Concise review: The surface markers and identity of human mesenchymal stem cells

Stem Cells

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1408-1419

  Lv, Feng Juan ^a,b   Tuan, Rocky S ^c   Cheung, Kenneth M C ^a,b   Leung, Victor Y L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

CD146; CD271; Markers; Mesenchymal stem cells; Niche; Pericytes; Regenerative medicine; Surface epitopes

Indexed keywords

ALPHA6 INTEGRIN; CD146 ANTIGEN; CD200 ANTIGEN; CD349 ANTIGEN; CELL SURFACE MARKER; GANGLIOSIDE GD2; NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTOR P75; PROTEIN 3G5; PROTEIN MSCA 1; PROTEIN PODXL; PROTEIN STRO 1; PROTEIN STRO 4; PROTEIN SUSD2; PROTEIN TM4SF1; STAGE SPECIFIC EMBRYO ANTIGEN 3; STAGE SPECIFIC EMBRYO ANTIGEN 4; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX11; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANGIOGENESIS; BONE MARROW; CELL ADHESION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL POPULATION; CELL SURVIVAL; COLONY FORMING UNIT; DECIDUA; DERMIS; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; ENDOMETRIUM; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FIBROBLAST; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; PERICYTE; PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT; PHENOTYPE; PLACENTA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SYNOVIUM; TOOTH PULP; UMBILICAL CORD; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL SEPARATION; CYTOLOGY; MESENCHYMAL STROMA CELL; METABOLISM;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL SEPARATION; FIBROBLASTS; HUMANS; MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS;

EID: 84901477349     PISSN: 10665099     EISSN: 15494918     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/stem.1681     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Manuguerra-Gagne R, Boulos PR, Ammar A, et al. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells promotes tissue regeneration in a glaucoma model through laser-induced paracrine factor secretion and progenitor cell recruitment. Stem Cells 2013; 31: 1136-1148.
2. Yang F, Leung VY, Luk KD, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells arrest intervertebral disc degeneration through chondrocytic differentiation and stimulation of endogenous cells. Mol Ther 2009; 17: 1959-1966.
3. Noth U, Steinert AF, Tuan RS,. Technology insight: Adult mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis therapy. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008; 4: 371-380.
4. Chen FH, Tuan RS,. Mesenchymal stem cells in arthritic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10: 223.
5. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006; 8: 315-317.
6. Jones EA, Kinsey SE, English A, et al. Isolation and characterization of bone marrow multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 3349-3360.
7. Buhring HJ, Battula VL, Treml S, et al. Novel markers for the prospective isolation of human MSC. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1106: 262-271.
8. Eirin A, Zhu XY, Krier JD, et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve revascularization outcomes to restore renal function in swine atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Stem Cells 2012; 30: 1030-1041.
9. Fukuchi Y, Nakajima H, Sugiyama D, et al. Human placenta-derived cells have mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell potential. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 649-658.
10. Huang GT, Gronthos S, Shi S,. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: Their biology and role in regenerative medicine. J Dent Res 2009; 88: 792-806.
11. Hermida-Gomez T, Fuentes-Boquete I, Gimeno-Longas MJ, et al. Quantification of cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell markers in healthy and osteoarthritic synovial membranes. J Rheumatol 2011; 38: 339-349.
12. Tondreau T, Meuleman N, Delforge A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from CD133-positive cells in mobilized peripheral blood and cord blood: Proliferation, Oct4 expression, and plasticity. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 1105-1112.
13. Park JC, Kim JM, Jung IH, et al. Isolation and characterization of human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells (PDLSCs) from the inflamed PDL tissue: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38: 721-731.
14. Schwab KE, Hutchinson P, Gargett CE,. Identification of surface markers for prospective isolation of human endometrial stromal colony-forming cells. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 934-943.
15. Baksh D, Yao R, Tuan RS,. Comparison of proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and bone marrow. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 1384-1392.
16. Sarugaser R, Lickorish D, Baksh D, et al. Human umbilical cord perivascular (HUCPV) cells: A source of mesenchymal progenitors. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 220-229.
17. Martin-Rendon E, Sweeney D, Lu F, et al. 5-Azacytidine-treated human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from umbilical cord, cord blood and bone marrow do not generate cardiomyocytes in vitro at high frequencies. Vox Sang 2008; 95: 137-148.
18. Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, et al. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 3: 301-313.
19. Russell KC, Phinney DG, Lacey MR, et al. In vitro high-capacity assay to quantify the clonal heterogeneity in trilineage potential of mesenchymal stem cells reveals a complex hierarchy of lineage commitment. Stem Cells 2010; 28: 788-798.
20. Lv F, Lu M, Cheung KM, et al. Intrinsic properties of mesemchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, umbilical cord and umbilical cord blood comparing the different sources of MSC. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 7: 389-399.
21. Muraglia A, Cancedda R, Quarto R,. Clonal mesenchymal progenitors from human bone marrow differentiate in vitro according to a hierarchical model. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 (Pt 7): 1161-1166.
22. Batouli S, Miura M, Brahim J, et al. Comparison of stem-cell-mediated osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. J Dent Res 2003; 82: 976-981.
23. Kuroda Y, Kitada M, Wakao S, et al. Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 8639-8643.
24. Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B,. Identification of stromal cell precursors in human bone marrow by a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-1. Blood 1991; 78: 55-62.
25. Psaltis PJ, Paton S, See F, et al. Enrichment for STRO-1 expression enhances the cardiovascular paracrine activity of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell populations. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223: 530-540.
26. Bensidhoum M, Chapel A, Francois S, et al. Homing of in vitro expanded Stro-1- or Stro-1+ human mesenchymal stem cells into the NOD/SCID mouse and their role in supporting human CD34 cell engraftment. Blood 2004; 103: 3313-3319.
27. Diaz-Prado S, Muinos-Lopez E, Hermida-Gomez T, et al. Multilineage differentiation potential of cells isolated from the human amniotic membrane. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111: 846-857.
28. Chen FG, Zhang WJ, Bi D, et al. Clonal analysis of nestin(-) vimentin(+) multipotent fibroblasts isolated from human dermis. J Cell Sci 2007; 120: 2875-2883.
29. Quirici N, Soligo D, Bossolasco P, et al. Isolation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by anti-nerve growth factor receptor antibodies. Exp Hematol 2002; 30: 783-791.
30. Jarocha D, Lukasiewicz E, Majka M,. Advantage of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) expansion directly from purified bone marrow CD105+ and CD271+ cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2008; 46: 307-314.
31. Battula VL, Treml S, Abele H, et al. Prospective isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta using a frizzled-9-specific monoclonal antibody. Differentiation 2008; 76: 326-336.
32. Gang EJ, Bosnakovski D, Figueiredo CA, et al. SSEA-4 identifies mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. Blood 2007; 109: 1743-1751.
33. Schwab KE, Gargett CE,. Co-expression of two perivascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 2903-2911.
34. Sorrentino A, Ferracin M, Castelli G, et al. Isolation and characterization of CD146+ multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2008; 36: 1035-1046.
35. Sacchetti B, Funari A, Michienzi S, et al. Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment. Cell 2007; 131: 324-336.
36. Lee RH, Seo MJ, Pulin AA, et al. The CD34-like protein PODXL and alpha6-integrin (CD49f) identify early progenitor MSCs with increased clonogenicity and migration to infarcted heart in mice. Blood 2009; 113: 816-826.
37. Nystedt J, Anderson H, Tikkanen J, et al. Cell surface structures influence lung clearance rate of systemically infused mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31: 317-326.
38. Martinez C, Hofmann TJ, Marino R, et al. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells express the neural ganglioside GD2: A novel surface marker for the identification of MSCs. Blood 2007; 109: 4245-4248.
39. Castrechini NM, Murthi P, Qin S, et al. Decidua parietalis-derived mesenchymal stromal cells reside in a vascular niche within the choriodecidua. Reprod Sci 2012; 19: 1302-1314.
40. Shi S, Gronthos S,. Perivascular niche of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 696-704.
41. Masuda H, Anwar SS, Buhring HJ, et al. A novel marker of human endometrial mesenchymal stem-like cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 21: 2201-2214.
42. Gronthos S, McCarty R, Mrozik K, et al. Heat shock protein-90 beta is expressed at the surface of multipotential mesenchymal precursor cells: Generation of a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-4, with specificity for mesenchymal precursor cells from human and ovine tissues. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18: 1253-1262.
43. Battula VL, Treml S, Bareiss PM, et al. Isolation of functionally distinct mesenchymal stem cell subsets using antibodies against CD56, CD271, and mesenchymal stem cell antigen-1. Haematologica 2009; 94: 173-184.
44. Delorme B, Ringe J, Gallay N, et al. Specific plasma membrane protein phenotype of culture-amplified and native human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Blood 2008; 111: 2631-2635.
45. Larson BL, Ylostalo J, Lee RH, et al. Sox11 is expressed in early progenitor human multipotent stromal cells and decreases with extensive expansion of the cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16: 3385-3394.
46. Bae S, Shim SH, Park CW, et al. Combined omics analysis identifies transmembrane 4 L6 family member 1 as a surface protein marker specific to human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20: 197-203.
47. Van Landuyt KB, Jones EA, McGonagle D, et al. Flow cytometric characterization of freshly isolated and culture expanded human synovial cell populations in patients with chronic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12: R15.
48. Mustapha Zeddou AB, Relic B, Josse C, et al. The umbilical cord matrix is a better source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) than the umbilical cord blood. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34: 693-701.
49. Zhang X, Hirai M, Cantero S, et al. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord blood: Reevaluation of critical factors for successful isolation and high ability to proliferate and differentiate to chondrocytes as compared to mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112: 1206-1218.
50. Buhring HJ, Treml S, Cerabona F, et al. Phenotypic characterization of distinct human bone marrow-derived MSC subsets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1176: 124-134.
51. Wagner W, Wein F, Seckinger A, et al. Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. Exp Hematol 2005; 33: 1402-1416.
52. Sobiesiak M, Sivasubramaniyan K, Hermann C, et al. The mesenchymal stem cell antigen MSCA-1 is identical to tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19: 669-677.
53. Battula VL, Bareiss PM, Treml S, et al. Human placenta and bone marrow derived MSC cultured in serum-free, b-FGF-containing medium express cell surface frizzled-9 and SSEA-4 and give rise to multilineage differentiation. Differentiation 2007; 75: 279-291.
54. Gronthos S, Franklin DM, Leddy HA, et al. Surface protein characterization of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 2001; 189: 54-63.
55. Quirici N, Scavullo C, de Girolamo L, et al. Anti-L-NGFR and -CD34 monoclonal antibodies identify multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in human adipose tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19: 915-925.
56. Schaffler A, Buchler C,. Concise review: Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells-Basic and clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 818-827.
57. Rosada C, Justesen J, Melsvik D, et al. The human umbilical cord blood: A potential source for osteoblast progenitor cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2003; 72: 135-142.
58. Watson JT, Foo T, Wu J, et al. CD271 as a marker for mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow versus umbilical cord blood. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197: 496-504.
59. Kuznetsov SA, Mankani MH, Gronthos S, et al. Circulating skeletal stem cells. J Cell Biol 2001; 153: 1133-1140.
60. Attar A PZN, Ahrari I, Khosravi Maharlooi M, Monabati A,. Assessing the role of CD271 isolation from GCSF mobilized peripheral blood in isolation of MSCs. Cell J 2011; 12: 131.
61. Kawanabe N, Murata S, Fukushima H, et al. Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 identifies human dental pulp stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318: 453-463.
62. Hiwase SD, Dyson PG, To LB, et al. Cotransplantation of placental mesenchymal stromal cells enhances single and double cord blood engraftment in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficient mice. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 2293-2300.
63. Pilz GA, Ulrich C, Ruh M, et al. Human term placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are less prone to osteogenic differentiation than bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20: 635-646.
64. Yen BL, Huang HI, Chien CC, et al. Isolation of multipotent cells from human term placenta. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 3-9.
65. De Bari C, Dell'Accio F, Tylzanowski P, et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1928-1942.
66. Karystinou A, Dell'Accio F, Kurth TB, et al. Distinct mesenchymal progenitor cell subsets in the adult human synovium. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48: 1057-1064.
67. Arufe MC, De la Fuente A, Fuentes I, et al. Chondrogenic potential of subpopulations of cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell markers derived from human synovial membranes. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111: 834-845.
68. Vaculik C, Schuster C, Bauer W, et al. Human dermis harbors distinct mesenchymal stromal cell subsets. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132: 563-574.
69. Barkhordarian A, Sison J, Cayabyab R, et al. Epigenetic regulation of osteogenesis: Human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells. Bioinformation 2010; 5: 278-281.
70. Martens TP, See F, Schuster MD, et al. Mesenchymal lineage precursor cells induce vascular network formation in ischemic myocardium. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006; 3 (Suppl 1): S18-S22.
71. Flores-Torales E, Orozco-Barocio A, Gonzalez-Ramella OR, et al. The CD271 expression could be alone for establisher phenotypic marker in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 48: 682-686.
72. Kuci S, Kuci Z, Kreyenberg H, et al. CD271 antigen defines a subset of multipotent stromal cells with immunosuppressive and lymphohematopoietic engraftment-promoting properties. Haematologica 2010; 95: 651-659.
73. Hermida-Gomez T, Fuentes-Boquete I, Gimeno-Longas MJ, et al. Bone marrow cells immunomagnetically selected for CD271+ antigen promote in vitro the repair of articular cartilage defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17: 1169-1179.
74. Trubiani O, Zalzal SF, Paganelli R, et al. Expression profile of the embryonic markers nanog, OCT-4, SSEA-1, SSEA-4, and frizzled-9 receptor in human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225: 123-131.
75. Suila H, Pitkanen V, Hirvonen T et al. Are globoseries glycosphingolipids SSEA-3 and -4 markers for stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood? J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 3: 99-107.
76. Tormin A, Li O, Brune JC, et al. CD146 expression on primary nonhematopoietic bone marrow stem cells is correlated with in situ localization. Blood 2011; 117: 5067-5077.
77. Huang S, Leung VY, Long D, et al. Coupling of small leucine-rich proteoglycans to hypoxic survival of a progenitor cell-like subpopulation in Rhesus Macaque intervertebral disc. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 6548-6558.
78. Yu KR, Yang SR, Jung JW, et al. CD49f enhances multipotency and maintains stemness through the direct regulation of OCT4 and SOX2. Stem Cells 2012; 30: 876-887.
79. Notta F, Doulatov S, Laurenti E, et al. Isolation of single human hematopoietic stem cells capable of long-term multilineage engraftment. Science 2011; 333: 218-221.
80. Zhidkova OV, Petrov NS, Popov BV,. [Production and characteristics of the growth and marker properties of mesenchymal stem cells of urinary bladder]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2013; 49: 67-77.
81. Tran TC, Kimura K, Nagano M, et al. Identification of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells involved in re-endothelialization. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226: 224-235.
82. Xu J, Liao W, Gu D, et al. Neural ganglioside GD2 identifies a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells in umbilical cord. Cell Physiol Biochem 2009; 23: 415-424.
83. Khan WS, Adesida AB, Tew SR, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells express the pericyte marker 3G5 in culture and show enhanced chondrogenesis in hypoxic conditions. J Orthop Res 2010; 28: 834-840.
84. Wakao S, Kitada M, Kuroda Y, et al. Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are a primary source of induced pluripotent stem cells in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 9875-9880.
85. Sivasubramaniyan K, Harichandan A, Schumann S, et al. Prospective isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow using novel antibodies directed against Sushi domain containing 2. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22: 1944-1954.
86. Covas DT, Panepucci RA, Fontes AM, et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from diverse human tissues share functional properties and gene-expression profile with CD146+ perivascular cells and fibroblasts. Exp Hematol 2008; 36: 642-654.
87. Kozanoglu I, Boga C, Ozdogu H, et al. Human bone marrow mesenchymal cells express NG2: Possible increase in discriminative ability of flow cytometry during mesenchymal stromal cell identification. Cytotherapy 2009; 11: 527-533.
88. Maijenburg MW, Kleijer M, Vermeul K, et al. The composition of the mesenchymal stromal cell compartment in human bone marrow changes during development and aging. Haematologica 2012; 97: 179-183.
89. Wilson A, Trumpp A,. Bone-marrow haematopoietic-stem-cell niches. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 93-106.
90. Haniffa MA, Collin MP, Buckley CD, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: The fibroblasts' new clothes? Haematologica 2009; 94: 258-263.
91. Lorenz K, Sicker M, Schmelzer E, et al. Multilineage differentiation potential of human dermal skin-derived fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17: 925-932.
92. Junker JP, Sommar P, Skog M, et al. Adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of clonally derived human dermal fibroblasts. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 191: 105-118.
93. Jiang XX, Zhang Y, Liu B, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 2005; 105: 4120-4126.
94. Haniffa MA, Wang XN, Holtick U, et al. Adult human fibroblasts are potent immunoregulatory cells and functionally equivalent to mesenchymal stem cells. J Immunol 2007; 179: 1595-1604.
95. da Silva Meirelles L, Caplan AI, Nardi NB,. In search of the in vivo identity of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26: 2287-2299.
96. Risau W, Flamme I,. Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1995; 11: 73-91.
97. Doherty MJ, Canfield AE,. Gene expression during vascular pericyte differentiation. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1999; 9: 1-17.
98. Nayak RC, Berman AB, George KL, et al. A monoclonal antibody (3G5)-defined ganglioside antigen is expressed on the cell surface of microvascular pericytes. J Exp Med 1988; 167: 1003-1015.
99. Tintut Y, Alfonso Z, Saini T, et al. Multilineage potential of cells from the artery wall. Circulation 2003; 108: 2505-2510.
100. Bexell D, Gunnarsson S, Tormin A, et al. Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stroma cells act as pericyte-like migratory vehicles in experimental gliomas. Mol Ther 2009; 17: 183-190.
101. Blasi A, Martino C, Balducci L, et al. Dermal fibroblasts display similar phenotypic and differentiation capacity to fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells, but differ in anti-inflammatory and angiogenic potential. Vasc Cell 2011; 3: 5.
102. Bae S, Ahn JH, Park CW, et al. Gene and microRNA expression signatures of human mesenchymal stromal cells in comparison to fibroblasts. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 335: 565-573.
103. Pretzel D, Linss S, Rochler S, et al. Relative percentage and zonal distribution of mesenchymal progenitor cells in human osteoarthritic and normal cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13: R64.
104. Feng J, Mantesso A, De Bari C, et al. Dual origin of mesenchymal stem cells contributing to organ growth and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 6503-6508.
105. Castrechini NM, Murthi P, Gude NM, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in human placental chorionic villi reside in a vascular Niche. Placenta 2010; 31: 203-212.
106. Pereira LO, Rubini MR, Silva JR, et al. Comparison of stem cell properties of cells isolated from normal and inflamed dental pulps. Int Endod J 2012; 45: 1080-1090.
107. Alongi DJ, Yamaza T, Song Y, et al. Stem/progenitor cells from inflamed human dental pulp retain tissue regeneration potential. Regen Med 2010; 5: 617-631.
108. Li N, Liu N, Zhou J, et al. Inflammatory environment induces gingival tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate towards a pro-fibrotic phenotype. Biol Cell 2013; 105: 261-275.
109. Romieu-Mourez R, Francois M, Boivin MN, et al. Regulation of MHC class II expression and antigen processing in murine and human mesenchymal stromal cells by IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, and cell density. J Immunol 2007; 179: 1549-1558.
110. Le Blanc K, Tammik C, Rosendahl K, et al. HLA expression and immunologic properties of differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Hematol 2003; 31: 890-896.
111. Bocelli-Tyndall C, Zajac P, Di Maggio N, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 2 and platelet-derived growth factor, but not platelet lysate, induce proliferation-dependent, functional class II major histocompatibility complex antigen in human mesenchymal stem cells. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 3815-3825.
112. Croitoru-Lamoury J, Lamoury FM, Caristo M, et al. Interferon-gamma regulates the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via activation of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). PLoS One 2011; 6: e14698.
113. Delcroix GJ, Curtis KM, Schiller PC, et al. EGF and bFGF pre-treatment enhances neural specification and the response to neuronal commitment of MIAMI cells. Differentiation 2010; 80: 213-227.
114. Gharibi B, Hughes FJ,. Effects of medium supplements on proliferation, differentiation potential, and in vitro expansion of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1: 771-782.
115. Wislet-Gendebien S, Hans G, Leprince P, et al. Plasticity of cultured mesenchymal stem cells: Switch from nestin-positive to excitable neuron-like phenotype. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 392-402.
116. Wu R, Gu B, Zhao X, et al. Derivation of multipotent nestin(+)/CD271(-)/ STRO-1(-) mesenchymal-like precursors from human embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions. Hum Cell 2013; 26: 19-27.
117. Muller SM, Stolt CC, Terszowski G, et al. Neural crest origin of perivascular mesenchyme in the adult thymus. J Immunol 2008; 180: 5344-5351.
118. Pinho S, Lacombe J, Hanoun M, et al. PDGFRalpha and CD51 mark human Nestin+ sphere-forming mesenchymal stem cells capable of hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion. J Exp Med 2013; 210: 1351-1367.