Reducing the neural search space for hominid cognition: What distinguishes human and great ape brains from those of small apes?

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 590-619

  Butler, David ^a   Suddendorf, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Apes; Comparative neuroanatomy; Comparative psychology; Evolution; Hominids; Hylobatids; Visual self recognition

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; BRAIN; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HOMINID; HUMAN; HYLOBATIDAE; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; COGNITION; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; HYLOBATIDAE;

EID: 84901504386     PISSN: 10699384     EISSN: 15315320     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-013-0559-0     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Abordo, E. (1976). The learning skills of gibbons. Gibbon and Siamang, 4, 106-134.
2. Allman, J., Hakeem, A., Erwin, J., Nimchinsky, E., & Hof, P. (2001). The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935, 107-117.
3. Allman, J., Watson, K., Tetreault, N., & Hakeem, A. (2005). Intuition and autism: A possible role for Von Economo neurons. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(8), 367-373.
4. Allman, J., Tetreault, N., Hakeem, A., Manaye, K., Semendeferi, K., Erwin, J., Park, S., Goubert, V., & Hof, P. (2010). The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 495-517.
5. Amici, F., Aureli, F., & Call, J. (2010). Monkeys and apes: Are their cognitive skills really so different? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143, 188-197.
6. Anderson, M. (2010). Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 245-313.
7. Anderson, J., & Gallup, G. (2011a). Do rhesus monkeys recognize themselves in mirrors? American Journal of Primatology, 73, 603-606.
8. Anderson, J., & Gallup, G. (2011b). Which primates recognize themselves in mirrors? PLoS Biology, 9, e1001024.
9. Anderson, J., & Roeder, J. (1989). Responses of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to different conditions of mirror-image stimulation. Primates, 30, 581-587.
10. Andrews, E. (1966). Slate-colored junco responds to mirror. Bird Banding, 37, 206.
11. Aristotle. (1961). Parts of animals / with an English translation by A. L. Peck; and a foreword by F. H. A. Marshall Movement of animals Progression of animals / with an English translation by E. S. Forster. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
12. Armstrong, E. (1979). A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. I: Specific sensory relay nuclei. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 51, 365-382.
13. Armstrong, E. (1980a). A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. II: Limbic nuclei anterior principalis and lateralis dorsalis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 52, 43-54.
14. Armstrong, E. (1980b). A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. III: A motor substrate-the ventrolateral complex. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 52, 405-419.
15. Armstrong, E. (1981). A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. IV: Posterior association nuclei-the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 55, 369-383.
16. Bard, K., Todd, B., Bernier, C., Love, J., & Leavens, D. (2006). Self awareness in human and chimpanzee infants: What is measured and what is meant by the mark and mirror test? Infancy, 9, 191-219.
17. Barger, N., Stefanacci, L., & Semendeferi, K. (2007). A comparative volumetric analysis of the amygdaloid complex and basolateral division in the human and ape brain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 134(3), 392-403.
18. Beck, B. (1967). A study of problem solving by gibbons. Behaviour, 28, 95-109.
19. Benhar, E., Carlton, P., & Samuel, D. (1975). A search for the mirror-image reinforcement and self-recognition in the baboon. Proceedings of the Congress of Primatology, 5, 202-208.
20. Berkson, G. (1962). Food motivation and delayed response in gibbons. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 1040-1043.
21. Bernstein, I., Schusterman, R., & Sharpe, L. (1953). A comparison of rhesus monkey and gibbon responses to unfamiliar situations. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 56, 914-916.
22. Bernston, G., & Boysen, S. (1993). Vocal perception: Brain event-related potentials in a chimpanzee. Developmental Psychobiology, 26, 305-319.
23. Biringer, F., & Anderson, J. (1992). Self-recognition in Alzheimer's Disease: A mirror and video study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, 385-388.
24. Boutan, L. (1913). Le pseudo-langage. Observations effectuees sur un anthropoide: le gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys Ogilby). Actes de la Société linnéenne de Bordeaux, 67.
25. Boysen, S., & Bernston, G. (1985). Visual evoked potentials in the great apes. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 62, 150-153.
26. Boysen, S., Bryan, K., & Shreyer, T. (1994). Shadows and mirrors: Alternative values to the development of self recognition in chimpanzees. In S. Parker, R. Mitchell, & M. Boccia (Eds.), Self Awareness in Animals and Humans (pp. 215-239). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Breen, N., Caine, D., & Coltheart, M. (2001). Mirrored-self misidentification: Two cases of focal onset dementia. Neurocase, 7, 239-254.
28. Burns, B. (2009). Behavioural development and family dynamics of gibbons at the Perth Zoo (Hylobates moloch and Nomascus leucogenys). Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 60, 265.
29. Butler, D., Mattingley, J., Cunnington, R., & Suddendorf, T. (2012). Mirror, mirror on the wall, how does my brain recognize my image at all? PLoS One, 7, e31452.
30. Butler, D., Mattingley, J., Cunnington, R., & Suddendorf, T. (2013). Different Neural Processes Accompany Self-recognition in Photographs Across the Lifespan: An ERP Study Using Dizygotic Twins. PLoS One, In press.
31. Butti, C., Sherwood, C., Hakeem, A., Allman, J., & Hof, P. (2009). Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 515(2), 243-259.
32. Butti, C., Santos, M., Uppal, N., & Hof, P. (2011). Von Economo neurons: Clinical and evolutionary perspectives. Cortex, In press.
33. Buxhoeveden, D., Switala, A., Roy, E., Litaker, M., & Casanova, M. (2001). Morphological differences between minicolumns in humans and non-human primate cortex. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 115, 361-371.
34. Calhoun, S., & Thompson, R. (1988). Long term retention of self recognition by chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 15, 361-365.
35. Carpenter, C. (1940). A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Comparative Psychology Monographs., 16.
36. Craig, A. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 59-70.
37. Cunningham, C., Anderson, J., & Mootnick, A. (2006). Object manipulation to obtain a food reward in hoolock gibbons, Bunopithecus hoolock. Animal Behaviour, 71, 621-629.
38. Darwin, C. (1872/1998). The Expression of Emotions in Man and the Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Darwin, C. (1877). A biographical sketch of an infant. Mind, 2, 285-294.
40. de Sousa, A., Sherwood, C., Schleicher, A., Amunts, K., Macleod, C., Hof, P., & Zilles, K. (2009). Comparative cytoarchitectural analyses of striate and extrastriate areas in hominoids. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 966-981.
41. de Sousa, A., Sherwood, C., Mohlberg, H., Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Macleod, C., Hof, P., Frahm, H., & Zilles, K. (2010). Hominoid visual brain structure volumes and the position of the lunate sulcus. Journal of Human Evolution, 58, 281-292.
42. Deaner, R., Nunn, C., & van Schaik, C. (2000). Comparative tests of primate cognition: Different scaling methods produce different results. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 55, 44-52.
43. Deaner, R., van Schaik, C., & Johnson, V. (2006). Do some taxa have better domain-general cognition than others? A meta-analysis of nonhuman primate studies. Evolutionary Psychology, 4, 149-196.
44. Deaner, R., Isler, K., Burkart, J., & van Schaik, C. (2007). Overall brain size, and not encephalization quotient, best predicts cognitive ability across non-human primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 70, 115-124.
45. Delfour, F., & Marten, K. (2001). Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: Killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Behavioural Processes, 53, 181-190.
46. Desjardins, J., & Fernald, R. (2010). What do fish make of mirror images? Biology Letters, 6, 744-747.
47. Devue, C., & Bredart, S. (2011). The neural correlates of visual self recognition. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 40-51.
48. Devue, C., Collette, F., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., & Bredart, S. (2007). Here I am: The neural correlates of visual self recognition. Brain Research, 1143, 169-182.
49. Drescher, K., & Trendelenburg, W. (1927). Weiterer beitrag zur intelligenzprufung an affen (einschliesslich anthropoiden). Zeitschrift Vergleich der Physiology, 5, 613-642.
50. Drevets, W., Price, J., Simpson, J., Todd, R., Reich, T., Vannier, M., & Raichle, M. (1997). Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature, 386(6627), 824-827.
51. Dunbar, R., & Barrett, L. (2000). Cousins: Our Primate Relatives. London: BBC Worldwide Ltd.
52. Epstein, R., Lanza, R., & Skinner, B. (1981). "Self awareness" in the pigeon. Science, 212, 695-696.
53. Evrard, H., Forro, T., & Logothetis, N. (2012). Von Economo neurons in the anterior insula of the macaque monkey. Neuron, 74, 482-489.
54. Fabbri-Destro, M., & Rizzolatti, G. (2008). Mirror neurons and mirror systems in monkeys and humans. Physiology, 23, 171-179.
55. Fajardo, C., Escobar, M., Buritica, E., Arteaga, G., Umbarila, J., Casanova, M., & Pimienta, H. (2008). Von Economo neurons are present in the dorsolateral (dysgranular) prefrontal cortex of humans. Neuroscience Letters, 435(3), 215-218.
56. Fedor, A., Skollar, G., Szerencsy, N., & Ujhelyi, M. (2008). Object permanence tests on Gibbons (Hylobatidae). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 403-417.
57. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M., & Buss, A. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
58. Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
59. Fukushima, H., Hirata, S., Ueno, A., Matsuda, G., Fuwa, K., Sugama, K., Kusunoki, K., Hiraki, K., Tomonaga, M., & Hasegawa, T. (2010). Neural correlates of face and object perception in an awake chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) examined by scalp surface event related potentials. PLoS One, 5, e13366.
60. Gagneux, P., Moore, J., & Varki, A. (2005). The ethics of research on great apes. Nature, 437(7055), 27-29.
61. Galen. (1968). Galen on the usefulness of the parts of the body = Peri chreias morion = De usu partium / translated from the Greek with an introduction and commentary by Margaret Tallmadge May. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
62. Gallup, G. (1970). Chimpanzees: Self recognition. Science, 167, 86-87.
63. Gallup, G. (1985). Do minds exist in species other than our own? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 9, 631-641.
64. Gallup, G., McClure, M., Hill, S., & Bundy, R. (1971). Capacity for self recognition in differentially reared chimpanzees. Psychological Record, 21, 69-74.
65. Gazzaniga, M. (2008). Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique. New York: Harper Collins.
66. Geissman, T. (1999). Duet songs of the siamang. Hylobates syndactylus: II. Testing the pair-bonding hypothesis during a partner exchange. Behaviour, 136, 1005-1039.
67. Geissman, T. (2009). Door slamming: Tool-use by a captive white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Gibbon Journal, 5, 53-60.
68. Geissman, T. (2011a). Behavioral ecology. Gibbon Research Lab Retrieved 12th July, 2011, from http://www. gibbons. de/main/index. html.
69. Geissman, T. (2011b). Systematics. Gibbon Research Lab Retrieved 14th July, from http://www. gibbons. de/main/index. html.
70. Geissman, T. (2011c). Typical characteristics. Gibbon Research Lab Retrieved 12th July, 2011, from http://www. gibbons. de/main/index. html.
71. Geissman, T., & Orgeldinger, M. (2000). The relationship between duet songs and pair bonds in siamangs, Hylobates syndactylus. Animal Behaviour, 60, 805-809.
72. Gibson, K., Rumbaugh, D., & Beran, M. (2001). Bigger is better: Primate brain size in relationship to cognition. In D. Falk & K. Gibson (Eds.), Evolutionary Anatomy of the Primate Cerebral Cortex (pp. 79-97). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Goh, J., Leshikar, E., Sutton, B., Tan, J., Sim, S., Hebrank, A., & Park, D. (2010). Culture differences in neural processing of faces and houses in the ventral visual cortex. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 227-235.
74. Grant, J. (1828). Account of the structure, manners, and habits of an orang-utan from Borneo, in possession of George Swinton. Edinburgh Journal of Science, 9, 1-24.
75. Hakeem, A., Hof, P., Sherwood, C., Switzer, R., III, Rasmussen, L., & Allman, J. (2005). Brain of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): Neuroanatomy from magnetic resonance images. The Anatomical Record Part A, 287A, 1117-1127.
76. Hattori, Y., Kano, F., & Tomonaga, M. (2010). Differential sensitivity to conspecific and allospecific cues in chimpanzees and humans: A comparative eye tracking study. Biology Letters, 6, 610-613.
77. Heinisch, C., Dinse, H., Tegenthoff, M., Juckel, G., & Brune, M. (2011). An rTMS study into self-face recognition using video-morphing technique. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 442-449.
78. Herculano-Houzel, S. (2009). The human brain in numbers: A linearly scaled-up primate brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3(31), 1-11.
79. Heyes, C. (1994). Reflections on self recognition in primates. Animal Behavior, 47, 909-919.
80. Hill, S., Bundy, R., Gallup, G., & McClure, M. (1970). Responsiveness of young nursery reared chimpanzees to mirrors. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Science, 33, 77-82.
81. Hill, A., Collier-Baker, E., & Suddendorf, T. (2011). Inferential reasoning by exclusion in great apes, lesser apes, and spider monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 125, 91-103.
82. Hirata, S. (2007). A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors. Behavioural Processes, 75, 85-90.
83. Hirstein, W., & Ramachandran, V. (1997). Capgras syndrome: A novel probe for understanding the neural representation of the identity and familiarity persons. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 264, 437-444.
84. Hof, P., & van Der Gucht, E. (2007). Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenoperidae). The Anatomical Record, 290, 1-31.
85. Hof, P., Nimchinsky, E., Perl, D., & Erwin, J. (2001). An unusual population of pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of hominids contains the calcium-binding protein calretinin. Neuroscience Letters, 307(3), 139-142.
86. Hopkins, W., Taglialatela, J., Russell, J., Nir, T., & Schaeffer, J. (2010). Cortical representation of lateralized grasping in chimapnzees (Pan troglodytes): A combined MRI and PET study. PLoS One, 5, e13383.
87. Hyatt, C. (1998). Responses of gibbons (Hylobates lar) to their mirror images. American Journal of Primatology, 45, 307-311.
88. Inoue, Y., Inoue, E., & Itakura, S. (2004). Use of experimenter-given directional cues by a young white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Japanese Psychological Research, 46, 262-267.
89. Inoue-Nakamura, N. (1997). Mirror self-recognition in non-human primates: A phylogenetic approach. Japanese Psychological Research, 39, 266-275.
90. Jerison, H. (1973). Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press.
91. Kano, F., & Tomonaga, M. (2009). How chimpanzees look at pictures: A comparative eye-tracking study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 276, 1949-1955.
92. Kano, F., & Tomonaga, M. (2010). Face scanning in chimpanzees and humans: Continuity and discontinuity. Animal Behaviour, 79, 227-235.
93. Kaplan, J., Aziz-Zadeh, L., Uddin, L., & Iacoboni, M. (2008). The self across the senses: An fMRI study of self-face and self-voice recognition. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 218-223.
94. Kaufman, J., Paul, L., Manaye, K., Granstedt, A., Hof, P., Hakeem, A., & Allman, J. (2008). Selective reduction of Von Economo neuron number in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Acta Neuropathology, 116(5), 479-489.
95. Keenan, J., McCutcheon, B., Freund, S., Gallup, G., Sanders, G., & Pascual-Leone, A. (1999). Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task. Neuropsychologia, 37(12), 1421-1425.
96. Keenan, J., McCutcheon, N., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2001). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials suggest right prefrontal activation for self-related processing. Brain and Cognition, 47, 87-91.
97. Keenan, J., Nelson, A., O'Connor, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2001). Self-recognition and the right hemisphere. Nature, 409(6818), 305.
98. Keenan, J., Gallup, G., & Falk, D. (2004). The Face in the Mirror: How We Know Who We Are. New York: Harper Perennial.
99. Kennedy, D., Semendeferi, K., & Courchesne, E. (2007). No reduction of spindle neuron number in frontoinsular cortex in autism. Brain and Cognition, 64(2), 124-129.
100. King, B. (1986). Extractive foraging and the evolution of primate intelligence. Human Evolution, 1, 361-372.
101. Kircher, T., Senior, C., Phillips, M., Benson, P., Bullmore, E., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., Williams, S., Bartels, M., & David, A. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: Effects of faces and words. Cognitive Brain Research, 10, 113-144.
102. Kircher, T., Senior, C., Phillips, M., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Benson, P., Bullmore, E., MBrammer, M., Simmons, A., Bartels, M., & David, A. (2001). Recognizing one's own face. Cognition, 78, B1-B15.
103. Kirkcaldie, M., & Kitchener, P. (2007). When brains expand: Mind and the evolution of cortex. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 19(3), 139-148.
104. Kita, Y., Gunji, A., Sakihara, K., Inagaki, M., Kaga, M., Nakagawa, E., & Hosokawa, T. (2010). Scanning strategies do not modulate face identification: Eye tracking and near-infrared spectroscopy study. PLoS One, 5, e11050.
105. Kitayama, S., & Park, J. (2010). Cultural neuroscience of the self: Understanding the social grounding of the brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 111-129.
106. Knight, A. (2008). The beginning of the end for chimpanzee experiments? Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine., 3(16). doi: 10. 1186/1747-5341-3-16.
107. Lane, R., Reiman, E., Axelrod, B., Yun, L., Holmes, A., & Schwartz, G. (1998). Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(4), 525-535.
108. Lethmate, J., & Dücker, G. (1973). Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang-Utans und einigen anderen Affenarten [Investigations into self-recognition in orangutans and some other apes]. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 33, 248-269.
109. Lewis, M., & Carmody, D. (2008). Self-representation and brain development. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1329-1334.
110. Lin, A., Bard, K., & Anderson, J. (1992). Development of self recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106, 120-127.
111. Lissmann, H. (1932). Die umwelt des kampffisches (Betta splendens regan). Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 18, 65-111.
112. Macellini, S., Ferrari, P., Bonini, L., Fogassi, L., & Paukner, A. (2010). A modified mark test for own-body recognition in pig tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Animal Cognition, 13, 631-639.
113. MacLeod, C. (2004). What's in a brain? The question of a distinctive brain anatomy in great apes. In A. Russon & D. Begun (Eds.), The Evolution of Thought: Evolutionary Origins of Great Ape Intelligence (pp. 105-121). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
114. MacLeod, C., Zilles, K., Schleicher, A., Rilling, J., & Gibson, K. (2003). Expansion of the neocerebellum in Hominoidea. Journal of Human Evolution, 44(4), 401-429.
115. Marino, L. (2006). Absolute brain size: Did we throw the baby out with the bathwater? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 13563-13564.
116. Matsuzawa, T. (2010). Cognitive development in chimpanzees. In M. Breed & J. Moore (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (pp. 296-302). London: Elsevier.
117. Mitchell, R., & Anderson, J. (1993). Discrimination learning of scratching, but failure to obtain imitation and self-recognition in a long-tailed macaque. Primates, 34, 301-309.
118. Molenberghs, P., Cunnington, R., & Mattingley, J. (2009). Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 975-980.
119. Morino, L. (2011). Left-hand preference for a complex manual task in a population of wild siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). International Journal of Primatology, 32, 793-800.
120. Morita, T., Itakura, S., Saito, D., Nakashita, S., Harada, T., Kochiyama, T., & Sadato, N. (2008). The role of the right prefrontal cortex in self-evaluation of the face: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 342-355.
121. Nimchinsky, E., Vogt, B., Morrison, J., & Hof, P. (1995). Spindle neurons of the human anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 355(1), 27-37.
122. Nimchinsky, E., Gilissen, E., Allman, J., Perl, D., Erwin, J., & Hof, P. (1999). A neuronal morphologic type unique to humans and great apes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(9), 5268-5273.
123. O'Regan, H., & Kitchener, A. (2005). The effects of captivity on the morphology of captive, domesticated and feral mammals. Mammal Review, 35, 215-230.
124. Parker, S. (1994). Incipient mirror self recognition in zoo gorillas and chimpanzees. In S. Parker, R. Mitchell, & M. Boccia (Eds.), Self Awareness in Animals and Humans (pp. 301-307). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
125. Parr, L., Hecht, E., Barks, S., Preuss, T., & Votaw, J. (2009). Face processing in the chimpanzee brain. Current Biology, 19, 50-53.
126. Patterson, F. (1978). Conversations with a gorilla. National Geographic, 154, 438-465.
127. Patterson, F., & Cohen, R. (1994). Self recognition and self awareness in lowland gorillas. In S. Parker, R. Mitchell, & M. Boccia (Eds.), Self Awareness in Animals and Humans (pp. 273-290). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
128. Pepperberg, I., Garcia, S., Jackson, E., & Marconi, S. (1995). Mirror use by African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 109, 182-195.
129. Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the Representational Mind. Cambridg: MIT Press.
130. Phillips, M., Howard, R., & David, A. (1996). "Mirror, mirror on the wall, who...?": Towards a model of visual self recognition. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 153-164.
131. Platek, S., & Kemp, S. (2009). Is family special to the brain? An event related fMRI study of familiar, familial, and self face recognition. Neuropsychologia, 47, 849-858.
132. Platek, S., Keenan, J., Gallup, G., & Mohamed, F. (2004). Where am I? The neurological correlates of self and other. Cognitive Brain Research, 19, 114-122.
133. Platek, S., Loughead, J., Busch, S., Ruparel, K., Phend, N., Panyavin, I., & Langleben, D. (2006). Neural substrates for functionally discriminating self face from personally familiar faces. Human Brain Mapping, 27, 91-98.
134. Platek, S., Wathne, K., Tierney, N., & Thomson, J. (2008). Neural correlates of self-face recognition: An effect location meta-analysis. Brain Research, 1232, 173-184.
135. Plotnik, J., de Waal, F., & Reiss, D. (2006). Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(45), 17053-17057.
136. Posada, S., & Colell, M. (2007). Another gorilla recognizes himself in a mirror. American Journal of Primatology, 69, 576-583.
137. Posner, M., & Rothbart, M. (1998). Attention, self regulation, and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. Biological Sciences, 353, 1915-1927.
138. Povinelli, D. (1989). Failure to find self-recognition in asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in contrast to their use of mirror cues to discover hidden food. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 103, 122-131.
139. Prior, H., Schwarz, A., & Gunturkun, O. (2008). Mirror-induced behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self recognition. PLoS Biology, 6, 1642-1650.
140. Rajala, A., Reininger, K., Lancaster, K., & Populin, L. (2010). Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition. PLoS One, 5(9), e12865.
141. Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J., Wei, J., Dilley, G., Pittman, S., Meltzer, H., Overholser, J., Roth, B., & Stockmeier, C. (1999). Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 45(9), 1085-1098.
142. Reichard, U. (2003). Social monogomy in gibbons: The male perspective. In U. Reichard, U. Reichard, & C. Boesch (Eds.), Monogomy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans, and Other Mammals (pp. 190-213). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
143. Reichard, U., & Sommer, V. (1997). Group encounters in wild gibbons (Hylobates lar): Agonism, affiliation, and the concept of infanticide. Behaviour, 134, 1135-1174.
144. Reiss, D., & Marino, L. (2001). Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(10), 5937-5942.
145. Rilling, J., & Insel, T. (1999). The primate neocortex in comparative perspective using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution, 37(2), 191-223.
146. Rilling, J., & Seligman, R. (2002). A quantitative morphometric comparative analysis of the primate temporal lobe. Journal of Human Evolution, 42, 505-533.
147. Rilling, J., Barks, S., Parr, L., Preuss, T., Faber, T., Pagnoni, G., Bremner, J., & Votaw, J. (2007). A comparison of resting-state brain activity in humans and chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 17146-17151.
148. Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169-192.
149. Rizzolatti, G., & Fabbri-Destro, M. (2008). The mirror system and its role in social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18, 179-184.
150. Rumbaugh, D. (1970). Learning skills of anthropoids. In L. Rosenblum (Ed.), Primate Behaviour. Developments in Field and Laboratory Research (1st ed.). New York: Academic Press.
151. Rumbaugh, D. (1971). Evidence of qualitative differences in learning processes among primates. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 250-255.
152. Sachdev, P., Mondraty, N., Wen, W., & Gulliford, K. (2008). Brains of anorexia nervosa patients process self-images differently from non-self-images: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2161-2168.
153. Savage-Rumbaugh, E., & Rubert, E. (1986). Video representations of reality. In E. Savage-Rumbaugh (Ed.), Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol (pp. 299-323). New York: Columbia University Press.
154. Schenker, N., Desgouttes, A., & Semendeferi, K. (2005). Neural connectivity and cortical substrates of cognition in hominoids. Journal of Human Evolution, 49(5), 547-569.
155. Schoenemann, P. (2006). Evolution of the size and functional areas of the human brain. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 379-406.
156. Schoenemann, P., Glotzer, L., & Sheehan, M. (2005). Is prefrontal white matter enlargement a human evolutionary specialization? Reply. Nature Neuroscience, 8(5), 538-538.
157. Schoenemann, P., Sheehan, M., & Glotzer, L. (2005). Prefrontal white matter volume is disproportionately larger in humans than in other primates. Nature Neuroscience, 8(2), 242-252.
158. Seeley, W. (2008). Selective functional, regional, and neuronal vulnerability in frontotemporal dementia. Current Opinion in Neurology, 21(6), 701-707.
159. Seeley, W., Carlin, D., Allman, J., Macedo, M., Bush, C., Miller, B., & Dearmond, S. (2006). Early frontotemporal dementia targets neurons unique to apes and humans. Annals of Neurology, 60(6), 660-667.
160. Semendeferi, K., & Damasio, H. (2000). The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution, 38(2), 317-332.
161. Semendeferi, K., Damasio, H., Frank, R., & van Hoesen, G. (1997). The evolution of the frontal lobes: A volumetric analysis based on three-dimensional reconstructions of magnetic resonance scans of human and ape brains. Journal of Human Evolution, 32(4), 375-388.
162. Semendeferi, K., Armstrong, E., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., & van Hoesen, G. (1998). Limbic frontal cortex in hominoids: A comparative study of area 13. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 106(2), 129-155.
163. Semendeferi, K., Armstrong, E., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., & van Hoesen, G. (2001). Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(3), 224-241.
164. Semendeferi, K., Lu, A., Schenker, N., & Damasio, H. (2002). Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 5(3), 272-276.
165. Sherwood, C., Hof, P., Holloway, R., Semendeferi, K., Gannon, P., Frahm, H., & Zilles, K. (2005). Evolution of the brainstem orofacial motor system in primates: A comparative study of trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 45-84.
166. Sherwood, C., Holloway, R., Semendeferi, K., & Hof, P. (2005). Is prefrontal white matter enlargement a human evolutionary specialization? Nature Neuroscience, 8(5), 537-538. author reply 538.
167. Sherwood, C., Stimpson, C., Raghanti, M., Wildman, D., Uddin, M., Grossman, L., Goodman, M., Redmond, J., Bonar, C., Erwin, J., & Hof, P. (2006). Evolution of increased glia-neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 13606-13611.
168. Sherwood, C., Raghanti, M., Stimpson, C., Bonar, C., de Sousa, A., Preuss, T., & Hof, P. (2007). Scaling of inhibitory interneurons in areas V1 and V2 of anthropoid primates as revealed by calcium-binding protein immunohistochemistry. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 69, 176-195.
169. Sherwood, C., Subiaul, F., & Zawidzki, T. (2008). A natural history of the human mind: Tracing evolutionary changes in brain and cognition. Journal of Anatomy, 212, 426-454.
170. Spangenberg, K., Wagner, M., & Bachman, D. (1998). Neuropsychological analysis of a case of abrupt onset mirror sign following a hypotensive crisis in a patient with vascular dementia. Neurocase, 4, 149-154.
171. Stephan, H., Frahm, H., & Baron, G. (1981). New and revised data on volumes of brain structures in insectivores and primates. Folia Primatologica, 35, 1-29.
172. Stimpson, C., Tetreault, N., Allman, J., Jacobs, B., Butti, C., Hof, P., & Sherwood, C. (2011). Biochemical specificity of von Economo neurons in hominoids. American Journal of Human Biology, 23, 22-28.
173. Stone, R. (2011). Last-ditch effort to save embattled ape. Science, 331, 390.
174. Suarez, S., & Gallup, G. (1981). Self recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas. Journal of Human Evolution, 10, 175-188.
175. Suarez, S., & Gallup, G. (1986). Social responding to mirrors in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Effects of changing mirror location. American Journal of Primatology, 11, 239-244.
176. Suddendorf, T., & Butler, D. (2013a). The nature of visual self-recognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 17, 121-127.
177. Suddendorf, T., & Butler, D. (2013b). Are rich interpretations of visual self-recognition a bit too rich? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, in press.
178. Suddendorf, T., & Collier-Baker, E. (2009). The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: Evidence of absence in lesser apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 276(1662), 1671-1677.
179. Suddendorf, T., & Whiten, A. (2001). Mental evolution and development: Evidence for secondary representation in children, great ages, and other animals. Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 629-650.
180. Suddendorf, T., Simcock, G., Nielsen, M., & Collier-Baker, E. (2006). Video self-recognition in children (Homo sapiens) and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). International Journal of Primatology, 27, 165.
181. Suddendorf, T., Simcock, G., & Nielson, M. (2007). Visual self recognition in mirrors and live videos: Evidence for developmental asynchrony. Cognitive Development, 22, 185-196.
182. Sugiura, M., Kawashima, R., Nakamura, K., Okada, K., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Itoh, K., Kojima, S., & Kukuda, H. (2000). Passive and active recognition of one's own face. NeuroImage, 11, 36-48.
183. Sugiura, M., Watanabe, J., Maeda, Y., Matsue, Y., Fukuda, H., & Kawashima, R. (2005). Cortical mechanisms of visual self-recognition. Neuro Image, 24, 143-149.
184. Sugiura, M., Sassa, Y., Jeong, H., Miura, N., Akitsuki, Y., Horie, K., Sato, S., Kawashima, R. (2006). Multiple brain networks for visual self-recognition with different sensitivity for motion and body part. Neuro Image, 32, 1905-1917.
185. Sugiura, M., Sassa, Y., Jeong, H., Horie, K., Sato, S., & Kawashima, R. (2008). Face-specific and domain-general characteristics of cortical responsees during self-recognition. Neuro Image, 42, 414-422.
186. Sui, J., & Han, S. (2007). Self-construal priming modulates neural substrates of self-awareness. Psychological Science, 18, 861-866.
187. Swartz, K., & Evans, S. (1991). Not all chimpanzees show self recognition. Primates, 32, 483-496.
188. Swartz, K., & Evans, S. (1994). Social and cognitive factors in chimpanzee and gorilla behaviour and self recognition. In S. Parker, R. Mitchell, & M. Boccia (Eds.), Self Awareness in Animals and Humans (pp. 189-206). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
189. Taglialatela, J., Russell, J., Schaeffer, J., & Hopkins, W. (2009). Visualizing vocal perception in the chimpanzee brain. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 1151-1157.
190. Taylor, M., Arsalidou, M., Bayless, S., Morris, D., Evans, J., & Barbeau, E. (2009). Neural correlates of personally familiar faces: Parents, partner, and own faces. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 2008-2020.
191. Theoret, H., Kobayashi, M., Merabet, L., Wagner, T., Tormos, J., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2004). Modulation of right motor cortex excitability without awareness following presentation of masked self-images. Cognitive Brain Research, 20, 54-57.
192. Thompson, R., & Contie, C. (1994). Further reflections on mirror usage by pigeons: Lessons from Winnie-the-Pooh and Pinnochio too. In S. Parker, R. Mitchell, & M. Boccia (Eds.), Self Awareness in Animals and Humans (pp. 392-409). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
193. Tinbergen, N. (1951). The Study of Instinct. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
194. Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (1994). Social cognition of monkeys and apes. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 37, 273-305.
195. Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (2004). The role of humans in the cognitive development of apes revisited. Animal Cognition, 7, 213-215.
196. Torigoe, T. (1985). Comparison of object manipulation among 74 species of non-human primates. Primates, 26, 182-194.
197. Uddin, L., Kaplan, J., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Zaidel, D., & Iacoboni, M. (2005). Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal "mirror" network in the right hemisphere: An event-related fMRI study. Neuro Image, 25, 926-935.
198. Uddin, L., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Zaidel, E., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). RTMS to the right inferior parietal lobule disrupts self-other discrimination. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 65-71.
199. Uddin, L., Davies, M., Scott, A., Zaidel, E., Bookheimer, S., Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2008). Neural basis of self and other representation in Autism: An fMRI study of self-face recognition. PLoS One, 3, e3526.
200. Ueno, A., Hirata, S., Fuwa, K., Sugama, K., Kusunoki, K., Matsuda, G., Fukushima, H., Hiraki, K., Tomonaga, M., & Hasegawa, T. (2008). Auditory ERPs to stimulus deviance in an awake chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Towards hominid cognitive neurosciences. PLoS One, 1, e1442.
201. Ueno, A., Hirata, S., Fuwa, K., Sugama, K., Kusunoki, K., Matsuda, G., Fukushima, H., Hiraki, K., Tomonaga, M., Hasegawa, T. (2010). Brain activity in an awake chimpanzee in response to the sound of her own name. Biology Letters, 6, 311-313.
202. Ujhelyi, M., Merker, B., Buk, P., & Geissman, T. (2000). Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 114, 253-262.
203. Verosky, S., & Todorov, A. (2010). Differential neural responses to faces physically similar to the self as a function of their valence. Neuro Image, 49, 1690-1698.
204. Villarejo, A., Martin, V., Moreno-Ramos, T., Camacho-Salas, A., Porta-Etessam, J., & Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2010). Mirrored-self misidentifcation in a patient without dementia: Evidence for a right hemispheric and bifrontal damage. Neurocase, 17, 276-284.
205. Ward, J. (2006). The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press.
206. Watson, K., & Allman, J. (2007). Role of spindle cells in the social cognition of apes and humans. In J. Kaas (Ed.), Evolution of Nervous Systems: A Comprehensive Reference (Vol. 4, pp. 479-484). Oxford: Elsevier.
207. Watson, K., Jones, T., & Allman, J. (2006). Dendritic architecture of the von Economo neurons. Neuroscience, 141(3), 1107-1112.
208. Whiten, A. (1998). Ape mind, monkey mind. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 5, 3-4.
209. Whiten, A. (2005). The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans. Nature, 437, 52-55.
210. Yoshida, T., Yuki, N., & Nakagawa, M. (2006). Complex visual hallucination and mirror sign in posterior cortical atrophy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114, 62-66.
211. Zazzo, R. (1979). Des enfants, des singes et des chiens devant le mirroir. Revue de Psychologle Appliquee, 29, 235-246.