Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: Quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions

Journal of Dairy Science

Volumn 97, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 3231-3261

  Knapp, J R ^a   Laur, G L ^b   Vadas, P A ^c   Weiss, W P ^d   Tricarico, J M ^e  

^a Fox Hollow Consulting   (United States)

^b Gwinn Sawyer Veterinary Clinic   (United States)

^c AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^d OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Innovation Center for the US Dairy   (United States)

Author keywords

Enteric methane; Feed efficiency; Lifetime productivity; Methanogen; Mitigation

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTANT; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; METHANE;

ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; ANIMAL; ANIMAL FOOD; BOVINE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CLASSIFICATION; DAIRYING; DIGESTION; EATING; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FERTILITY; GENETICS; INTESTINE; LIVESTOCK; METABOLISM; MILK; PHYSIOLOGY; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; RUMINANT; STANDARDS;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; ANIMAL FEED; ANIMALS; CATTLE; DAIRYING; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIGESTION; EATING; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FERTILITY; INTESTINES; LIVESTOCK; METHANE; MILK; RUMINANTS;

EID: 84901029440     PISSN: 00220302     EISSN: 15253198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7234     Document Type: Review

References (234)

1. Aguerre M.J., Wattiaux M.A., Powell J.M., Broderick G.A., Arndt C. Effect of forage-to-concentrate ratio in dairy cow diets on emission of methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, lactation performance, and manure excretion. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:3081-3093.
2. Allen M.S. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2000, 83:1598-1624.
3. Anderson R.C., Carstens G.E., Miller R.K., Callaway T.R., Schultz C.L., Edrington T.S., Harvey R.B., Nisbet D.J. Effect of nitroethane administration on ruminal VFA production and specific activity of methane production. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2004, 13(Suppl. 1):23-26.
4. Anderson R.C., Carstens G.E., Miller R.K., Callaway T.R., Schultz C.L., Edrington T.S., Harvey R.B., Nisbet D.J. Effect of oral nitroethane and 2-nitropropanol administration on methane-producing activity and volatile fatty acid production in the ovine rumen. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97:2421-2426.
5. Anderson R.C., Krueger N.A., Stanton T.B., Callaway T.R., Edrington T.S., Harvey R.B., Jung Y.S., Nisbet D.J. Effects of select nitrocompounds on in vitro ruminal fermentation during conditions of limiting or excess added reductant. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:8655-8661.
6. Andrew S.M., Tyrrell H.R., Reynolds C.K., Erdman R.A. Net energy for lactation of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids for cows fed silage-based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74:2588-2600.
7. Animut G., Puchala R., Goetsch A.L., Patra A.K., Sahlu T., Varel V.H., Wells J. Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 144:212-227.
8. Archimède H., Eugène M., Marie Magdeleine C., Boval M., Martin C., Morgavi D.P., Lecomte P., Doreau M. Comparison of methane production between C3 and C4 grasses and legumes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2011, 166-167:59-64.
9. Baldwin R.L., Allison M.J. Rumen metabolism. J. Anim. Sci. 1983, 57(Suppl. 2):461-477.
10. Baldwin R.L., Knapp J.R. Recombinant bovine somatotropin's effects on patterns of nutrient utilization in lactating dairy cows. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993, 58:282S-286S.
11. Bannink A., Kogut J., Dijkstra J., France J., Kebreab E., Van Vuuren A.M., Tamminga S. Estimation of the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. J. Theor. Biol. 2006, 238:36-51.
12. Basarab J.A., Beauchemin K.A., Baron V.S., Ominski K.H., Guan L.L., Miller S.P., Crowley J.J. Reducing GHG emissions through genetic improvement for feed efficiency: Effects on economically important traits and enteric methane production. Animal 2013, 7:303-315.
13. Bauman D.E. Bovine somatotropin: Review of an emerging animal technology. J. Dairy Sci. 1992, 75:3432-3451.
14. Beauchemin K., McGinn S. Enteric methane emissions from growing beef cattle as affected by diet and level of intake. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 86:401-408.
15. Beauchemin K.A., Kreuzer M., O'Mara F., McAllister T.A. Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: A review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:21-27.
16. Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M. Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of fumaric acid, essential oil, and canola oil. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 84:1489-1496.
17. Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., Benchaar C., Holtshausen L. Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92:2118-2127.
18. Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., Martinez T.F., McAllister T.A. Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85:1990-1996.
19. Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., Petit H.V. Methane abatement strategies for cattle: Lipid supplementation of diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 87:431-440.
20. Bell M.J., Wall E., Simm G., Russell G. Effects of genetic line and feeding system on methane emissions from dairy systems. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2011, 166-167:699-707.
21. Benchaar C., Calsamiglia S., Chaves A.V., Fraser G.R., Colombatto D., McAllister T.A., Beauchemin K.A. A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 145:209-228.
22. Benchaar C., Hassanat F., Gervais R., Chouinard P.Y., Julien C., Petit H.V., Massé D.I. Effects of increasing amounts of corn dried distillers grains with solubles in dairy cow diets on methane production, ruminal fermentation, digestion, N balance, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96:2413-2427.
23. Beukes P.C., Gregorini P., Romera A.J., Levy G., Waghorn G.C. Improving production efficiency as a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions on pastoral dairy farms in New Zealand. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2010, 136:358-365.
24. Blaxter K.L., Clapperton J.L. Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 1965, 19:511-522.
25. Boadi D., Benchaar C., Chiquette J., Masse D. Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 84:319-335.
26. 6) tracer gas technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 82:151-157.
27. 6) tracer gas technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 82:201-206.
28. Bouraoui R., Lahmar M., Majdoub A., Djemali M., Belyea R. The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Anim. Res. 2002, 41:479-491.
29. Brown E.G., Anderson R.C., Carstens G.E., Gutierrez-Bañuelos H., McReynolds J.L., Slay L.J., Callaway T.R., Nisbet D.J. Effects of oral nitroethane administration on enteric methane emissions and ruminal fermentation in cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2011, 166-167:275-281.
30. Burhans W.S., Bell A.W., Nadeau R., Knapp J.R. Factors associated with transition cow ketosis incidence in selected New England herds. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86(Suppl. 1):247. (Abstr.).
31. Callaway T.R., Edrington T.S., Rychlik J.L., Genovese K.J., Poole T.L., Jung Y.S., Bischoff K.M., Anderson R.C., Nisbet D.J. Ionophores: Their use as ruminant growth promotants and impact on food safety. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol. 2003, 4:43-51.
32. Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P.W., Castillejos L., Ferret A. Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:2580-2595.
33. Capper J.L., Cady R.A., Bauman D.E. The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 87:2160-2167.
34. Capper J.L., Castañeda-Gutiérrez E., Cady R.A., Bauman D.E. The environmental impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:9668-9673.
35. Carulla J.E., Kreuzer M., Machmüller A., Hess H.D. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2005, 56:961-970.
36. Chagunda M.G.G., Römer D.A.M., Roberts D.J. Effect of genotype and feeding regime on enteric methane, non-milk nitrogen and performance of dairy cows during the winter feeding period. Livest. Sci. 2009, 122:323-332.
37. Chilliard Y. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 1993, 76:3897-3931.
38. Chung Y.-H., Walker N.D., McGinn S.M., Beauchemin K.A. Differing effects of 2 active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strains on ruminal acidosis and methane production in nonlactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:2431-2439.
39. Clark H. Nutritional and host effects on methanogenesis in the grazing ruminant. Animal 2013, 7(Suppl. 1):41-48.
40. Climate Change Central. 2012. Climate Change Central, Alberta, Canada. Accessed Apr. 1, 2014. http://http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/8255.pdf.
41. Cole J.B., VanRaden P.M. Use of haplotypes to estimate Mendelian sampling effects and selection limits. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2011, 128:446-455.
42. Coleman J., Berry D.P., Pierce K.M., Brennan A., Horan B. Dry matter intake and feed efficiency profiles of 3 genotypes of Holstein-Friesian within pasture-based systems of milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93:4318-4331.
43. Connor E.E., Hutchison J.L., Olson K.M., Norman H.D. Triennial Lactation Symposium: Opportunities for improving milk production efficiency in dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2012, 90:1687-1694.
44. Curtis C.R., Erb H.N., Sniffen C.H., Smith R.D., Kronfeld D.S. Path analysis of dry period nutrition, postpartum metabolic and reproductive disorders, and mastitis in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1985, 68:2347-2360.
45. Czerkawski J.W. An Introduction to Rumen Studies 1986, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
46. Czerkawski J.W., Breckenridge G. Fermentation of various glycolytic intermediates and other compounds by rumen micro-organisms, with particular reference to methane production. Br. J. Nutr. 1972, 27:131-146.
47. de Haas Y., Windig J.J., Calus M.P.L., Dijkstra J., de Haan M., Bannink A., Veerkamp R.F. Genetic parameters for predicted methane production and potential for reducing enteric emissions through genomic selection. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:6122-6134.
48. de Oliveira S.G., Berchielli T.T., dos Santos Pedreira M., Primavesi O., Frighetto R., Lima M.A. Effect of tannin levels in sorghum silage and concentrate supplementation on apparent digestibility and methane emission in beef cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 135:236-248.
49. De Vries A. Economics of delayed replacement when cow performance is seasonal. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87:2947-2958.
50. De Vries A. Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89:3876-3885.
51. Dohme F., Machmüller A., Sutter F., Kreuzer M. Digestive and metabolic utilization of lauric, myristic and stearic acid in cows, and associated effects on milk fat quality. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2004, 58:99-116.
52. Dohme F., Machmüller A., Wasserfallen A., Kreuzer M. Ruminal methanogenesis as influenced by individual fatty acids supplemented to complete ruminant diets. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2001, 32:47-51.
53. Dohme F., Machmüller A., Wasserfallen A., Kreuzer W. Comparative efficiency of various fats rich in medium-chain fatty acids to suppress ruminal methanogenesis as measured with RUSITEC. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2000, 80:473-482.
54. Dong Y., Bae H.D., McAllister T.A., Mathison G.W., Cheng K.-J. Lipid-induced depression of methane production and digestibility in the artificial rumen system (RUSITEC). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1997, 77:269-278.
55. Dong Y., Bae H.D., McAllister T.A., Mathison G.W., Cheng K.-J. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, α-bromoethanesulfonate and monensin on fermentation in a rumen simulation (RUSITEC) system. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 79:491-498.
56. Dumitru R., Palencia H., Schroeder S.D., DeMontigny B.A., Takacs J.M., Rasche M.E., Miner J.L., Ragsdale S.W. Targeting methanopterin biosynthesis to inhibit methanogenesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:7236-7241.
57. Ecofys. 2013. World GHG emissions flow chart 2010. Accessed Oct. 31, 2013. http://http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/asn-ecofys-2013-world-ghg-emissions-flow-chart-2010.pdf.
58. EEA (European Environment Agency). 2011. Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2009 and inventory report 2011. European Environment Agency Technical report No. 2/2011. EEA, Copenhagen, Denmark.
59. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Opportunities to Reduce Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States. Publication 430-R-93-012. EPA, Washington, DC.
60. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases. Publication 430-R-06-005. EPA, Washington, DC.
61. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Natural Sources. Publication 430-R-10-001. EPA, Washington, DC.
62. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2011a. DRAFT: Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990-2030. Publication 430-D-11-003. EPA, Washington, DC.
63. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2011b. Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2009. Publication 430-R-11-005. EPA, Washington, DC.
64. Eugene M., Masse D., Chiquette J., Benchaar C. Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 88:331-334.
65. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy Sector: A Life Cycle Assessment 2010, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), FAO, Rome, Italy, Prepared by P. Gerber, T. Vellinga, C. Opio, B. Henderson, and H. Steinfeld.
66. World Livestock 2011: Livestock in food security 2011, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), FAO, Rome, Italy.
67. FAOSTAT. 2014. Time series and cross sectional data relating to food and agriculture for some 200 countries. Accessed Feb. 21, 2014. http://http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx.
68. Firkins J.L., Eastridge M.L., St-Pierre N.R., Noftsger S.M. Effects of grain variability and processing on starch utilization by lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2001, 79(E. Suppl.):E218-E238.
69. Flowers W.L. Animal Frontiers fertility issue: Sex education that everyone needs to understand. Anim. Front. 2013, 3:4-5.
70. Foley P.A., Kenny D.A., Lovett D.K., Callan J.J., Boland T.M., O'Mara F.P. Effect of dl-malic acid supplementation on feed intake, methane emissions, and performance of lactating dairy cows at pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92:3258-3264.
71. Fonty G., Joblin K., Chavarot M., Roux R., Naylor G., Michallon F. Establishment and development of ruminal hydrogenotrophs in methanogen-free lambs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73:6391-6403.
72. Frumholtz P.P., Newbold C.J., Wallace R.J. Influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the fermentation of a basal ration in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). J. Agric. Sci. 1989, 113:169-172.
73. Gerber P.J., Steinfeld H., Henderson B., Mottet A., Opio C., Dijkman J., Falcucci A., Tempio G., et al. Tackling Climate Change through Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities 2013, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
74. Giger-Reverdin S., Morand-Fehr P., Tran G. Literature survey of the influence of dietary fat composition on methane production in dairy cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2003, 82:73-79.
75. Gill G.S., Allaire F.R. Relationship of age at first calving, days open, days dry, and herdlife to a profit function for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 1976, 59:1131-1139.
76. Gill M., Smith P., Wilkinson J.M. Mitigating climate change: the role of domestic livestock. Animal 2010, 4:323-333.
77. Giraldo L.A., Ranilla M.J., Tejido M.L., Carro M.D. Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and fumarate on methane production, microbial growth, and fermentation in Rusitec fermenters. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 98:753-761.
78. Giraldo L.A., Ranilla M.J., Tejido M.L., Carro M.D. Effects of exogenous cellulase supplementation on microbial growth and ruminal fermentation of a high-forage diet in Rusitec fermenters. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85:1962-1970.
79. Godden S.M., Stewart S.C., Fetrow J.F., Rapnicki P., Cady R., Weiland W., Spencer H., Eicker S.W. The relationship between herd rbST-supplementation and other factors and risk for removal for cows in Minnesota Holstein dairy herds 2003, 55-64. MidWest Plan Service, Ames, IA, MidWest Plan Service publication MWPS-4SD16.
80. Golub A.A., Henderson B.B., Hertel T.W., Gerber P.J., Rose S.K., Sohngen B. Global climate policy impacts on livestock, land use, livelihoods, and food security. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110:20894-20899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108772109.
81. Grainger C., Auldist M.J., Clarke T., Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., Hannah M.C., Eckard R.J., Lowes L.B. Use of monensin controlled-release capsules to reduce methane emissions and improve milk production of dairy cows offered pasture supplemented with grain. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 91:1159-1165.
82. Grainger C., Clarke T., Auldist M.J., Beauchemin K., McGinn S., Waghorn G.C., Eckard R.J. Potential use of Acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 89:241-251.
83. Grainger C., Clarke T., Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., Eckard R.J. Supplementation with whole cottonseed reduces methane emissions and can profitably increase milk production of dairy cows offered a forage and cereal grain diet. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:73-76.
84. Grainger C., Williams R., Clarke T., Wright A.-D.G., Eckard R.J. Supplementation with whole cottonseed causes long-term reduction of methane emissions from lactating dairy cows offered a forage and cereal grain diet. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93:2612-2619.
85. Groenendaal H., Galligan D.T., Mulder H.A. An economic spreadsheet model to determine optimal breeding and replacement decisions for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87:2146-2157.
86. Guan H., Wittenberg K.M., Ominski K.H., Krause D.O. Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 84:1896-1906.
87. Gutierrez-Bañuelos H., Anderson R.C., Carstens G.E., Slay L.J., Ramlachan N., Horrocks S.M., Callaway T.R., Edrington T.S., Nisbet D.J. Zoonotic bacterial populations, gut fermentation characteristics and methane production in feedlot steers during oral nitroethane treatment and after the feeding of an experimental chlorate product. Anaerobe 2007, 13:21-31.
88. Hadley G.L., Wolf C.A., Harsh S.B. Dairy cattle culling patterns, explanations, and implications. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89:2286-2296.
89. Hagemann M., Hemme T., Ndambi A., Alqaisi O., Sultana M.N. Benchmarking of greenhouse gas emissions of bovine milk production systems for 38 countries. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2011, 166-167:46-58.
90. Hammond K.J., Muetzel S., Waghorn G.C., Pinares-Patino C.S., Burke J.L., Hoskin S.O. The variation in methane emissions from sheep and cattle is not explained by the chemical composition of ryegrass. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2009, 69:174-178.
91. Hansen L.B. Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist's viewpoint. J. Dairy Sci. 2000, 83:1145-1150.
92. Hansen P.J. Exploitation of genetic and physiological determinants of embryonic resistance to elevated temperature to improve embryonic survival in dairy cattle during heat stress. Theriogenology 2007, 68S:S242-S249.
93. Hegarty R.S. Mechanisms for competitively reducing ruminal methanogenesis. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1999, 50:1299-1306.
94. Hegarty R.S. Reducing rumen methane emissions through elimination of rumen protozoa. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1999, 50:1321-1328.
95. Hegarty R.S., McEwan J.C. Genetic opportunities to reduce enteric methane emissions from ruminant livestock. Abstract 515 in Book of Abstracts 2010.
96. Herd R.M., Arthur P.F. Physiological basis for residual feed intake. J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 87(E. Suppl.):E64-E71.
97. Hess H.D., Beuret R.A., Lötscher M., Hindrichsen I.K., Machmüller A., Carulla J.E., Lascano C.E., Kreuzer M. Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. Anim. Sci. 2004, 79:177-189.
98. Hess H.D., Tiemann T.T., Noto F., Carulla J.E., Kreuzer M. Strategic use of tannins as means to limit methane emission from ruminant livestock. Int. Congr. Ser. 2006, 1293:164-167.
99. Hindrichsen I.K., Wettstein H.-R., Machmüller A., Jörg B., Kreuzer M. Effect of the carbohydrate composition of feed concentrates on methane emission from dairy cows and their slurry. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2005, 107:329-350.
100. Hironaka R., Mathison G.W., Kerrigan B.K., Vlach I. The effect of pelleting of alfalfa hay on methane production and digestibility by steers. Sci. Total Environ. 1996, 180:221-227.
101. Hollmann M., Powers W.J., Fogiel A.C., Liesman J.S., Bello N.M., Beede D.K. Enteric methane emissions and lactational performance of Holstein cows fed different concentrations of coconut oil. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:2602-2615.
102. Hollmann M., Powers W.J., Fogiel A.C., Liesman J.S., Bello N.M., Beede D.K. Response profiles of enteric methane emissions and lactational performance during habituation to dietary coconut oil in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96:1769-1781.
103. Holstein Association. 2013. Holstein breed characteristics. Accessed Oct. 28, 2013. http://http://www.holsteinusa.com/holstein_breed/breedhistory.html.
104. Holter J.B., Hayes H.H., Urban W.E., Duthie A.H. Energy balance and lactation response in Holstein cows supplemented with cottonseed with or without calcium soap. J. Dairy Sci. 1992, 75:1480-1494.
105. Holtshausen L., Chaves A.V., Beauchemin K.A., McGinn S.M., McAllister T.A., Odongo N.E., Cheeke P.R., Benchaar C. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92:2809-2821.
106. Hristov A.N., Lee C., Cassidy T., Long M., Heyler K., Corl B., Forster R. Effects of lauric and myristic acids on ruminal fermentation, production, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:382-395.
107. 2 emissions. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 177. 2013, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. P.J. Gerber, B. Henderson, H.P.S. Makkar (Eds.).
108. Hristov A.N., Vander Pol M., Agle M., Zaman S., Schneider C., Ndegwa P., Vaddella V.K., Johnson K., Shingfield K.J., Karnati S.K.R. Effect of lauric acid and coconut oil on ruminal fermentation, digestion, ammonia losses from manure, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92:5561-5582.
109. Hristov A.N., Varga G., Cassidy T., Long M., Heyler K., Karnati S.K., Corl B., Hovde C.J., Yoon I. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93:682-692.
110. Hubbard K.G., Stooksbury D.E., Hahn G.L., Mader T.L. A climatological perspective on feedlot cattle performance and mortality related to the temperature-humidity index. J. Prod. Agric. 1999, 12:650-653.
111. Huhtanen P., Rinne M., Nousiainen J. A meta-analysis of feed digestion in dairy cows. 2. The effects of feeding level and diet composition on digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92:5031-5042.
112. Hungate R.E. The Rumen and its Microbes 1966, Academic Press, New York, NY.
113. Huntington G.B., Harmon D.L., Richards C.J. Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 84:E14-E24.
114. Janssen P.H., Kirs M. Structure of the archaeal community of the rumen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 74:3619-3625.
115. Jenkins T.C. Success of fat in dairy rations depends on the amount. Feedstuffs 1997, 69:11-12.
116. Johnson D.E., Ward G.M., Ramsey J.J. Livestock methane: Current emissions and mitigation potential. Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment 1996, 219-233. Lewis Publishers CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL. E.T. Kornegay (Ed.).
117. Johnson D.E., Ward G.M., Torrent J. The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin use in dairy cattle. J. Environ. Qual. 1992, 21:157-162.
118. Johnson K.A., Johnson D.E. Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1995, 73:2483-2492.
119. Johnson K.A., Kincaid R.L., Westberg H.H., Gaskins C.T., Lamb B.K., Cronrath J.D. The effect of oilseeds in diets of lactating cows on milk production and methane emissions. J. Dairy Sci. 2002, 85:1509-1515.
120. Jouany J.P. Effect of rumen protozoa on nitrogen utilization by ruminants. J. Nutr. 1996, 126:1335S-1346S.
121. Kadzere C.T., Murphy M.R., Silanikove N., Maltz E. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2002, 77:59-91.
122. Kebreab E., Clark K., Wagner-Riddle C., France J. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian animal agriculture: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 86:135-158.
123. Kebreab E., Johnson K.A., Archibeque S.L., Pape D., Wirth T. Model for estimating enteric methane emissions from United States dairy and feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 86:2738-2748.
124. Kim M., Morrison M., Yu Z. Status of the phylogenetic diversity census of ruminal microbiomes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2011, 76:49-63.
125. Knapp, J. R., J. L. Firkins, J. M. Aldrich, R. A. Cady, A. N. Hristov, W. P. Weiss, A. D. G. Wright, and M. D. Welch. 2011. Cow of the Future Research Priorities for Mitigating Enteric Methane Emissions from Dairy. Innovation Center for US Dairy. Accessed Apr. 1, 2014. http://http://www.usdairy.com/~/media/usd/public/cowofthefuturewhitepaper_7-25-11.pdf.ashx.
126. Kong Y., Xia Y., Seviour R., Forster R., McAllister T.A. Biodiversity and composition of methanogenic populations in the rumen of cows fed alfalfa hay or triticale straw. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2013, 84:302-315.
127. Kung L., Smith K.A., Smagala A.M., Endres K.M., Bessett C.A., Ranjit N.K., Yaissle J. Effects of 9,10 anthraquinone on ruminal fermentation, total-tract digestion, and blood metabolite concentrations in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81:323-328.
128. Laporte-Uribe J., Gibbs S.J. Real time in situ measurement of rumen methane concentration in the rumen of cattle. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2009, 69:184-187.
129. Lassey K.R. Livestock methane emission and its perspective in the global methane cycle. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:114-118.
130. LeBlanc S.J. Is a high level of milk production compatible with good reproductive performance in dairy cows?. Anim. Front. 2013, 3:84-91.
131. Lee S.S., Hsu J.-T., Mantovani H.C., Russell J.B. The effect of bovicin HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5, on ruminal methane production in vitro. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2002, 217:51-55.
132. Leng R.A. Quantitative ruminant nutrition-A green science. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1993, 44:363-380.
133. Lila Z.A., Mohammed N., Kanda S., Kurihara M., Itabashi H. Sarsaponin effects on ruminal fermentation and microbes, methane production, digestibility and blood metabolites in steers. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 18:1746-1751.
134. Liu Y., Whitman W.B. Metabolic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the methanogenic Archaea. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1125:171-189.
135. Lovett D.K., Shalloo L., Dillon P., O'Mara F.P. A systems approach to quantify greenhouse gas fluxes from pastoral dairy production as affected by management regime. Agric. Syst. 2006, 88:156-179.
136. Lucy M.C. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: Where will it end?. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84:1277-1293.
137. Machmüller A., Kreuzer M. Methane suppression by coconut oil and associated effects on nutrient and energy balance in sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 79:65-72.
138. Machmüller, A., M. Tavendale, J. Lee, H. Clark, and L. Meagher. 2007. Review of inhibitors of methane production. Chapter 2 in Rumen Ecology, Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium 2002-2007 Review, New Zealand. Accessed June 27, 2013. http://http://www.pggrc.co.nz/Portals/0/annual%20reports/PGgRc_5yearfull%20chapter%202.pdf.
139. Martin C., Morgavi D.P., Doreau M. Methane mitigation in ruminants: From microbe to farm scale. Animal 2010, 4:351-365.
140. Martin C., Rouel J., Jouany J.P., Doreau M., Chilliard Y. Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 86:2642-2650.
141. Martin S.A., Macy J.M. Effects of monensin, pyromellitic diimide and 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid on rumen fermentation in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 1985, 60:544-550.
142. McAllister T.A., Newbold C.J. Redirecting rumen fermentation to reduce methanogenesis. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:7-13.
143. McCaughey W.P., Wittenberg K.M., Corrigan D. Impact of pasture type on methane production by lactating beef cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 79:221-226.
144. McCrabb G.J., Berger K.T., Magner T., May C., Hunter R.A. Inhibiting methane production in Brahman cattle by dietary supplementation with a novel compound and the effects on growth. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1997, 48:323-329.
145. Mc Geough E.J., Little S.M., Janzen H.H., McAllister T.A., McGinn S.M., Beauchemin K.A. Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production in Easter Canada: A case study. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:5164-5175.
146. McGinn S.M., Beauchemin K.A., Coates T., Colombatto D. Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of monensin, sunflower oil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82:3346-3356.
147. Mills J.A.N., Kebreab E., Yates C.M., Crompton L.A., Cammell S.B., Dhanoa M.S., Agnew R.E., France J. Alternative approaches to predicting methane emissions from dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81:3141-3150.
148. Moate P.J., Clarke T., Davis L.H., Laby R.H. Rumen gases and bloat in grazing dairy cattle. J. Agric. Sci. 1997, 129:459-469.
149. Moe P.W., Tyrrell H.F. Methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1979, 62:1583-1586.
150. Mohammed N., Ajisaka N., Lila Z.A., Hara K., Mikuni K., Hara K., Kanda S., Itabashi H. Effect of Japanese horseradish oil on methane production and ruminal fermentation in vitro and in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82:1839-1846.
151. Mohammed N., Lila Z.A., Ajisaka N., Hara K., Mikuni K., Kanda S., Itabashi H. Inhibition of ruminal microbial methane production by β-cyclodextrin iodopropane, malate and their combination in vitro. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.) 2004, 88:188-195.
152. Mohammed R., McGinn S.M., Beauchemin K.A. Prediction of enteric methane output from milk fatty acid concentrations and rumen fermentation parameters in dairy cows fed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:6057-6068.
153. Molano G., Knight T.W., Clark H. Fumaric acid supplements have no effect on methane emissions per unit of feed intake in wether lambs. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:165-168.
154. Morgavi D.P., Forano E., Martin C., Newbold C.J. Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in ruminants. Animal 2010, 4:1024-1036.
155. Morgavi D.P., Martin C., Jouany J.P., Ranilla M.J. Rumen protozoa and methanogenesis: Not a simple cause-effect relationship. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 107:388-397.
156. Mosoni P., Martin C., Forano E., Morgavi D.P. Long-term defaunation increases the abundance of cellulolytic ruminococci and methanogens but does not affect the bacterial and methanogen diversity in the rumen of sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89:783-791.
157. Moss A.R., Givens D.I., Garnsworthy P.C. The effect of alkali treatment of cereal straws on digestibility and methane production by sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1994, 49:245-259.
158. Moss A.R., Jouany J.P., Newbold J. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Ann. Zootech. 2000, 49:231-253.
159. Münger A., Kreuzer M. Methane emission as determined in contrasting dairy cattle breeds over the reproduction cycle. Int. Congr. Ser. 2006, 1293:119-122.
160. Muñoz C., Yan T., Wills D.A., Murray S., Gordon A.W. Comparison of the sulfur hexafluoride tracer and respiration chamber techniques for estimating methane emissions and correction for rectum methane output from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:3139-3148.
161. Murphy M.R., Baldwin R.L., Koong L.J. Estimation of stoichiometric parameters for rumen fermentation of roughage and concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 1982, 55:411-421.
162. Mutsvangwa T., Edwards I.E., Topps J.H., Paterson G.F.M. The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc) on patterns of rumen fermentation, food intake and growth of intensively fed bulls. Anim. Prod. 1992, 55:35-40.
163. Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle 2001, NRC, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 7th.
164. O'Neill B.F., Deighton M.H., O'Loughlin B.M., Galvin N., O'Donovan M., Lewis E. The effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with partial mixed ration on enteric methane emissions and milk production during mid to late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:6582-6590.
165. Odongo N.E., Bagg R., Vessie G., Dick P., Or-Rashid M.M., Hook S.E., Gray J.T., Kebreab E., France J., McBride B.W. Long-term effects of feeding monensin on methane production in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:1781-1788.
166. Odongo N.E., Or-Rashid M.M., Kebreab E., France J., Bride B.W. Effect of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and fatty acid profile in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:1851-1858.
167. Okine E.K., Mathison G.W., Hardin R.T. Effects of changes in frequency of reticular contractions on fluid and particulate passage rates in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1989, 67:3388-3396.
168. 1 crossbred cows in a planned crossbreeding experiment. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93:4374-4385.
169. Ominski K.H., Wittenberg K.M. Strategies for reducing enteric methane emissions in forage-based beef production systems. Climate Change and Managed Ecosystems 2005, 261-272. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. J.S. Bhatti, R. Lal, M.J. Apps, M.A. Price (Eds.).
170. Overton M., Fetrow J. Economics of postpartum uterine health. Proc. 2008 Dairy Cattle Reproduction Council Convention, Omaha, NE 2008, 24-29. Dairy Cattle Reproduction Council, Champaign, IL.
171. Pen B., Takaura K., Yamaguchi S., Asa R., Takahashi J. Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria with or without β 1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides on ruminal fermentation, methane production and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 138:75-88.
172. Petherick A. Light is cast on a long shadow. Nature Climate Change 2012, 2:705-706.
173. Phetteplace H.W., Johnson D.E., Seidl A.F. Greenhouse gas emissions from simulated beef and dairy livestock systems in the United States. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2001, 60:99-102.
174. Pinares-Patiño C.S., Hickey S.M., Young E.A., Dodds K.G., MacLean S., Molano G., Sandoval E., Kjestrup H., Harland R., Hunt C., Pickering N.K., McEwan J.C. Heritability estimates of methane emissions from sheep. Animal 2013, 7(Suppl. 2):316-321.
175. Pinares-Patiño C.S., Waghorn G.C., Hegarty R.S., Hoskin S.O. Effects of intensification of pastoral farming on greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2009, 57:252-261.
176. Pinares-Patiño C.S., Waghorn G.C., Machmüller A., Vlaming B., Molano G., Cavanagh A., Clark H. Methane emissions and digestive physiology of non-lactating dairy cows fed pasture forage. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 87:601-613.
177. Pitesky M.E., Stackhouse K.R., Mitloehner F.M. Clearing the air: Livestock's contribution to climate change. Adv. Agron. 2009, 103:1-40.
178. Poulsen M., Schwab C., Jensen B.B., Engberg R.M., Spang A., Canibe N., Højberg O., Milinovich G., Fragner L., Schleper C., Weckwerth W., Lund P., Schramm A., Urich T. Methylotrophic methanogenic Thermoplasmata implicated in reduced methane emissions from bovine rumen. Nature Comm. 2013, 4:1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2432.
179. Ravagnolo O., Misztal I. Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, parameter estimation. J. Dairy Sci. 2000, 83:2126-2130.
180. Rauw W.M., Kanis E., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Grommers F.J. Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1998, 56:15-33.
181. Rhoads M.L., Rhoads R.P., VanBaale M.J., Collier R.J., Sanders S.R., Weber W.J., Crooker B.A., Baumgard L.H. Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92:1986-1997.
182. Rius A.G., Kittelmann S., Macdonald K.A., Waghorn G.C., Janssen P.H., Sikkema E. Nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbial enumeration in lactating cows with divergent residual feed intake fed high-digestibility pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:5024-5034.
183. Robertson L.J., Waghorn G.C. Dairy industry perspectives on methane emissions and production from cattle fed pasture or total mixed rations in New Zealand. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2002, 62:213-218.
184. Ross E.M., Moate P.J., Marett L., Cocks B.G., Hayes B.J. Investigating the effect of two methane-mitigating diets on the rumen microbiome using massively parallel sequencing. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96:6030-6046.
185. Russell J.B., Hespell R.B. Microbial rumen fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 1981, 64:1153-1169.
186. Santoso B., Mwenya B., Sar C., Gamo Y., Kobayashi T., Morikawa R., Kimura K., Mizukoshi H., Takahashi J. Effects of supplementing galactooligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera or nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2004, 91:209-217.
187. Sar C., Santoso B., Mwenya B., Gamo Y., Kobayashi T., Morikawa R., Kimura K., Mizukoshi H., Takahashi J. Manipulation of rumen methanogenesis by the combination of nitrate with β1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides or nisin in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2004, 115:129-142.
188. Sauvant D., Giger-Reverdin S. Modélisation des ineractions digestives et de la production de méthane chez les ruminants. INRA Prod. Anim. 2009, 22:375-384.
189. Schrick F.N., Hockett M.E., Saxton A.M., Lewis M.J., Dowlen H.H., Oliver S.P. Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84:1407-1412.
190. Schroeder G.G., Gagliostro G.A., Bargo F., Delahoy J.E., Muller L.D. Effects of fat supplementation on milk production and composition by dairy cows on pasture: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2004, 86:1-18.
191. Shafer S.R., Walthall C.L., Franzluebbers A.J., Scholten M., Meijs J., Clark H., Reisinger A., Yagi K., Roel A., Slattery B., Campbell I.D., McConkey B.G., Angers D.A., Soussana J.F., Richard G. Emergence of the global research alliance on agricultural greenhouse gases. Carbon Management 2011, 2:209-214.
192. Shook G.E. Major advances in determining appropriate selection goals. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89:1349-1361.
193. St-Pierre, N. R. 1998. A model for projecting animal numbers in a closed herd. Department of Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, OARDC Special Circular #163, 37-43. Accessed Mar. 11, 2011. http://http://ohioline.osu.edu/sc163/sc163_6.html.
194. St-Pierre N.R., Cobanov B., Schnitkey G. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 86(E. Suppl.):E52-E77.
195. St-Pierre N.R., Thraen C.S. Animal grouping strategies, sources of variation, and economic factors affecting nutrient balance on dairy farms. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 77(Suppl. 2):72-83.
196. Staerfl S.M., Amelchanka S.L., Kälber T., Soliva C.R., Kreuzer M., Zeitz J.O. Effect of feeding dried high-sugar ryegrass ('AberMagic') on methane and urinary nitrogen emissions of primiparous cows. Livest. Sci. 2012, 150:293-301.
197. Steinfeld, H., P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan. 2006. Livestock's Long Shadow. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed Mar. 8, 2012. http://http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm.
198. Storm I.M.L.D., Hellwing A.L.F., Nielsen N.I., Madsen J. Methods for measuring and estimating methane emissions from ruminants. Animals 2012, 2:160-183.
199. Sundstol F. Methods for treatment of low quality roughages. Utilization of low quality roughages in Africa. A workshop held at Arusha, Tanzania 1981, 61-80. Lamport Gilbert Printers Ltd., Reading, UK. J.A. Kategile, A.N. Said, F. Sundstol (Eds.).
200. Sutton J.D., Dhanoa M.S., Morant S.V., France J., Napper D.J., Schuller E. Rates of production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low-roughage diets. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86:3620-3633.
201. Takahashi J., Chaudhry A.S., Beneke R.G., Suhubdy, Young B.A. Modification of methane emission in sheep by cysteine and a microbial preparation. Sci. Total Environ. 1997, 204:117-123.
202. Thoma G., Popp J., Nutter D., Shonnard D., Ulrich R., Matlock M., Kim D.S., Neiderman Z., Kemper N., East C., Adom F. Greenhouse gas emissions from milk production and consumption in the United States: A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment circa 2008. Int. Dairy J. 2013, 31(Suppl.1):S3-S14.
203. Tyrell H.F., Moe P.W. Effect of intake on digestive efficiency. J. Dairy Sci. 1975, 58:1151-1163.
204. Tyrrell, H. F., C. K. Reynolds, and H. D. Blaxter. 1991. Utilization of dietary energy by Jersey compared to Holstein cows during the lactation cycle. Proc. 12th Symp. Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. EAAP Publ. 58. European Federation for Animal Science (EAAP), Rome, Italy.
205. Uribe H.A., Kennedy B.W., Martin S.W., Kelton D.F. Genetic parameters for common health disorders of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1995, 78:421-430.
206. USDA. 2012. Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Bovine Genetics Trend data. Accessed Mar. 19, 2014. http://https://www.cdcb.us/eval/summary/trend.cfm?R_Menu=HO.
207. Utsumi S., Beede D., Zimmerman S., Zimmerman P. Whole herd enteric methane emission estimates in three contrasting dairy systems. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94(E-Suppl. 1):607.
208. Vandehaar M.J. Efficiency of nutrient use and relationship to profitability on dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 1998, 81:272-282.
209. van Dorland H.A., Wettstein H.-R., Leuenberger H., Kreuzer M. Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane emission of dairy cows. Livest. Sci. 2007, 111:57-69.
210. van Kessel J.A.S., Russell J.B. The effect of pH on ruminal methanogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 1996, 20:205-210.
211. Van Nevel C.J., Demeyer D.I. Control of rumen methanogenesis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1996, 42:73-97.
212. VanRaden P.M. Invited review: Selection on net merit to improve lifetime profit. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87:3125-3131.
213. van Zijderveld S.M., Gerrits W.J.J., Apajalahti J.A., Newbold J.R., Dijkstra J., Leng R.A., Perdok H.B. Nitrate and sulfate: Effective alternative hydrogen sinks for mitigation of ruminal methane production in sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93:5856-5866.
214. van Zijderveld S.M., Gerrits W.J.J., Dijkstra J., Newbold J.R., Hulshof R.B.A., Perdok H.B. Persistency of methane mitigation by dietary nitrate supplementation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:4028-4038.
215. Vlaming J.B., Lopez-Villalobos N., Brookes I.M., Hoskin S.O., Clark H. Within- and between-animal variance in methane emissions in non-lactating dairy cows. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:124-127.
216. Waghorn G. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production-Progress and challenges. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 147:116-139.
217. Waghorn G.C. Can livestock production be increased without increasing greenhouse gas emissions?. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2011, 71:156-162.
218. Waghorn G.C., Clark D.A. Greenhouse gas mitigation opportunities with immediate application to pastoral grazing for ruminants. Int. Congr. Ser. 2006, 1293:107-110.
219. Waghorn G.C., Clark H., Taufa V., Cavanagh A. Monensin controlled-release capsules for methane mitigation in pasture-fed dairy cows. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48:65-68.
220. Waghorn G.C., Hegarty R.S. Lowering ruminant methane emissions through improved feed conversion efficiency. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2011, 166-167:291-301.
221. Wall E., Coffey M.P., Pollott G.E. The effect of lactation length on greenhouse gas emissions from the national dairy herd. Animal 2012, 6:1857-1867.
222. Wallace R.J., Wood T.A., Rowe A., Price J., Yanez D.R., Williams S.P., Newbold C.J. Encapsulated fumaric acid as a means of decreasing ruminal methane emissions. Int. Congr. Ser. 2006, 1293:148-151.
223. Wang C.J., Wang S.P., Zhou H. Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane emission from sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009, 148:157-166.
224. Weimer P.J. Manipulating ruminal fermentation: A microbial ecological perspective. J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76:3114-3122.
225. Williams Y.J., Popovski S., Rea S.M., Skillman L.C., Toovey A.F., Northwood K.S., Wright A.D. A vaccine against rumen methanogens can alter the composition of archaeal populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75:1860-1866.
226. Williams Y.J., Rea S.M., Popovski S., Pimm C.L., Williams A.J., Toovey A.F., Skillman L.C., Wright A.-D.G. Reponses of sheep to a vaccination of entodinial or mixed rumen protozoal antigens to reduce rumen protozoal numbers. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99:100-109.
227. Wolin M.J. Metabolic interactions among intestinal microorganisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974, 27:1320-1328.
228. Woodward S.L., Waghorn G.C., Lassey K.R., Laboyrie P.G. Does feeding sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) reduce methane emissions from dairy cows?. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2002, 62:227-230.
229. Wright A.D.G., Kennedy P., O'Neill C.J., Toovey A.F., Popovski S., Rea S.M., Pimm C.L., Klein L. Reducing methane emissions in sheep by immunization against rumen methanogens. Vaccine 2004, 22:3976-3985.
230. Wright A.-D.G., Toovey A.F., Pimm C.L. Molecular identification of methanogenic Archaea from sheep in Queensland, Australia reveal more uncultured novel Archaea. Anaerobe 2006, 12:134-139.
231. Yang W.Z., Beauchemin K.A., Rode L.M. Effects of grain processing, forage to concentrate ratio, and forage particle size on rumen pH and digestion by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84:2203-2216.
232. Zehetmeier M., Baudracco J., Hoffmann H., Heißenhuber A. Does increasing milk yield per cow reduce greenhouse gas emissions? A system approach. Animal 2012, 6:154-166.
233. Zimbelman R.B. Management strategies to reduce effects of thermal stress on lactating dairy cattle. PhD Diss 2008, University of Arizona, Tucson.
234. Zwald N.R., Weigel K.A., Chang Y.M., Welper R.D., Clay J.S. Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. I. Incidence rates, heritability estimates, and sire breeding values. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87:4287-4294.