Gene expression during vascular pericyte differentiation

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-17

  Doherty, Mary Jo ^a   Canfield, Ann E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone formation; Chondrogenic; Differentiation; Mineralization; Osteogenic; Pluripotent

Indexed keywords

MELANOMA ANTIGEN;

ADIPOCYTE; ANIMAL CELL; BLOOD FLOW; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CARTILAGE CELL; CELL ADHESION; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CHONDROGENESIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBROBLAST; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MACROPHAGE; MICROGLIA; MINERALIZATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOBLAST; PERICYTE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER;

ANIMALIA; EUKARYOTA;

EID: 0033380327     PISSN: 10454403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.v9.i1.10     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Antonelli-Orlidge A, Saunders KB, Smith SR, D'Amore PA (1989): An activated form of TGF-β is produced by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4544-4548.
2. Ashton BA, Allen TD, Howlett CR, Eaglesom CC, Hattori A, Owens M (1980): Formation of bone and cartilage by marrow stromal cells in diffusion chambers in vivo. Clin Orthop 151:294-307.
3. Aubin JE, Liu F, Malaval L, Gupta AK (1995): Osteoblast and chondroblast differentiation. Bone 17:77S-83S.
4. Bab I, Howlett CR, Ashton BA, Owen ME (1984): Ultrastructure of bone and cartilage formed in vivo in diffusion chambers. Clin Orthop 187:243-254.
5. Bab I, Ashton BA, Gazit D, Marx G, Williamson MC, Owen ME (1986): Kinetics and differentiation of marrow stromal cells in diffusion chambers in vivo. J Cell Sci 84:139-151.
6. Balabanov R, Washington R, Wagnerova R, Doreduffy P (1996): CNS microvascular pericytes express macrophage-like function, cell-surface integrin alpha-M and macrophage marker ED-2. Microvasc Res 52:127-142.
7. Balica M, Bostrom K, Shin V, Tillisch K, Demer LL (1997): Calcifying subpopulation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells is responsive to 17β-estradiol. Circulation 95:1954-1960.
8. Barone LM, Owen TA, Tassinari MS, Bortell R, Stein GS, Lian JB (1991): Developmental expression and hormonal regulation of the rat matrix Gla protein (MGP) gene in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. J Cell Biochem 46:351-365.
9. Bianco P, Riminucci M, Silvestrini G. Bonucci E, Termine JD, Fisher LW, Gehron-Robey P (1993): Localization of bone sialoprotein (BSP) to Golgi and post-Golgi secretory structures in osteoblasts and to discrete sites in early bone matrix. J Histochem Cytochem 41:193-203.
10. Bianco P (1994): Immunohistology of bone proteins, bone quality and bone turnover. Clin Rheum 13:69-74.
11. Bostrum KW, Watson KE, Horn S, Wortham C, Herman IM, Demer LL (1993): Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 91:1800-1809.
12. Boya J (1976): An ultrastructural study of the relationship between pericytes and cerebral macrophages. Acta Anat 95:598-608.
13. Brighton CT, Lorich DG, Kupcha R, Reilly TM, Jones AR, Woodbury RA (1992): The pericyte as a possible osteoblast progenitor cell. Clin Orthop Rel Res 275:287-299.
14. Brighton CT, Hunt RM (1997): Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in the microvessels of periosteal callus. J Orthopaedic Trauma 11:244-253.
15. Cancilla PA, Baker RN, Pollock PS, Frommes SP (1972): The reaction of pericytes of the central nervous system to exogenous protein. Lab Invest 26:376-383.
16. Canfield AE, Schor AM, Loskutoff DJ, Schor SL, Grant ME (1989): Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type I is a major biosynthetic product of retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes in culture. Biochem J 259:529-535.
17. Canfield AE, Allen TD, Grant ME, Schor SL, Schor AM (1990): Modulation of extracellular matrix biosynthesis in bovine retinal pericytes in vitro: effects of the substratum and cell density. J Cell Sci 96:159-169.
18. Canfield AE, Schor AM (1991): Identification and partial characterization of a low Mr collagen synthesized by bovine retinal pericytes: apparent relationship to type X collagen. FEBS Lett 286:171-175.
19. Canfield AE, Sutton AB, Hoyland JA, Schor AM (1996): Association of thrombospondin-1 with osteogenic differentiation of retinal pericytes in vitro. J Cell Sci 109:343-353.
20. Carmeliet P, Mackman N, Moons L, Luther T, Gressens P, Vanvlaenderen I, Demunck H, Kasper M, Breier G, Evrard P, Muller M, Risau W, Edgington T, Collen D (1996): Role of tissue factor in embryonic blood-vessel development. Nature 383:73-75.
21. Chang HN, Garetto LP, Katona TR, Potter RH, Roberts WE (1996): Angiogenic induction and cell migration in an orthopedically expanded maxillary suture in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 41:985-994.
22. Chang HN, Garetto LP, Potter RH, Katona TR, Lee CH, Roberts WE (1997): Angiogenesis and osteogenesis in an orthopedically expanded suture. Am J Orthodont Dentofacial Orthoped 111:382-390.
23. Chakravarthy U, Gardiner TA, Anderson P, Archer DB, Trimble ER (1992): The effect of endothelin-1 on the retinal microvascular pericyte. Microvasc Res 43: 241-254.
24. 2 on intracellular pH and contraction of retinal capillary pericytes. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 38:643-651.
25. Cohen MP, Frank RN, Khalifa AA (1980): Collagen production by cultured retinal capillary pericytes. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 19:90-94.
26. Courtoy P, Boyles J (1983): Fibronectin in the microvasculature: localization in the pericyte-endothelial interstitium. J Ultrastruct Res 83:691-696.
27. Crocker DJ, Murad TM, Greer JC (1970): Role of the pericyte in wound healing. An ultrastructural study. Exp Mol Pathol 13:51-65.
28. D'Amore PA (1990): Culture and study of pericytes. In Piper HM (ed): "Cell culture techniques in heart and vessel research." Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 299-314.
29. Decker B, Bartels H, Decker S (1995): Relationships between endothelial cells, pericytes and osteoblasts during bone formation in the sheep femur following implantation of tricalciumphosphate-ceramic. The Anatomical Record 242:310-320.
30. Dehouck MP, Vigne P, Torpier G, Breittmayer JP, Cecchelli R, Frelin C (1997): Endothelin-1 as a mediator of endothelial cell - pericyte interactions in bovine brain capillaries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:464-469.
31. Denhardt DT, Guo X (1993): Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions. FASEB J 7:1475-1482.
32. Desbois C, Karsenty G (1995): Osteocalcin cluster: implications for functional studies. J Cell Biochem 57:379-383.
33. Diaz-Flores L, Dominguez C (1985): Relation between arterial intimal thickening and the vasa vasorum. Virchows Arch 406:165-177.
34. Diaz-Flores V, Valladares F, Gutierrez R, Varela H (1990): The role of pericytes of the adventitial microcirculation in the arterial intimal thickening. Histol Histopathol 5:145-153.
35. Diaz-Flores L, Gutierrez R, Gonzalez P, Varela H (1991a): Inducible perivascular cells contribute to the neochondrogenesis in grafted perichondrium. The Anatomical Record 229:1-8.
36. Diaz-Flores L, Gutierrez R, Varela H, Rancel N, Valladares F (1991b): Microvascular pericytes: a review of their morphological and functional characteristics. Histol Histopathol 6:269-286.
37. Diaz-Flores L, Gutierrez R, Lopez-Alonso A, Gonzalez R, Varela H (1992): Pericytes as a supplementary source of osteoblasts in periosteal osteogenesis. Clin Orthop 275:280-286.
38. Dodge GR, Diaz A, Sanz-Rodriguez C, Reginato AM, Jimenez SA (1998): Effects of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha on the expression of genes encoding aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin core proteins in cultured human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 41:274-283.
39. Doherty MJ, Ashton BA, Walsh S, Beresford JN, Grant ME, Canfield AE (1998a): Vascular pericytes express osteogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 13:828-838.
40. Doherty MJ, Boot-Handford RP, Grant ME, Canfield AE (1998b): Identification of genes expressed during the osteogenic differentiation of vascular pericytes in vitro. Biochem Soc Trans 26:S4.
41. Ducy P, Zhang R, Geoffroy V, Ridall AL, Karsenty G (1997): Osf2/Cbfa1: a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation. Cell 89:747-754.
42. Eskenasy M, Tasca SI (1988): Culture of pericytes isolated from rat adipose microvasculature and characterization of their prostanoid production. Cell Biol Int Rep 12:1055-1066.
43. Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhyan RK, Gerasimov UV (1987): Bone marrow osteogenic stem cells: in vitro cultivation and transplantation in diffusion chambers. Cell Tissue Kinet 20:263-272.
44. Furness PN (1993a): Immune complex degradation by cultured rat mesangial cells. J Pathol 170:197-203.
45. Furness PN (1993b): Degradation of insoluble immune complexes by glomerular mesangial cells and macrophages in culture. Exp Nephrol 1:372-375.
46. Gabbiani G (1996): The cellular derivation and the life span of the myofibroblast. Pathol Res Pract 192:708-711.
47. Gehron-Robey P, Young MF, Fisher LW, McClain TD (1989): Thrombospondin is an osteoblast-derived component of mineralized extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 108:719-727.
48. Gerstenfeld L, Shapiro F (1996): Expression of bone-specific genes by hypertrophic chondrocytes: Implications of the complex functions of the hypertrophic chondrocyte during endochondral bone development. J Cell Biochem 62:1-9.
49. Gitlin JD, D'Amore PA (1983): Culture of retinal capillary cells using selective growth media. Microvasc Res 26:74-80.
50. + fraction of adult human bone marrow contains the osteogenic precursors. Blood 84:4164-4173.
51. Grzesik WJ, Gehron-Robey P (1994): Bone matrix RGD glycoproteins: immunolocalization and interaction with human primary osteoblastic bone cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 9:487-496.
52. Gundle R, Joyner CJ, Triffitt JT (1995): Human bone tissue formation in diffusion chamber culture in vivo by bone-derived cells and marrow stromal fibroblastic cells. Bone 16:597-601.
53. Guilian D, Baker T (1986): Characterization of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain. J Neurosci 6:2163-2178.
54. Herman IM, D'Amore PA (1985): Microvascular pericytes contain muscle and nonmuscle actins. J Cell Biol 101:43-53.
55. Herman IM, Jacobson S (1988): In situ analysis of microvascular pericytes in hypertensive rat brains. Tissue Cell 20:1-12.
56. Hirschi KK, D'Amore PA (1996): Pericytes in the microvasculature. Cardiovasc Res 32:687-698.
57. Hudes GR, Li W, Rockey JH, White P (1988): Prostacyclin is the major prostaglandin synthesized by bovine retinal capillary pericytes in culture. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 28:1511-1522.
58. Iyama K, Ohzono K, Usuku G (1979): Electron microscopical studies on the genesis of white adipocytes: differentiation of immature pericytes into adipocytes in transplanted preadipose tissue. Virchows Arch 31:143-155.
59. Jones AR, Clark CC, Brighton CT (1995): Microvessel endothelial cells and pericytes increase proliferation and repress osteoblast phenotypic markers in rat calvarial bone cell cultures. J Orthopaed Res 13:553-561.
60. Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Shioi A, Mori H (1997): Parathyroid hormone related peptide as a local regulator of vascular calcification. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Res 17:1135-1142.
61. Joyce NC, DeCamilli P, Boyles J (1984): Pericytes, like vascular smooth muscle cells, are immunocytochemically positive for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Microvasc Res 28:206-219.
62. Joyce NC, Haire MF, Palade GE (1985): Contractile proteins in pericytes. II. Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of two isomyosins in graded concentrations. J Cell Biol 100:1387-1395.
63. Kelley C, D'Amore PA, Hechtman HB, Shepro D (1987): Microvascular pericyte contractility in vitro: a comparison with other cells of the vascular wall. J Cell Biol 104:483-490.
64. Kelley C, D'Amore PA, Hechtman HB, Shepro D (1988): Vasoactive hormones and cAMP affect pericyte contraction and stress fibers in vitro. J Muscle Res Cell Motility 9:184-194.
65. Kennedy A, Frank RN, Mancini MA, Lande M (1986): Collagens of the retinal microvessel basement membrane and of retinal microvascular cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 42:177-199.
66. Khaliq A, Patel B, Jarvisevans J, Moriarty P, Mcleod D, Boulton M (1995): Oxygen modulates production of bFGF and TGF-beta by retinal cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 60:415-423.
67. Kim Y, Imdad RY, Stephgenson AH, Sprague RS, Lonigro AJ (1998): Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in pericytes is upregulated by phorbal myristate acetate. Hypertension 31:511-515.
68. Komori T, Yagi H, Nomura S, Yamaguchi A, Sasaki K, Deguchi K, Shimizu Y, Bronson RT, Gao Y-H, Inada M, Sato M, Okamoto R, Kitamura Y, Yoshiki S, Kishimoto T (1997): Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell 89:755-764.
69. Kunz J, Krause D, Kremer M, Dermietzel R (1994): The 140-kDa protein of blood brain barrier-associated pericytes is identical to aminopeptidease N. J Neurochem 62:2375-2386.
70. Larson DM, Carson MP, Haudenschild CC (1987): Junctional transfer of small molecules in cultured bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes. Microvasc Res 34:184-199.
71. Levine JM, Nishiyama A (1996): The NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan - a multifunctional proteoglycan associated with immature cells. Perspect Dev Neurobiol 3:245-259.
72. Li WF, Liu XP, Yanoff M, Cohen S, Ye XD (1996): Cultured retinal capillary pericytes die by apoptosis after an abrupt fluctuation from high to low glucose levels - a comparative study with retinal capillary endothelial cells. Diabetologia 39:537-547.
73. Lindahl P, Johansson BR, Leveen P, Betsholtz C (1997): Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice. Science 277:242-245.
74. Luo G, D'Souza R, Hogue D, Karsenty G (1995): The matrix Gla protein gene is a marker of the chondrogenesis cell lineage during mouse development. J Bone Miner Res 10:325-334.
75. Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer RR, Karsenty G (1997): Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix Gla protein. Nature 386:78-81.
76. Mackie, EJ, Thesleff I, Chiquet-Ehrismann R (1987): Tenascin is associated with chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vivo and promotes chondrogenesis in vitro. J Cell Biol 105:2569-2579.
77. Majno G, Palade GE (1961): Studies on inflammation. I. The effect of histamine and serotonin on vascular permeability: an electron microscopic study. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 11:571-605.
78. Marra F, Bonewald LF, Parksnyder S, Park IS, Woodruff KA, Abboud HE (1996): Characterization and regulation of the latent transforming growth factor-beta complex secreted by vascular pericytes. J Cell Physiol 166:537-546.
79. Matsugi T, Chen Q, Anderson DR (1997a): Contractile responses of cultured bovine retinal pericytes to angiotensin II. Arch Opthalmol 115:1281-1285.
80. Matsugi T, Chen Q, Anderson DR (1997b): Adenosine-induced relaxation of cultured bovine retinal pericytes. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 38:2695-2701.
81. Matsugi T, Chen Q, Anderson DR (1997c): Suppression of CO2-induced relaxation of bovine retinal pericytes by angiotensin II. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 38:652-657.
82. Maxwell DS, Kruger L (1965): Small blood vessels and the origin of phagocytes in the rat cerebral cortex following heavy particle radiation. Exp Neurol 12:33-54.
83. McDonald DM, Bailie JR, Archer DB, Chakravarthy U (1995): Characterization of endothelin-A (ET-A) and endothelin-B (ET-B) receptors in cultured bovine retinal pericytes. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 36:1088-1094.
84. Meyrick B, Reid L (1978): The effect of continued hypoxia on rat pulmonary arterial circulation. Lab Invest 38:188-200.
85. 3H thymidine by cells of the rat pulmonary arteries and alveolar wall. Am J Pathol 96:51-70.
86. Miyazato M, Fukuda M, Iwamasa T (1991): Growth characteristics of retinal capillary endothelial cells compared with pulmonary vein endothelial cells in culture. Acta Pathologica Japonica 41:133-142.
87. Monteiro RAF, Rocha E, Mariniabreu MM (1996): Do microglia arise from pericytes - an ultrastructural and distribution study in the rat cerbrellar cortex. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 28:457-469.
88. Morel NML, Hechtman HB, Shepro D (1993): Pericyte modulation of tubular formation and cytoskeletal actin distribution in pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol Biochem 3:127-136.
89. Mori S, Yoshikawa H, Hashimoto J, Ueda T, Funai H, Kato M, Takaoka K (1998): Antiangiogenic agent (TNP-470) inhibition of ectopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2. Bone 22:99-105.
90. Moriarty P, Boulton M, Dickson A, Mcleod D (1994): Production of IGF-1 and IGF binding proteins by retinal cells in vitro. Br J Opthalmol 78:638-642.
91. Murdoch AD, Canfield AE, Grant ME, Boot-Handford RP (1991): Maintenance of collagen IV expression by bovine retinal pericytes isolated directly onto matrigel film. Biochem Soc Trans 19:368S.
92. Nayak RC, Berman AB, George KL, Eisenbarth GS, King GL (1988): A monoclonal antibody (3G5)-defined ganglioside antigen is expressed on the surface of microvascular pericytes. J Exp Med 167:1003-1015.
93. Nehls V, Drenckhahn D (1991): Heterogeneity of microvascular pericytes for smooth muscle type alpha-actin. J Cell Biol 113:147-154.
94. Nehls V, Denzer K, Drenckhan D (1992): Pericyte involvement in capillary sprouting during angiogenesis in situ. Cell Tissue Res 270:469-474.
95. Nehls V, Drenckhahn D (1993): The versatility of microvasculature pericytes: from mesenchyme to smooth muscle? Histochemistry 99:1-12.
96. Nicosia RF, Villaschi S (1995): Rat aortic smooth muscle cells become pericytes during angiogenesis in vitro. Lab Invest 73:658-666.
97. Nielsen BS, Sehested M, Kjeldsen L, Borregaard N, Rygaard J, Dano K (1997): Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in vascular pericytes in human breast cancer. Lab Invest 77:345-355.
98. Nishiyama A, Dahlin K, Prince JT, Johnstone SR, Stallcup WB (1991): The primary structure of NG2, a novel membrane spanning proteoglycan, J Cell Biol 114:359-371.
99. Orlidge A, D'Amore PA (1987): Inhibition of capillary endothelial cell growth by pericytes and smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biol 105:1455-1462.
100. Otawara Y, Price PA (1986): Developmental appearance of matrix Gla protein during calcification in the rat. J Biol Chem 261:10828-10832.
101. Otto F, Thornell AP, Crompton T, Denzel A Gilmour KC, Rosewell IR, Stamp GWH, Beddington RSP, Mundlos S, Olsen BR, Selby PB, Owen MJ (1997): Cbfa1, a candidate gene for cleidocranial dysplasia syndrome, is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone development. Cell 89:765-771.
102. Parhami F, Morrow AD, Balucan J, Leitinger N, Watson AD, Tintut Y, Berliner JA, Demer LL (1997): Lipid oxidation products have opposite effects on calcifying vascular cell and bone cell differentiation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:680-687.
103. Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL (1998): Calcification of human vascular cells in vitro is correlated with high levels of matrix Gla protein and low levels of osteopontin expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:379-388.
104. Ramachandran E, Frank RN, Kennedy A (1993): Effects of endothelin on cultured bovine retinal microvascular pericytes. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 34:586-595.
105. Reilly TM, Seldes R, Luchetti W, Brighton CT (1998): Similarities in the phenotypic expression of pericytes and bone cells. Clin Orthop Rel Res 346:95-103.
106. Rhodin JAG, Fujita H (1989): Capillary growth in mesentery of normal young rats. Intravital video and electron microscope analyses. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 21:1-34.
107. Richardson RL, Hausman GJ, Campion DR (1982): Response of pericytes to thermal lesion in the inguinal fat pad of 10-day-old rats. Acta Anat 114:41-57.
108. Rouget C (1873): Memoire sur le dévelopment, la structure et les propiétés physiologiques des capillaires sanguins et lymphatiques. Arch Physiol Normale Pathol 5:603-663.
109. Sage EH, Vernon RB, Decker J, Funk S, IruelaArispe ML (1989): Distribution of the calcium-binding protein SPARC in tissues of embryonic and adult mice. J Histochem Cytochem 37:819-829.
110. Sato Y, Rifkin DB (1989): Inhibition of endothelial cell movement by pericytes and smooth muscle cells: activation of a latent transforming growth factor-β1-like molecule by plasmin during co-culture. J Cell Biol 109:309-315.
111. Sato Y, Tsuboi R, Lyons R, Moses H, Rifkin DB (1990): Characterization of the activation of latent TGF-β by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self-regulating system. J Cell Biol 111:757-763.
112. Schoefl GI (1963): Studies on inflammation III. Growing capillaries: their structure and permeability. Vichows Arch Path Anat Physiol 337:97-141.
113. Schor AM, Schor SL (1986): The isolation and culture of endothelial cells and pericytes from the bovine retinal microvasculature: a comparative study with large vessel vascular cells. Microvasc Res 32:21-38.
114. Schor AM, Allen TD, Canfield AE, Sloan P, Schor SL (1990): Pericytes derived from the retinal microvasculature undergo calcification in vitro. J Cell Sci 97:449-461.
115. Schor AM, Canfield AE, Sloan P, Schor SL (1991): Differentiation of pericytes in culture is accompanied by changes in the extracellular matrix. In vitro Cell Dev Biol 27A:651-659.
116. Schor AM, Canfield AE, Sutton AB, Allen TD, Sloan P, Schor SL (1992): The behavior of pericytes in vitro: relevance to angiogenesis and differentiation. In Steiner R, Weisz PB, Langer R (eds): "Angiogenesis, Key Principles." Basel: Birlaug Verlag, pp. 167-178.
117. Schor AM, Canfield AE, Sutton AB, Arciniegas E, Allen TD (1995): Pericyte differentiation. Clin Orthop Rel Res 313:81-91.
118. Schor AM, Canfield AE (1998): Osteogenic potential of vascular pericytes. In Beresford JN, Owen ME (eds): "Marrow Stromal Cell Culture (Practical animal cell biology series)." U.K.: Cambridge University Press, pp. 128-148.
119. Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, de Waal RMW, Ferrone S, Ruiter D (1990): Expression of the high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen by pericytes during angiogenesis in tumors and in healing wounds. Am J Pathol 136:1393-1405.
120. Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, Kwaspen F, van de Kerkhof PCM, de Waal RMW, Ruiter DJ (1991): Differential expression of markers for endothelial cells, pericytes and basal lamina in the microvasculature of tumors and granulation tissue. Am J Pathol 138(6):1335-1347.
121. Schlingemann RO, Oosterwijk E, Wesseling P, Rietweld FRJ, Ruiter DJ (1996): Aminopeptidase-A is a constituent of activated pericytes in angiogenesis. J Pathol 179:436-442.
122. Sevitt S (1981): "Bone repair and fracture healing in man." London: Churchill Livingstone.
123. Shanahan CM, Cary NRB, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg, PL (1994): High expression of genes for calcification regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 93:2393-2402.
124. Shepro D, Morel NM (1993): Pericyte physiology. FASEB J 7:1031-1038.
125. Sims DE (1986): The pericyte - a review. Tissue Cell 18:153-74.
126. Sims, DE (1991): Recent advances in pericyte biology: implications for health and disease. Can J Cardiol 7:431-43.
127. Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B (1991): Identification of stromal cell precursors in human bone marrow by a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-1. Blood 78:55-62.
128. Skalli O, Gabbiani G (1988): The biology of the myofibroblast. Relationship to wound contraction and fibrocontractive diseases. In Clark RAF, Henson PM (eds): "The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair." Plenum Publishing, pp. 373-402.
129. Spatz M, Dodson RF, Bembry J (1983): Cerebrovascular muscle culture: isolation, growth and morphological characterization. Brain Res 280:387-391.
130. Stein J, Drenckhahn D, Nehls V (1996): Development of pericyte-like cells during angiogenesis in quail-chick chimeras as detected by combined Feulgren reaction and immunohistochemistry. Annals Anatomy 178:153-158.
131. Stewert K, Screen J, Jeffries CM, Walsh S, Beresford JN (1996): Co-expression of the STRO-1 antigen and alkaline phosphatase in cultures of human bone and marrow cells. J Bone Miner Res 11:P208.
132. Sundberg C, Ivarsson M, Gerdin B, Rubin K (1996): Pericytes as collagen producing cells in excessive dermal scarring. Lab Invest 74:452-466.
133. Tagaki H, King GL, Aiello LP (1996): Identification and characterization of vascular end growth factor receptor (FLT) in bovine retinal pericytes. Diabetes 25: 1016-1023.
134. Tilton RG, Kilo C, Williamson JR (1979): Pericyte-endothelial relationships in cardiac and skeletal muscle capillaries. Microvasc Res 18:325-335.
135. Tilton RG (1991): Capillary pericytes: perspectives and future trends. J Electron Microsc Tech 19:327-344.
136. Tintut Y, Parhami F, Bostrum K, Jackson S, Demer LL (1998): cAMP stimulates osteoblast-like differentiation of calcifying vascular cells. J Biol Chem 273:7547-7553.
137. Van Deurs B (1976): Observations on the blood-brain barrier in hypertensive rats, with particular reference to phagocytic pericytes. J Ultrastruct Res 56:65-77.
138. Villanueva JE, Nimni ME (1990): Promotion of calvarial cell osteogenesis by endothelial cells. J Bone Miner Res 5:733-739.
139. Watson KE, Bostrom K, Ravindranath R, Lam T, Norton B, Demer LL (1994): TGF-β1 and 25-hydroxycholesterol stimulate osteoblast-like vascular cells to calcify. J Clin Invest 93:2106-2113.
140. Webster WS, Bishop SP, Geer JC (1974): Experimental aortic intimal thickening. I. Morphology and source of intimal cells. Am J Pathol 76:245-264.
141. Young MF, Day AA, Dominquez P, McQuillan CI, Fisher LF, Termine JT (1990): Structure and expression of osteonectin mRNA in human tissue. Connect Tissue Res 24:17-28.
142. Young MF, Ibaraki K, Kerr JM, Heegaard AM (1993) Molecular and cellular biology of the major noncollagenous proteins in bone. In Noda M (ed): "Cellular and Molecular Biology of Bone." Academic Press, pp. 191-234.