1063/1.3207885.
86. Martell, M.; Perot, J.B.; Rothstein, J.P. Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces. J. Fluid Mech. 2009, 620, 31-41.
87. Davis, A.M.J.; Lauga, E. The friction of a mesh-like super-hydrophobic surface. Phys. Fluids 2009, 21, doi:10.1063/1.3250947.
88. Woolford, B.; Prince, J.; Maynes, D.; Webb, B.W. Particle image velocimetry characterization of turbulent channel flow with rib patterned superhydrophobic walls. Phys. Fluids 2009, 21, doi:10.1063/1.3213607.
89. Patankar, N.A. Transition between superhydrophobic states on rough surfaces. Langmuir 2004, 20, 7097-7102.
90. Barbieri, L.; Wagner, E.; Hoffmann, P. Water wetting transition parameters of perfluorinated substrates with periodically distributed flat-top microscale obstacles. Langmuir 2007, 23, 1723-1734.
91. Extrand, C.W. Criteria for ultralyophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2004, 20, 5013-5018.
92. Extrand, C.W. Designing for optimum liquid repellency. Langmuir 2006, 22, 1711-1714.
93. Zheng, Q.S.; Yu, Y.; Zhao, Z.H. Effects of hydraulic pressure on the stability and transition of wetting modes of superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2005, 21, 12207-12212.
94. Okabe, A.; Boots, B.; Sugihara, K.; Chiu, S.N.; Kendall, D.G. Spatial Tessellations: Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester, England, 2000.
95. Emami, B.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M.; Tepper, G.C. Predicting shape and stability of air-water interface on superhydrophobic surfaces with randomly distributed, dissimilar posts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 203106:1-203106:3.
96. Bucher, T.M.; Emami, B.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M.; Tepper, G.C. Modeling resistance of nanofibrous superhydrophobic coatings to hydrostatic pressures: The role of microstructure. Phys. Fluids 2012, 24, doi:10.1063/1.3686833.
97. Kang, Q.; Wang, M.; Mukherjee, P.P.; Lichtner, P.C. Mesoscopic modeling of multiphysicochemical transport phenomena in porous media. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2010, 2010, 142879:1-142879:11.
98. Mukherjee, P.P.; Kang, Q.; Wang, C-Y. Pore-scale modeling of two-phase transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cells-Progress and perspective. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 346-369.
99. Emami, B.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M.; Tepper, G.C. Predicting shape and stability of air-water interface on superhydrophobic surfaces comprised of pores with arbitrary shapes and depths. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 013104:1-013104:4.
100. Emami, B.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M.; Tepper, G.C. Effect of fiber orientation on shape and stability of air-water interface on submerged superhydrophobic electrospun thin coatings. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 111, doi:10.1063/1.3697895.
101. Extrand, C.W. Repellency of the Lotus Leaf: Resistance to Water Intrusion under Hydrostatic Pressure. Langmuir 2011, 27, 6920-6925.
102. Sheng, X.; Zhang, J. Air layer on superhydrophobic surface underwater. Colloids Surf. A 2011, 377, 374-378.
103. Otsu, N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 1979, 9, 62-66.
104. Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Novel method to characterize superhydrophobic coatings. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 395, 315-321.
105. Lei, L.; Li, H.; Shi, J.; Chen, Y. Diffraction patterns of a water-submerged superhydrophobic grating under pressure. Langmuir 2010, 26, 3666-3669.
106. Rathgen, H.; Mugele, F. Microscopic shape and contact angle measurement at a superhydrophobic surface. Faraday Discuss. 2010, 146, 49-56.
107. Drelich, J. Guidelines to measurements of reproducible contact angles using a sessile-drop technique. Surface Innovations 2013, 1, 248-254.
108. Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Influence of flow on longevity of superhydrophobic coatings. Langmuir 2012, 28, 9759-9766.
109. Ochanda, F.O.; Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Tepper, G.C.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Salinity effects on the degree of hydrophobicity and longevity for superhydrophobic fibrous coatings. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 124, 5021-5026.
110. Emami, B.; Hemeda, A.A.; Amrei, M.M.; Luzar, A.; Gad-el-Hak, M.; Tafreshi, H.V. Predicting longevity of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces with parallel grooves. Phys. Fluids 2013, 25, doi:10.1063/1.4811830.
111. Barth, C.A.; Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Convective mass transfer from submerged superhydrophobic surfaces. Int. J. Flow Contr. 2013, 5, 79-88.
112. Barth, C.A.; Samaha, M.A.; Tafreshi, H.V.; Gad-el-Hak, M. Convective mass transfer from submerged superhydrophobic surfaces: Turbulent flow. Int. J. Flow Contr. 2013, 5, 143-152.
113. Stephani, K.A.; Goldstein, D.B. An Examination of trapped bubbles for viscous drag reduction on submerged surfaces. J. Fluids Eng. 2010, 132, doi:10.1115/1.4001273.
114. Lee, C.; Kim, C.-J. Underwater restoration and retention of gases on superhydrophobic surfaces for drag reduction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.014502 .
115. Smith, J.D.; Dhiman, R.; Anand, S.; Reza-Garduno, E.; Cohen, R.E.; McKinley, G.H.; Varanasi, K.K. Droplet mobility on lubricant-impregnated surfaces. Soft Matter 2013, 9, 1772-1780.
116. Okada, I.; Shiratori, S. High-transparency, self-standable Gel-SLIPS fabricated by a facile nanoscale phase separation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1502-1508.
117. Epstein, A.K.;Wong, T.-S.; Belisleb, R.A.; Boggsa, E.M.; Aizenberg, J. Liquid-infused structured surfaces with exceptional anti-biofouling performance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 13182-13187.
118. Xiao, L.; Li, J.; Mieszkin, S.; Fino, A.D.; Clare, A.S.; Callow, M.E.; Callow, J.A.; Grunze, M.; Rosenhahn, A.; Levkin, P.A. Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces showing marine antibiofouling properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 10074-10080.
119. Li, J.; Kleintschek, T.; Rieder, A.; Cheng, Y.; Baumbach, T.; Obst, U.; Schwartz, T.; Levkin, P.A. Hydrophobic liquid-infused porous polymer surfaces for antibacterial applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 6704-6711.
120. Daniel, D.; Mankin, M.N.; Belisleb, R.A.; Wong, T.-S.; Aizenberg, J. Lubricant-infused micro/nano-structured surfaces with tunable dynamic omniphobicity at high temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, doi:10.1063/1.4810907.