Extracellular polymeric substances of bacteria and their potential environmental applications

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 144, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-25

  More, T T ^a   Yadav, J S S ^a   Yan, S ^a   Tyagi, R D ^a   Surampalli, R Y ^b  

^a CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacterial polymers; Bioflocculants; Extracellular polymeric substances; Pollution control; Sludge; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; BIOMOLECULES; BIOPOLYMERS; CHEMICALS REMOVAL (WATER TREATMENT); DEGRADATION; EXTRACTION; INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH; INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT; NUTRIENTS; POLLUTION CONTROL; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WATER POLLUTION; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

BACTERIAL POLYMERS; BIOFLOCCULANTS; ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS; EPS PRODUCTION; EXTRACELLULAR; EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE; MATRIX; POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE; RESEARCH NEEDS; SLUDGE;

PURIFICATION;

BIOPOLYMER; CARBOHYDRATE; CATION; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE; GLYCOPROTEIN; LIPID; METAL ION; MICROBIAL PRODUCTS NOT CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; POLYAMIDE; SURFACTANT; TRACE ELEMENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URONIC ACID; VITAMIN; WATER POLLUTANT;

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DEWATERING; FLOCCULATION; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; POLYMER; STABILIZATION;

ADSORPTION; AGROBACTERIUM; ALCALIGENES FAECALIS; ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA; AZOTOBACTER; BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIUM; BETAPROTEOBACTERIA; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADATION; BIOMASS; BIOREMEDIATION; BIOSORPTION; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CARBON SOURCE; CELL GROWTH; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHRYSEOBACTERIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND RELATED PHENOMENA; ENVIRONMENTAL RECLAMATION; EXTRACTION; FLOCCULATION; GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMIC SUBSTANCE; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; INOCULATION; KLEBSIELLA; LANDFILL LEACHATE; LYSINIBACILLUS SPHAERICUS; NONHUMAN; PH; PROTEIN CONTENT; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; SLUDGE DEWATERING; SYMBIOSIS; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; WASTE COMPONENT REMOVAL; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER TREATMENT; YEAST CELL; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; SEWAGE; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER POLLUTANT;

BACTERIA; BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; BIOPOLYMERS; FLOCCULATION; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84901941392     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: 10958630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.010     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Aislabie J., Saul D., Foght J. Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated polar soils. Extremophiles 2006, 10:171-179.
2. Applegate D.H., Bryers J.D. Effects of carbon and oxygen limitations and calcium concentrations on biofilm removal processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1991, 37:17-25.
3. Appels L., Baeyens J., Dewil R. Siloxane removal from biosolids by peroxidation. Energy Convers. Manag. 2008, 49:2859-2864.
4. Badireddy A.R., Chellam S., Yanina S., Gassman P., Rosso K.M. Bismuth dimercaptopropanol (BisBAL) inhibits the expression of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins by Brevundimonas diminuta: implications for membrane microfiltration. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008, 99:634-643.
5. Barker D.J., Stuckey D.C. Areview of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems. Water Res. 1999, 33:3063-3082.
6. Bayer A.S., Efreshteh F., Tu J., Nast C.C., Speert D.P. Oxygen-dependent up-regulation of Mucoid exopolysaccharide (Alginate) production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Immun. 1990, 58:1344-1349.
7. Bender H., Rodriguez-Eatun S., Ekanemesang U., Phillips P. Characterization of metal-binding bioflocculants produced by the cyanobacterial component of mixed microbial mats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60:2311-2315.
8. Bhaskar P.V., Bhosle N.B. Bacterial extracellular polymeric substance (EPS): a carrier of heavy metals in the marine food-chain. Environ. Int. 2006, 32:191-198.
9. Bos R., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J. Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesive interactions-its mechanisms and methods for study. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1999, 23:179-230.
10. Brown M.J., Lester J.N. Metal removal in activated sludge: the role of bacterial extracellular polymers. Water Res. 1979, 13:817-837.
11. Bruus J.H., Nielsen P.H., Keiding K. On the stability of activated sludge flocs with implications to dewatering. Water Res. 1992, 26:1597-1604.
12. Buffle J., Greter F.L., Haerdi W. Measurement of complexation properties of humic acid and fulvic acids in natural water with lead and copper ion selective electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1977, 49:216-222.
13. Bura R., Cheung M., Liao B., Finlayson J., Lee B.C., Droppo I.G., Leppard G.G., Liss S.N. Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge floc matrix. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 37:325-333.
14. Burdon J. Are the traditional concepts of the structures of humic substances realistic?. Soil Sci. 2001, 166:752-769.
15. Buthelezi S., Olaniran A., Pillay B. Production and characterization of bioflocculants from bacteria isolated from wastewater treatment plant in South Africa. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2010, 15:874-881.
16. Buthelezi S.P. Application of Bacterial Bioflocculants for Wastewater and River Water Treatment 2008, Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology Theses, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
17. Buthelezi S.P., Olaniran A.O., Pillay B. Turbidity and microbial load removal from river water using bioflocculants from indigenous bacteria isolated from wastewater in South Africa. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009, 8:3261-3266.
18. Cetin S., Erdincler A. The role of carbohydrate and protein parts of extracellular polymeric substances on the dewaterability of biological sludges. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50:49-56.
19. Chandran P., Das N. Degradation of diesel oil by immobilized Candida tropicalis and biofilm formed on gravels. Biodegradation 2011, 22:1181-1189.
20. Chen Y., Yang H., Gu G. Effect of acid and surfactant treatment on activated sludge dewatering and settling. Water Res. 2001, 35:2615-2620.
21. Chien C.-C., Lin B.-C., Wu C.-H. Biofilm formation and heavy metal resistance by an environmental Pseudomonas sp. Biochem. Eng. J. 2013, 78:132-137.
22. Comte S., Guibaud G., Baudu M. Biosorption properties of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) resulting from activated sludge according to their type: soluble or bound. Process Biochem. 2006, 41:815-823.
23. Comte S., Guibaud G., Baudu M. Relations between extraction protocols for activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and EPS complexation properties: part I. Comparison of the efficiency of eight EPS extraction methods. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2006, 38:237-245.
24. Comte S., Guibaud G., Baudu M. Effect of extraction method on EPS from activated sludge: an HPSEC investigation. J.Hazard. Mater. 2007, 140:129-137.
25. Czaczyk K., Myszk K. Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and its role in microbial biofilm formation. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2007, 16:799-806.
26. D'Abzac P., Bordas F., Van Hullebusch E., Lens P., Guibaud G. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from anaerobic granular sludges: comparison of chemical and physical extraction protocols. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 85:1589-1599.
27. Davies G., Ghabbour E.A. Humic acids: marvelous products of soil chemistry. J.Chem. Educ. 2001, 78:1609-1614.
28. Deng S.D., Bai R.B., Hu X.H., Luo Q.L. Characteristics of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus and its use in starch wastewater treatment. Appl. Microb. Biotech. 2003, 60:588-593.
29. Dennis M., Turner J. Hydraulic conductivity of compacted soil treated with biofilm. J.Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1998, 124:120-127.
30. Dermlim W., Prasertsan P., Doelle H. Screening and characterization of bioflocculant produced by isolated Klebsiella sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1999, 52:698-703.
31. Dewil R., Baeyens J., Neyens E. Reducing the heavy metal content of sewage sludge by advanced sludge treatment methods. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2006, 23:994-999.
32. Dewil R., Baeyens J., Goutvrind R. Ultrasonication treatment of waste activated sludge. Environ. Prog. 2006, 25:121-128.
33. Dignac M.F., Urbain V., Rybacki D., Bruchet A., Snidaro D., Scribe P. Chemical description of extracellular polymers: implication on activated sludge floc structure. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 38:45-53.
34. Drews A., Lee C.-H., Kraume M. Membrane fouling - a review on the role of EPS. Desalination 2006, 200:186-188.
35. Droppo I.G. Biofilm structure and bed stability of five contrasting freshwater sediments. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2009, 60:690-699.
36. Durmaz B., Sanin F.D. Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio on the composition of microbial extracellular polymers in activated sludge. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 44:221-229.
37. Esparza-Soto M., Westerhoff P. Biosorption of humic and fulvic acids to live activated sludge biomass. Water Res. 2003, 37:2301-2310.
38. Fang W., Hu J.Y., Ong S.L. Influence of phosphorus on biofilm formation in model drinking water distribution systems. J.Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 106:1328-1335.
39. Farrah S.R., Unz R.F. Isolation of exocellular polymer from Zoogloea strains MP6 and 106 and from activated sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976, 32:33-37.
40. Flemming H.-C., Leis A. Sorption Properties of Biofilms, Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
41. Flemming H.-C., Wingender J.G., Mayer C. Physico-chemical properties of biofilms. Biofilms: Recent Advances in Their Study and Control 2000, 19-34. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. L.V. Evans (Ed.).
42. Flemming H.C., Wingender J. Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) Part I: structural and ecological aspects. Water Sci. Tech. 2001, 43:1-8.
43. Flemming H.C., Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 8:623-633.
44. Flemming H.C., Wingender J., Griebe T., Mayer C. Chapter 2: physico-chemical properties of biofilms. Biofilms: Recent Advances in Their Study and Control 2005, Harwood Academic Publishers. L.V. Evans (Ed.).
45. Fujita M., Ike M., Tachibana S., Kitada G., Kim S.M., Inoue Z. Characterization of a bioflocculant produced by Citrobacter sp.-TKF04 from Acetic and Propionic acids. J.Biosci. Bioeng. 2000, 89:40-46.
46. Fusconi R., Godinho M.J.L., Hernández I.L.C., Bossolan N.R.S. Gordonia polyisoprenivorans from groundwater contaminated with landfill leachate in a subtropical area: characterization of the isolate and exopolysaccharide production. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2006, 37:168-174.
47. Gadd G.M. Metals and microorganisms: a problem of definition. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1992, 100:197-203.
48. Gamar-Nourani L., Blondeau K., Simonet J.M. Influence of culture conditions on exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain C83. J.Appl. Microbiol. 1998, 85:664-672.
49. Gandhi H.P., Ray R.M., Patel R.M. Exopolymer production by Bacillus species. Carbohydr. Polym. 1997, 34:323-327.
50. Gao J., Bao H.-y., Xin M.-x., Liu Y.-x., Li Q., Zhang Y.-f Characterization of a bioflocculant from a newly isolated Vagococcus sp. W31. J.Zhejiang Univ. -Sci. B 2006, 7:186-192.
51. Gerbersdorf S.U., Jancke T., Westrich B., Paterson D.M. Microbial stabilization of riverine sediments by extracellular polymeric substances. Geobiology 2008, 6:57-69.
52. Gonçalves R.F., Luduvice M., von Sperling M. Sludge thickening and dewatering. Sludge Treatment and Disposal 2007, IWA Publishing, London, UK. V.A. Cleverson, M. von Sperling, F. Fernandes (Eds.).
53. Gong W.-X., Wang S.-G., Sun X.-F., Liu X.-W., Yue Q.-Y., Gao B.-Y. Bioflocculant production by culture of Serratia ficaria and its application in wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:4668-4674.
54. Guibaud G., Tixier N., Bouju A., Baudu M. Relation between extracellular polymers composition and its ability to complex Cd, Cu and Pb. Chemosphere 2003, 52:1701-1710.
55. Guiné V., Spadini L., Sarret G., Muris M., Dedolme C., Gaudet J.-P., Martins J.M.F. Zinc sorption to three gram-negative bacteria: combined titration, modeling and EXAFS study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:1806-1813.
56. Ha J., Gélabert A., Spormann A.M., Brown G.E. Role of extracellular polymeric substances in metal ion complexation on Shewanella oneidensis: batch uptake, thermodynamic modeling, ATR-FTIR, and EXAFS study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:1-15.
57. Hantula J., Bamford D.H. Bacteriophage resistance and flocculation deficiency of Flavobacterium sp. are phenotypically interrelated. Appl. Microb. Biotech. 1991, 36:105-108.
58. He N., Li Y., Chen J., Lun S.-Y. Identification of a novel bioflocculant from a newly isolated Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biochem. Eng. J. 2002, 11:137-148.
59. Higgins M.J., Novak J.T. Characterization of exocellular protein and its role in bioflocculation. J.Environ. Eng. 1997, 123:479-485.
60. Higgins M.J., Novak J.T. Dewatering and settling of activated sludges: the case for using cation analysis. Water Environ. Res. 1997, 69:225-232.
61. Higgins M.J., Novak J.T. The effect of cations on the settling and dewatering of activated sludges: laboratory results. Water Env. Res. 1997, 69:215-224.
62. Hitchen P.G., Dell A. Bacterial glycoproteomics. Microbiology 2006, 152:1575-1580.
63. Hoa P.T., Nair L., Visvanathan C. The effect of nutrients on extracellular polymeric substance production and its influence on sludge properties. Water SA 2003, 29:437-442.
64. Houghton J.I., Quarmby J., Stephenson T. Municipal wastewater sludge dewaterability and the presence of microbial extracellular polymer. Water Sci. Tech. 2001, 44:373-379.
65. Houghton J.I., Stephenson T. Effect of influent organic content on digested sludge extracellular polymer content and dewaterability. Water Res. 2002, 36:3620-3628.
66. Hu Z., Jin J., Abruña H.D., Houston P.L., Hay A.G., Ghiorse W.C., Shuler M.L., Hidalgo G., Lion L.W. Spatial distributions of copper in microbial biofilms by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 41:936-941.
67. Hug I., Feldman M.F. Analogies and homologies in lipopolysaccharide and glycoprotein biosynthesis in bacteria. Glycobiology 2011, 21:138-151.
68. Inbaraj B.S., Chiu C.P., Ho G.H., Yang J., Chen B.H. Effects of temperature and pH on adsorption of basic brown 1 by the bacterial biopolymer poly(γ-glutamic acid). Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:1026-1035.
69. Ivanov V., Chu J. Applications of microorganisms to geotechnical engineering for bioclogging and biocementation of soil in situ. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol. 2008, 7:139-153.
70. Janga N., Ren X., Kim G., Ahn C., Cho J., Kim I.S. Characteristics of soluble microbial products and extracellular polymeric substances in the membrane bioreactor for water reuse. Desalination 2007, 202:90-98.
71. Jarvis P., Jefferson B., Gregory J., Parsons S.A. Areview of floc strength and breakage. Water Res. 2005, 39:3121-3137.
72. Ji B., Zhang X.Y., Li Z., Xie H.Q., Xiao X.M., Fan G.J. Flocculation properties of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus licheniformis. Water Sci. Technol. 2010, 62:1907-1913.
73. Jia C., Li P., Li X., Tai P., Liu W., Gong Z. Degradation of pyrene in soils by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from liquid cultures. Process Biochem. 2011, 46:1627-1631.
74. Jin B., Wilén B.-M., Lant P. Impacts of morphological, physical and chemical properties of sludge flocs on dewaterability of activated sludge. Chem. Eng. J. 2004, 98:115-126.
75. Jin B., Wilen B.M., Lant P. Acomprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge. Chem. Eng. J. 2003, 95:221-234.
76. Jorand F., Boué-Bigne F., Block J.C., Urbain V. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of activated sludge exopolymeric substances. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 37:307-315.
77. Joshi P.M., Juwarkar A.A. Vivo studies to elucidate the role of extracellular polymeric substances from Azotobacter in immobilization of heavy metals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:5884-5889.
78. Keiding K., Nielsen P.H. Desorption of organic macromolecules from activated sludge: effect of ionic composition. Water Res. 1997, 31:1665-1672.
79. Klausen M.M., Thomsen T.R., Nielsen J.L., Mikkelsen L.H., Nielsen P.H. Variations in microcolony strength of probe-defined bacteria in activated sludge flocs. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2004, 50:123-132.
80. Kurane R., Hatakeyama S., Tsugeno H. Correlation between flocculant production and morphological changes in Rhodococcus erythropolis S-1. J.Ferment. Bioeng. 1991, 72:498-500.
81. Laspidou C.S., Rittmann B.E. Aunified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass. Water Res. 2002, 36:2711-2720.
82. Lee J.W., Yeomans W.G., Allen A.L., Deng F., Gross R.A., Kaplan D.L. Biosynthesis of novel exopolymers by Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65:5265-5271.
83. Lesmana S.O., Febriana N., Soetaredjo F.E., Sunarso J., Ismadji S. Studies on potential applications of biomass for the separation of heavy metals from water and wastewater. Biochem. Eng. J. 2009, 44:19-41.
84. Li O., Lu C., Liu A., Zhu L., Wang P.-M., Qian C.-D., Jiang X.-H., Wu X.-C. Optimization and characterization of polysaccharide-based bioflocculant produced by Paenibacillus elgii B69 and its application in wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 134:87-93.
85. Li W., Mutuvulla M., Chen X., Jiang M., Dong M. Isolation and identification of high viscosity-producing lactic acid bacteria from a traditional fermented milk in Xinjiang and its role in fermentation process. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2012, 1-9.
86. Li X.-M., Yang Q., Huang K., Zeng G.-M., Liao D.-X., Liu J.-J., Long W.-F. Screening and characterization of a bioflocculant produced by Aeromonas sp. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2007, 20:274-278.
87. Li X.Y., Yang S.F. Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge. Water Res. 2007, 41:1022-1030.
88. Li Z., Zhong S., Lei H.-y., Chen R.-w., Yu Q., Li H.-L. Production of a novel bioflocculant by Bacillus licheniformis X14 and its application to low temperature drinking water treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100:3650-3656.
89. Lian B., Chen Y., Zhao J., Teng H.H., Zhu L., Yuan S. Microbial flocculation by Bacillus mucilaginosus: applications and mechanisms. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:4825-4831.
90. Lin J., Harichund C. Production and characterization of heavy-metal removing bacterial bioflocculants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2012, 11:9619-9629.
91. Lin H., Zhang M., Wang F., Meng F., Liao B.Q., Hong H., Chen J., Gao W. Acritical review of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in membrane bioreactors: characteristics, roles in membrane fouling and control strategies. J.Membr. Sci. 2014, 460:110-125.
92. Liu A., Ahn I.-S., Mansfield C., Lion L.W., Shuler M.L., Ghiorse W.C. Phenanthrene desorption from soil in the presence of bacterial extracellular polymer: observations and model predictions of dynamic beheavior. Water Res. 2001, 35:835-843.
93. Liu H., Fang H.P. Characterization of electrostatic binding sites of extracellular polymers by linear programming analysis of titration data. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 80:806-811.
94. Liu W., Wang K., Li B., Yuan H., Yang J. Production and characterization of an intracellular bioflocculant by Chryseobacterium daeguense W6 cultured in low nutrition medium. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:1044-1048.
95. Liu W., Yuan H., Yang J., Li B. Characterization of bioflocculants from biologically aerated filter backwashed sludge and its application in dying wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100:2629-2632.
96. Liu X.-M., Sheng G.-P., Yu H.-Q. DLVO approach to the flocculability of a photosynthetic H2-producing bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:4620-4625.
97. Liu X.M., Sheng G.P., Luo H.W., Zhang F., Yuan S.J., Xu J., Zeng R.J., Wu J.G., Yu H.Q. Contribution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to the sludge aggregation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:4355-4360.
98. Loaëc M., Olier R., Guezennec J. Uptake of lead, cadmium and zinc by a novel bacterial exopolysaccharide. Water Res. 1997, 31:1171-1179.
99. López A., Lázaro N., Priego J.M., Marqués A.M. Effect of pH on the biosorption of nickel and other heavy metals by Pseudomonas fluorescens 4F39. J.Indus. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000, 24:146-151.
100. Lu W.-Y., Zhang T., Zhang D.-Y., Li C.-H., Wen J.-P., Du L.-X. Anovel bioflocculant produced by Enterobacter aerogenes and its use in defecating the trona suspension. Biochem. Eng. J. 2005, 27:1-7.
101. Ma F., Lui J.L., Yang J.X., Zhang L.Q., Wu B., Zhu Y.B. Development of complex microbial flocculant. China Water Wastewater 2003, 19:1-4.
102. Ma F., Zheng L., Chi Y. Applications of biological flocculants (BFs) for coagulation treatment in water purification: turbidity elimination. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 2008, 22:321-326.
103. Mabinya L.V., Cosa S., Nwodo U., Okoh A.I. Studies on bioflocculant production by Arthrobacter sp. Raats, a freshwater bacteria isolated from Tyume river, South Africa. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13:1054-1065.
104. Mårtensson O., Öste R., Holst O. Texture promoting capacity and EPS formation by lactic acid bacteria in three different oat-based non-dairy media. Eur. food Res. Technol. 2002, 214:232-236.
105. Marvasi M., Visscher P.T., Casillas Martinez L. Exopolymeric substances (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis: polymers and genes encoding their synthesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2010, 313:1-9.
106. Mayer C., Moritz R., Kirschner C., Borchard W., Maibaum R., Wingender J., Flemming H.-C. The role of intermolecular interactions: studies on model systems for bacterial biofilms. Int. J. Biolog. Macromol. 1999, 26:3-16.
107. Mikkelsen L.H., Keiding K. Physico-chemical characteristics of full scale sewage sludges with implications to dewatering. Water Res. 2002, 36:2451-2462.
108. Mikkelsen L.H., Nielsen P.H. Quantification of the bond energy of bacteria attached to activated sludge floc surfaces. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 43:67-75.
109. Mikutta R., Baumgärtner A., Schippers A., Haumaier L., Guggenberger G. Extracellular polymeric substances from Bacillus subtilis associated with minerals modify the extent and rate of heavy metal sorption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:3866-3873.
110. Moon S.-H., Park C.-S., Kim Y.-J., Park Y.-I. Biosorption isotherms of Pb (II) and Zn (II) on Pestan, an extracellular polysaccharide, of Pestalotiopsis sp. KCTC 8637P. Process Biochem. 2006, 41:312-316.
111. More T.T., Yan S., Hoang N.V., Tyagi R.D., Surampalli R.Y. Bacterial polymer production using pre-treated sludge as raw material and its flocculation and dewatering potential. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 121:431.
112. More T.T., Yan S., John R.P., Tyagi R.D., Surampalli R.Y. Biochemical diversity of the bacterial strains and their biopolymer producing capabilities in wastewater sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 121:304-311.
113. More T.T., Yan S., Tyagi R.D., Surampalli R.Y. Potential use of filamentous fungi for wastewater sludge treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:7691-7700.
114. Moura M.N., Martín M.J., Burguillo F.J. Acomparative study of the adsorption of humic acid, fulvic acid and phenol onto Bacillus subtilis and activated sludge. J.Hazard. Mater. 2007, 149:42-48.
115. Nakamura J., Miyashiro S., Hirose Y. Conditions of production of microbial cell flocculant by Aspergillus sojae AJ-7002. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1976, 40:1341-1347.
116. Nam J.S., Kwon G.S., Lee S.O., Hwang J.S., Lee J.D., Yoon B.D., Lee T.H. Bioflocculant produced by Aspergillus sp. JS-42. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1996, 60:235-237.
117. Neyens E., Baeyens J., Dewil R., De heyder B. Advanced sludge treatment affects extracellular polymeric substances to improve activated sludge dewatering. J.Hazard. Mater. 2004, 106:83-92.
118. Nguyen T.P., Hankins N.P., Hilal N. Acomparative study of the flocculation behaviour and final properties of synthetic and activated sludge in wastewater treatment. Desalination 2007, 204:277-295.
119. Ni B.-J., Yu H.-Q. Microbial products of activated sludge in biological wastewater treatment systems: a critical review. Critical Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 42:187-223.
120. Nichols C.M., Bowman J.P., Guezennec J. Effects of incubation temperature on growth and production of exopolysaccharides by an antarctic sea ice bacterium grown in batch culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71:3519-3523.
121. Nielsen P.H., Frølund B., Keiding K. Changes in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in activated sludge during anaerobic storage. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1996, 44:823-830.
122. Nontembiso P., Sekelwa C., Leonard M.V., Anthony O.I. Assessment of bioflocculant production by Bacillus sp. Gilbert, a Marine bacterium isolated from the bottom sediment of Algoa Bay. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9:1232-1242.
123. Pal A., Paul A. Microbial extracellular polymeric substances: central elements in heavy metal bioremediation. Indian J. Microbiol. 2008, 48:49-64.
124. Pan X., Liu J., Zhang D., Chen X., Song W., Wu F. Binding of dicamba to soluble and bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from aerobic activated sludge: a fluorescence quenching study. J.Coll. Interf. Sci. 2010, 345:442-447.
125. Park C., Novak J.T. Characterization of activated sludge exocellular polymers using several cation-associated extraction methods. Water Res. 2007, 41:1679-1688.
126. Park C., Novak J.T. Characterization of lectins and bacterial adhesions in activated sludge flocs. Water Environ. Res. 2009, 81:755-764.
127. Patil S., Patil C., Salunke B., Salunkhe R., Bathe G., Patil D. Studies on characterization of bioflocculant exopolysaccharide of Azotobacter indicus and its potential for wastewater treatment. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2011, 163:463-472.
128. Pavoni J.L., Tenney M.W., Echelberger W.F.J. Bacterial extracellular polymers and biological flocculation. J.Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1972, 44:414-431.
129. Pena-Mèndez E.M., Havel J., Patočka J. Humic substances ñ compounds of still unknown structure: applications in agriculture, industry, environment, and biomedicine. J.Appl. Biomed. 2005, 3:13-24.
130. Peter O.B. Chapter 7: biological remediation of hydrocarbon and heavy metals contaminated soil. Soil Contamination 2011, InTech. S. Pascucci (Ed.).
131. Prasanna R., Jaiswal P., Kaushik B.D. Cyanobacteria as potential options for environmental sustainability-promises and challenges. Indian J. Microbiol. 2008, 48:89-94.
132. Priester J.H., Olson S.G., Webb S.M., Neu M.P., Hersman L.E., Holden P.A. Enhanced exopolymer production and chromium stabilization in Pseudomonas putida unsaturated biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72:1988-1996.
133. Ramesh A., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Membrane biofouling by extracellular polymeric substances or soluble microbial products from membrane bioreactor sludge. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 74(3):699-707.
134. Raszka A., Chorvatova M., Wanner J. The role and significance of extracellular polymers in activated sludge. Part I: literature review. Acta hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 2006, 34:411-424.
135. Rehm B.H.A. Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 8:578-592.
136. Renou S., Givaudan J.G., Poulain S., Dirassouyan F., Moulin P. Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity. J.Hazard. Mater. 2008, 150:468-493.
137. Rijnaarts H.H.M., Norde W., Lyklema J., Zehnder A.J.B. DLVO and steric contributions to bacterial deposition in media of different ionic strengths. Coll. Surf. B Biointerf. 1999, 14:179-195.
138. Ross N., Villemur R., Deschênes L., Samson R. Clogging of a limestone fracture by stimulating groundwater microbes. Water Res. 2001, 35:2029-2037.
139. Saito K., Sato S., Shimoi H., Iefuji H., Tadenuma M. Flocculation mechanism of Hansenula anomala J224. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1990, 54:1425-1432.
140. Salehizadeh H., Shojaosadati S.A. Extracellular biopolymeric flocculants: recent trends and biotechnological importance. Biotech. Adv. 2001, 19:371-385.
141. Salehizadeh H., Shojaosadati S.A. Isolation and characterisation of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus firmus. Biotechnol. Lett. 2002, 24:35-40.
142. Salehizadeh H., Vossoughi M., Alemzadeh I. Some investigations on bioflocculant producing bacteria. Biochem. Eng. J. 2000, 5:39-44.
143. Sam S., Kucukasik F., Yenigun O., Nicolaus B., Oner E.T., Yukselen M.A. Flocculating performances of exopolysaccharides produced by a halophilic bacterial strain cultivated on agro-industrial waste. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:1788-1794.
144. Sesay M.L., Özcengiz G., Dilek Sanin F. Enzymatic extraction of activated sludge extracellular polymers and implications on bioflocculation. Water Res. 2006, 40:1359-1366.
145. Sheng G.-P., Yu H.-Q. Relationship between the extracellular polymeric substances and surface characteristics of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 72:126-131.
146. Sheng G.-P., Yu H.-Q., Li X.-Y. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: a review. Biotechnol. Adv. 2010, 28:882-894.
147. Sheng G.-P., Zhang M.-L., Yu H.-Q. Characterization of adsorption properties of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from sludge. Coll. Surf. B Biointerf. 2008, 62:83-90.
148. Sheng Y., Zhang Q., Sheng Y., Li C., Wang H. Screening and flocculating properties of bioflocculant-producing microorganisms. J.Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing Miner. Metall. Material 2006, 13:289-292.
149. Shih I.-L., Van Y.-T. The production of poly-(γ-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresour. Technol. 2001, 79:207-225.
150. Shimofuruya H., Koide A., Shirota K. The production of flocculating substance(s) by Streptomyces griseus. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1995, 60:498-500.
151. Shin H.-S., Kang S.-T., Nam S.-Y. Effect of carbohydrate and protein in the EPS on sludge settling characteristics. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 43:193-196.
152. Shu C.-H., Lung M.-Y. Effect of pH on the production and molecular weight distribution of exopolysaccharide by Antrodia camphorata in batch cultures. Process Biochem. 2004, 39:931-937.
153. Simões M., Simões L.C., Vieira M.J. Areview of current and emergent biofilm control strategies. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 43:573-583.
154. Singh R., Paul D., Jain R.K. Biofilms: implications in bioremediation. Trends Microbiol. 2006, 14:389-397.
155. Sobeck D.C., Higgins M.J. Examination of three theories for mechanisms of cation-induced bioflocculation. Water Res. 2002, 36:527-538.
156. Soberón-Chávez G., Lépine F., Déziel E. Production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2005, 68:718-725.
157. Solís M., Solís A., Pérez H.I., Manjarrez N., Flores M. Microbial decolouration of azo dyes: a review. Process Biochem. 2012, 47:1723-1748.
158. Späth R., Flemming H.C., Wuertz S. Sorption properties of biofilms. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 37:207-210.
159. Sponza D.T. Extracellular polymer substances and physicochemical properties of flocs in steady and unsteady-state activated sludge systems. Process Biochem. 2002, 37:983-998.
160. Stevenson F.J. Humus Chemistry 1982, Wiley Interscience Publications, New York.
161. Subramanian B.S., Yan S., Tyagi R.D., Surampalli R.Y. Bioflocculants. Sustainable Sludge Management - Production of Value Added Products 2009, 146-161. ASCE Publications, Reston, Virginia, ISBN-113: 978-0394440613. R.D. Tyagi, R.Y. Surrampalli, S. Yan, T. Zhang, C.K. Kao, B.N. Lohani (Eds.).
162. Subramanian B.S., Yan S., Tyagi R.D., Surampalli R.Y. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing bacterial strains of municipal wastewater sludge: isolation, molecular identification, EPS characterization and performance for sludge settling and dewatering. Water Res. 2010, 44:2253-2266.
163. Suh H.-H., Kwon G.-S., Lee C.-H., Kim H.-S., Oh H.-M., Yoon B.-D. Characterization of bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. DP-152. J.Ferment. Bioeng. 1997, 84:108-112.
164. Sutherland I.W. Microbial polysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria. Int. Dairy J. 2001, 11:663-674.
165. Takeda M., Koizumi J., Matsuoka H., Hikuma I. Factors affecting the activity of a protein bioflocculant produced by Nocardia amarae. J.Ferment. Bioeng. 1992, 74:408-409.
166. Takeda M., Kurane R., Koizumi J., Nakamura I. Aprotein bioflocculant produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Agri Biol. Chem. 1991, 5:2663-2664.
167. Takegi H., Kadowaki K. Flocculant production by Paecilomyces sp. Taxonomic studies and culture conditions for production. Agri Biol. Chem. 1985, 49:3151-3157.
168. Thompson B.G., Leps W.T. Effect of dissolved oxygen on growth and production of exopolysaccharide by Rhizobium trifolii. J.Ferment. Technol. 1986, 64:335-338.
169. Tian Y. Behaviour of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances from activated sludge: a review. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 32:78-89.
170. Toeda K., Kurane R. Microbial flocculant from Alcaligenes cupidus KT201(Microbiology & fermentation Industry). J.Agric. Biolog. Chem. 1991, 55:2793-2799.
171. Tong Z., Zhe L., Huai-lan Z. Microbial flocculant and its application in environmental protection. J.Environ. Sci. 1999, 11:1-12.
172. Tyagi R.D., Surrampalli R.Y., Yan S., Zhang T.C., Kao C.M., Lohani B.N. Sustainable Sludge Management - Production of Value Added Products 2009, ASCE Publications. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Verginia, USA, 20191-4400.
173. Upreti R.K., Kumar M., Shankar V. Bacterial glycoproteins: functions, biosynthesis and applications. Proteomics 2003, 3:363-379.
174. Urbain V., Block J.C., Manem J. Bioflocculation in activated sludge: an analytic approach. Water Res. 1993, 27:829-838.
175. Vu B., Chen M., Crawford R., Ivanova E. Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides involved in biofilm formation. Molecules 2009, 14:2535-2554.
176. Wang L., Ma F., Qu Y., Sun D., Li A., Guo J., Yu B. Characterization of a compound bioflocculant produced by mixed culture of Rhizobium radiobacter and Bacillus sphaeicus F6. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 27:2559-2565.
177. Wang S.-G., Gong W.-X., Liu X.-W., Tian L., Yue Q.-Y., Gao B.-Y. Production of a novel bioflocculant by culture of Klebsiella mobilis using dairy wastewater. Biochem. Eng. J. 2007, 36:81-86.
178. Wang Z.-W., Liu Y., Tay J.-H. Distribution of EPS and cell surface hydrophobicity in aerobic granules. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2005, 69:469-473.
179. Wang Z., Hessler C.M., Xue Z., Seo Y. The role of extracellular polymeric substances on the sorption of natural organic matter. Water Res. 2012, 46:1052-1060.
180. Wingender J., Neu T.R., Flemming H.C. Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Characterization, Structure and Function 1999, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
181. Wong Y.-S., Ong S.-A., Teng T.-T., Aminah L.N., Kumaran K. Production of bioflocculant by Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. from palm oil mill effluent (POME). Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012, 223:3775-3781.
182. Wu J.-Y., Ye H.-F. Characterization and flocculating properties of an extracellular biopolymer produced from a Bacillus subtilis DYU1 isolate. Process Biochem. 2007, 42:1114-1123.
183. Wuertz S., Spaeth R., Hinderberger A., Griebe T., F H.C., Wilderer P.A. Anew method for extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from biofilms and activated sludge suitable for direct quantification of sorbed metals. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 43:25-31.
184. Xia S., Zhang Z., Wang X., Yang A., Chen L., Zhao J., Leonard D., Jaffrezic-Renault N. Production and characterization of a bioflocculant by Proteus mirabilis TJ-1. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:6520-6527.
185. Xiong Y., Wang Y., Yu Y., Li Q., Wang H., Chen R., He N. Production and characterization of a novel bioflocculant from Bacillus licheniformis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76:2778-2782.
186. Yamayuchi F., Ogawa Y., Kikuchi M., Yuasa K., Motai H. Detection of polyglutamic acid by SDS-PAGE. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1996, 60:255-258.
187. Yang Q., Luo K., Liao D.-x., Li X.-m., Wang D.-b., Liu X., Zeng G.-m., Li X. Anovel bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application to sludge dewatering. Water Environ. J. 2012, 26:560-566.
188. Ye F., Peng G., Li Y. Influences of influent carbon source on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge. Chemosphere 2011, 84:1250-1255.
189. Ye F., Ye Y., Li Y. Effect of C/N ratio on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge flocs. J.Hazard. Mater. 2011, 188:37-43.
190. Yim J.H., Kim S.J., Ahn S.H., Lee H.K. Characterization of a novel bioflocculant, p-KG03, from a marine dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium impudicum KG03. Bioresour. Technol. 2007, 98:361-367.
191. Yokoi H., Natsuda O., Hirose J., Hayashi S., Takasaki Y. Characteristics of a biopolymer flocculant produced by Bacillus sp. PY-90. J.Ferm. Bioeng. 1995, 79:378-380.
192. Yokoi H., Obita T., Hirose J., Hayashi S., Takasaki Y. Flocculation properties of pectin in various suspensions. Bioresour. Technol. 2002, 84:287-290.
193. Yokoi H., Yoshida T., Hirose J., Hayashi S., Takasaki Y. Biopolymer flocculant produced by an Pseudomonas sp. Biotechnol. Tech. 1998, 12:511-514.
194. Yokoi H., Yoshida T., Mori S., Hirose J., Hayashi S., Takasaki Y. Biopolymer flocculant produced by an Enterobacter sp. Biotech. Lett. 1997, 19:569-573.
195. Yu G.H., He P.J., Shao L.M. Characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fractions from excess sludges and their effects on bioflocculability. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100:3193-3198.
196. Yuan S.-J., Sun M., Sheng G.-P., Li Y., Li W.-W., Yao R.-S., Yu H.-Q. Identification of key constituents and structure of the extracellular polymeric substances excreted by Bacillus megaterium TF10 for their flocculation capacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:1152-1157.
197. Yuncu B., Sanin F.D., Yetis U. An investigation of heavy metal biosorption in relation to C/N ratio of activated sludge. J.Hazard. Mater. 2006, 137:990-997.
198. Zhang C.L., Cui Y.N., Wang Y. Bioflocculant produced from bacteria for decolorization, Cr removal and swine wastewater application. Sustain. Environ. Res. 2012, 12:129-134.
199. Zhang D., Wang J., Pan X. Cadmium sorption by EPSs produced by anaerobic sludge under sulfate-reducing conditions. J.Hazard. Mater. 2006, 138:589-593.
200. Zhang J., Liu Z., Wang S., Jiang P. Characterization of a bioflocculant produced by the marine myxobacterium Nannocystis sp. NU-2. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 59:517-522.
201. Zhang X., Bishop P.L. Biodegradability of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances. Chemosphere 2003, 50:63-69.
202. Zhang Y., Wang F., Yang X., Gu C., Kengara F., Hong Q., Lv Z., Jiang X. Extracellular polymeric substances enhanced mass transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the two-liquid-phase system for biodegradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 90:1063-1071.
203. Zhang Z., Xia S., Wang X., Yang A., Xu B., Chen L., Zhu Z., Zhao J., Jaffrezic-Renault N., Leonard D. Anovel biosorbent for dye removal: extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of Proteus mirabilis TJ-1. J.Hazard. Mater. 2009, 163:279-284.
204. Zhang Z., Xia S., Zhang J. Enhanced dewatering of waste sludge with microbial flocculant TJ-F1 as a novel conditioner. Water Res. 2010, 44:3087-3092.
205. Zhang Z.Q., Lin B., Xia S.Q., Wang X.J., Yang A.M. Production and application of a novel bioflocculant by multiple microorganism consortia using brewery wastewater as carbon source. J.Environ. Sci. 2007, 19:667-673.
206. Zhao H., Liu H., Zhou J. Characterization of a bioflocculant MBF-5 by Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application in Acanthamoeba cysts removal. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 137:226-232.
207. Zheng Y., Ye Z.-L., Fang X.-L., Li Y.-H., Cai W.-M. Production and characteristics of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. F19. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:7686-7691.
208. Zhu Y.B., Fang M.A., Li D.P. Study on fermentation properties of complex microbial flocculant producing microorganisms. China Water Wastewater 2008, 24:70-73.
209. Zouboulis A.I., Xiao-Li C., Katsoyiannis I.A. The application of bioflocculant for the removal of humic acids from stabilized landfill leachates. J.Environ. Manag. 2004, 70:35-41.