The beginning of the end for chimpanzee experiments?

Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages

  Knight, Andrew ^a  

^a Animal Consultants International   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL WELFARE; BIOETHICS; EDITORIAL; ETHICS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL ASPECT; PAN TROGLODYTES; POLITICS; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION; ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; BIOETHICS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PAN TROGLODYTES; POLITICS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 47049103115     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17475341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-3-16     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Humane Society of the US (HSUS), New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) Federal bill introduced to end invasive research on chimpanzees http://www.hsus.org/press∠d_publications/press_releases/ federal_bill_introduced_to_end_chimp_research_041708.html 2008, 17 Apr
2. Cohen J NIH to end chimp breeding for research Science 2007, 316:1265 10.1126/science.316.5829.1265 17540866
3. Cohen J The endangered lab chimp Science 2007, 315:450-452 10.1126/ science.315.5811.450 17255486
4. Anon US funding agency to permanently stop breeding chimpanzees for research FRAME News 2007, 62-19
5. Brownlee S Surplus chimps stranded in research controversy Washington Post A9 2000 May 15
6. Langley G Next of Kin: A Report on the Use of Primates in Experiments London, UK: British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection 2006
7. Home Office Report of the Animal Procedures Committee for 1997 London, UK: TSO 1998
8. Smith JA Boyd KM (Eds) The Boyd Group Papers on the Use of Non-Human Primates in Research and Testing Leicester, UK: The British Psychological Society 2002
9. Luy J Ethical and legal aspects of animal experiments on non-human primates [Article in German] Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2007, 114(3):81-85 17419539
10. Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center http://wkprc.eva.mpg.de/english/index.htm Undated
11. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) Guide to the Animal Welfare Act 1999: MAF Policy Information Paper No. 27 Wellington, New Zealand: MAF 1999 http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/legislation/ animal-welfare-act/guide/awguide.pdf
12. Goodman S Check E The great primate debate Nature 2002, 417:684-687 10.1038/417684a 12066153
13. Conlee KM Hoffeld EH Stephens ML A demographic analysis of primate research in the United States ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 2004, 32(Suppl 1A):315-322
14. Conlee KM Boysen ST Chimpanzees in research: Past, present, and future The State of the Animals III: 2005 Gaithersburg, MD, US: Humane Society Press Salem DJ, Rowan AN 2005, 119-137
15. Anon International bans 2007 http://www.releasechimps.org/mission/ end-chimpanzee-research/country-bans/
16. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australian Government Policy on the Care and Use of Non-Human Primates for Scientific Purposes Canberra, ACT, Australia: NHMRC 2003 http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/ethics/animal/issues/nonhuman.htm#top
17. Taylor R A step at a time: New Zealand's progress toward hominid rights Animal Law 2001, 7(35);35-43
18. Kuhse H Singer P A Companion to Bioethics Malden, MA, US: Blackwell Publishing 1998
19. Anon San Marino bans vivisection 2007 http://globalphilosophy.blogspot.com/2007/10/ san-marino-bans-vivisection.html
20. Repubblica di San Marino Noi Capitani Reggenti la Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino 2007 http://www.apasrsm.org/docs/antivivisezione.pdf
21. Higgins W San Marino bans all animal experiments Lifescape 2008 23:14
22. Rose T Going ape over human rights CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/news/ viewpoint/vp_rose/20070802.html 2007, 2 Aug
23. Anon End great ape experiments, says European Parliament New Scientist 2007 2621:4
24. Anon Declaration calls for European primate test ban http://www.navs.org.uk/take_action/39/0/812/ 2007, 30 Apr
25. Savage-Rumbaugh S Lewin R Kanzi. The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind New York, NY, US: Wiley 1994
26. Taylor-Parker S Mitchell RW Boccia ML Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans. Developmental Perspectives Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 1994
27. Taylor-Parker S McKinney ML Origins of Intelligence. The Evolution of Cognitive Intelligence in Monkeys, Apes and Humans Baltimore, US: John Hopkins University Press 1999
28. Sommer V Von Menschen und anderen Tieren, Essays zur Evolutionsbiologie Stuttgart, Germany: Hirzel 2000
29. Balluch M Trial for personhood of a chimp ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation 2007, 24(3):186
30. Penn DC Povinelli DJ On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a 'theory of mind' Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007, 362(1480):731-744 2346530 17264056 10.1098/ rstb.2006.2023
31. Call J Tomasello M Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12(5):187-192 10.1016/ j.tics.2008.02.010 18424224
32. Anon Decade of the Mind symposium in Iowa to emphasize need for $4 billion in federal support 2008 http://www.eurekalert.org/ pub_releases/2008-04/gato-dot042908.php
33. Wildman DE Uddin M Liu G Grossman LI Goodman M Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: Enlarging genus Homo Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(12):7181-7188 165850 12766228 10.1073/pnas.1232172100
34. Uddin M Wildman DE Liu G Xu W Johnson RM Hof PR Kapatos G Grossman LI Goodman M Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain gene expression profiles Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101(9):2957-2962 365727 14976249 10.1073/ pnas.0308725100
35. Enard W Khaitovich P Klose J Zollner S Heissig F Giavalisco P Nieselt-Struwe K Muchmore E Varki A Ravid R Doxiadis GM Bontrop RE Paabo S Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns Science 2002, 296(5566):340-343 10.1126/science.1068996 11951044
36. Mekel-Bobrov N Lahn BT What makes us human: Revisiting an age-old question in the genomic era Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration 2006,1:18 http://www.j-biomed-discovery.com/content/1/1/18 10.1186/1747-5333-1-18
37. Goodall J Ending research on non-human primates ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation 2006, 23(Spl Issue):14-18
38. Stafford N Chimp denied a legal guardian Nature News http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070423/full/news070423-9.html 2007, 26 Apr
39. Wise S Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Perseus Publishing 2000
40. Prince AM Goodall J Brotman B Dienske H Schellekens H Eichberg JW Appropriate conditions for maintenance of chimpanzees in studies with blood-borne viruses: An epidemiologic and psychosocial perspective J Med Primatol 1989, 18:27-42 2496232
41. Van Akker R Balls M Eichberg JW Goodall J Heeney JL Osterhaus ADME Prince AM Spruit I Chimpanzees in AIDS research: A biomedical and bioethical perspective J Med Primatol 1994, 23:49-51 7932639
42. Anon Re-homing primates: The consequences of zero-tolerance to primate research ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 2004, 32(3):153-154
43. Brent L Solutions for research chimpanzees Lab Anim 2004, 33(1):37-43 14752530
44. Participatory Politics Foundation and the Sunlight Foundation S.1916 Chimp Haven is Home Act 2008 http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-s1916/ show
45. Gonder JC Resocialization and retirement of laboratory chimpanzees J Med Primatol 2004, 33:60-62 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2003.00046.x 15061735
46. Hepatitis Research Foundation Development of a chimpanzee retirement sanctuary 2006 http://www.heprf.org/ vilab2chimpanzeeretirementsanctuary.htm
47. Anon Goodbye labs, hello chimp island heaven The Sunday Times [London, UK] http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/ article1596781.ece 2007, 1st Mar
48. VandeBerg JL Zola SM Fritz J Lee DR Rowell TJ Satterfield WC A unique biomedical resource at risk Nature 2005, 437:30-32 10.1038/437030a 16136112
49. Jha A Questions raised over ban on research using great apes The Guardian [London, UK] http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/jun/03/ animalrights.research 2006, 3 Jun
50. Meyers NM Government regulation of nonhuman primate facilities J Med Primatol 1983, 12(4):169-183 6680143
51. Knight A The poor contribution of chimpanzee experiments to biomedical progress J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2007, 10(4):281-308 17970631
52. Kumar S Filipski A Swarna V Walker A Hedges SB Placing confidence limits on the molecular age of the human-chimpanzee divergence Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102(52);18842-18847 1316887 16365310 10.1073/ pnas.0509585102
53. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome Nature \2005, 437(7055):69-87 10.1038/nature04072 16136131
54. Britten RJ Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels Proc Natl Acad Sci 2002, 99(21):13633-13635 129726 12368483 10.1073/pnas.172510699
55. Varki A Altheide TK Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack Genome Res 2005, 15(12):1746-1758 10.1101/gr.3737405 16339373
56. Bailey J Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: A critical review Biogenic Amines 2005, 19(4-6):235-255 10.1163/ 156939105774647385
57. Ruvolo M Comparative primate genomics: The year of the chimpanzee Curr Opin Genet Dev 2004, 14:650-656 10.1016/j.gde.2004.08.007 15531160
58. Glazko G Veeramachaneni V Nei M Makalowski W Eighty percent of proteins are different between humans and chimpanzees Gene 2005, 346:215-219 10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.003 15716009
59. Fouts R Chimpanzee biomedical experiments: A question of efficacy Poor Model Man: Experimenting on Chimpanzees: Proceedings of the First PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) Conference on the Use of Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research. ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 1995, 23:584-591
60. Premack D Human and animal cognition: Continuity and discontinuity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104(35):13861-13867 1955772 17717081 10.1073/ pnas.0706147104
61. Sager M Use of analgesics in experiments ALTEX 2006, 23(Suppl):103-109 17492157
62. Mayer J Use of behavior analysis to recognize pain in small mammals Lab Anim (NY) 2007, 36(6):43-8 10.1038/laban0607-43 17519944
63. Hawkins P Recognizing and assessing pain, suffering and distress in laboratory animals: A survey of current practice in the UK with recommendations Lab Anim 2002, 36(4):378-395 10.1258/002367702320389044 12396281
64. Flecknell P Analgesia from a veterinary perspective Br J Anaesth 2008, http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/ abstract/aen087v1maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT= &fulltext=Flecknell&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype= HWCIT
65. Itakura S Emotional behavior during the learning of a contingency task in a chimpanzee Percept Mot Skills 1993, 76(2):563-566 8483668
66. Goodall J Why is it unethical to use chimpanzees in the laboratory? Poor Model Man: Experimenting on Chimpanzees: Proceedings of the First PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) Conference on the Use of Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research. ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 1995, 23:615-620
67. Goodall J Problems faced by wild and captive chimpanzees: Finding solutions The Animal Ethics Reader London, UK: Routledge Armstrong SJ, Botzler RG 2003, 145-152
68. Hare B Call J Agnetta B Tomasello M Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see Anim Behav 2000, 59(4):771-785 10.1006/anbe.1999.1377 10792932
69. Tomasello M Call J Hare B Chimpanzees understand psychological states: the question is which ones and to what extent Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7(4):153-156 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00035-4 12691762
70. Call J Hare B Carpenter M Tomasello M 'Unwilling' versus 'unable': chimpanzees' understanding of human intentional action Dev Sci 2004, 7(4):488-498 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00368.x 15484596
71. Wood JN Glynn DD Phillips BC Hauser MD The perception of rational, goal-directed action in nonhuman primates Science 2007, 317(5843):1402-1405 10.1126/science.1144663 17823353
72. Boesch C Boesch H Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Tai National Park Am J Phys Anthropol 1989, 78:547-573 10.1002/ ajpa.1330780410 2540662
73. Byrne RW Primate cognition Attitudes Towards Animals: Views in Animal Welfare Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Dolins FL 1998, 114-125
74. Beran MJ Long-term retention of the differential values of Arabic numerals by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Anim Cogn 2004, 7(2):86-92 10.1007/s10071-003-0191-x 15069607
75. Inoue S Matsuzawa T Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees Curr Biol 2007, 17(23):R1004-R1005 10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.027 18054758
76. Call J Beyond learning fixed rules and social cues: Abstraction in the social arena Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358(1435):1189-1196 1693215 12903652 10.1098/rstb.2003.1318
77. De Veer MW Gallup GG Jr Theall LA Bos van den R Povinelli DJ An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Neuropsychologia 2003, 41(2):229-234 10.1016/ S0028-3932(02)00153-7 12459221
78. Hirata S A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors Behav Processes 2007, 75(1):85-90 10.1016/j.beproc.2007.01.005 17324534
79. Povinelli DJ Dunphy-Lelii S Do chimpanzees seek explanations? Preliminary comparative investigations Can J Exp Psychol 2001, 55(2):185-193 11433789
80. Itakura S Differentiated responses to different human conditions by chimpanzees Percept Mot Skills 1994, 79(3 Pt 1):1288-1290 7899011
81. Silk JB Brosnan SF Vonk J Henrich J Povinelli DJ Richardson AS Lambeth SP Mascaro J Schapiro SJ Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members Nature 2005, 437(7063):1357-1359 10.1038/ nature04243 16251965
82. Parr LA The discrimination of faces and their emotional content by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 1000:56-78 10.1196/ annals.1280.005 14766620
83. Kojima S Izumi A Ceugniet M Identification of vocalizers by pant hoots, pant grunts and screams in a chimpanzee Primates 2003, 44(3):225-230 10.1007/s10329-002-0014-8 12884113
84. Izumi A Kojima S Matching vocalizations to vocalizing faces in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Anim Cogn 2004, 7(3):179-184 10.1007/ s10071-004-0212-4 15015035
85. Riede T Owren MJ Arcadi AC Nonlinear acoustics in pant hoots of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Frequency jumps, subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos Am J Primatol 2004, 64(3):277-291 10.1002/ajp.20078 15538766
86. McGrew WC Cultural implications of differences between populations of free ranging chimpanzees in Africa The Ethological Roots of Culture Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Gardner RA, Gardner BT, Chiarelli B, Plooij FX 1994, 61-79
87. Horner V Whiten A Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) Anim Cogn 2005, 8(3):164-181 10.1007/s10071-004-0239-6 15549502
88. Marshall-Pescini S Whiten A Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the question of cumulative culture: An experimental approach Anim Cogn 2008, 18204869
89. Whiten A Goodall J McGrew WC Nishida T Reynolds V Sugiyama Y Tutin CEG Wrangham RW Boesch C Cultures in chimpanzees Nature 1999, 399(6737):682-685 10.1038/21415 10385119
90. Lycett SJ Collard M McGrew WC Phylogenetic analyses of behavior support existence of culture among wild chimpanzees Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104(45):17588- 7592 2077048 17968009 10.1073/pnas.0707930104
91. De Waal F Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes New York, NY, US: Harper and Row 1982
92. De Waal F Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard Univ. Press 1996
93. Jensen K Call J Tomasello M Chimpanzees are rational maximizers in an ultimatum game Science 2007, 318(5847):107-109 10.1126/science.1145850 17916736
94. Burkart JM Fehr E Efferson C van Schaik CP Other-regarding preferences in a non-human primate: Common marmosets provision food altruistically Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104(50):19762-19766 10.1073/pnas.0710310104 18077409 2148372
95. Balls M Chimpanzee medical experiments: Moral, legal, and scientific concerns Poor Model Man: Experimenting on Chimpanzees: Proceedings of the First PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) Conference on the Use of Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research. ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 1995, 23:607-614
96. Armstrong SJ Botzler RG (Eds) The Animal Ethics Reader London: Routledge 2003
97. Council of Europe Publishing (Ed) Ethical Eye: Animal Welfare Belgium: Council of Europe 2006
98. Busche F Animal rights, animal wrongs Veterinary Times 2008, 38(16):32-34
99. Singer P Animal liberation New York, NY, US: New York Review of Books 2 1990
100. Brüne M Brüne-Cohrs U McGrew WC Preuschoft S Psychopathology in great apes: Concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disorders Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2006, 30:1246-1259 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.002 17141312
101. Bourgeois SR Vazquez M Brasky K Combination therapy reduces self-injurious behavior in a chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes Troglodytes): A case report J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2007, 10(2):123-140 17559320
102. Bradshaw GA Capaldo T Lindner L Grow G Building an inner sanctuary: complex PTSD in chimpanzees Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2008, 9(1):9-34
103. Brüne M Brüne-Cohrs U McGrew WC Psychiatric treatment for great apes? Science 2004, 306:2039 10.1126/science.306.5704.2039b 15604390
104. Cavalieri P Singer P (Eds) The great ape project London, UK: Fourth Estate 1993
105. Morton DB Self-consciousness and animal suffering Biologist 2000, 47(2):77-80 11190233
106. Matsuzawa T Tomonaga M Tanaka M (Eds) Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees Tokyo, Japan: Springer 2006
107. Walsh PD Abernethy KA Bermejo M Beyers R De Wachter P Akou ME Huijbregts B Mambounga DI Toham AK Kilbourn AM Lahm SA Latour S Maisels F Mbina C Mihindou Y Obiang SN Effa EN Starkey MP Telfer P Thibault M Tutin CE White LJ Wilkie DS Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa Nature 2003, 422(6932):611-614 10.1038/nature01566 12679788
108. Tutin CE Saving the gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) of the Congo Basin Reproduction, Fertility, & Development 2001, 13(7-8):469-476 10.1071/RD01092
109. Scharmann W The Great Ape Project: Human rights for the great anthropoid apes [German] ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation 2000, 17(4):221-224
110. Anon Resolution Poor Model Man: Experimenting on Chimpanzees: Proceedings of the First PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) Conference on the Use of Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research. ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 2005, 23:571
111. Animal Consultants International http://www.AnimalConsultants.org
112. Taylor & Francis Ltd http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
113. Australian Association for Humane Research http://www.AAHR.org.au
114. In Defense of Animals http://www.IDAUSA.org
115. The Medical Advances Without Animals Trust http://www.MAWA-Trust.org.au