Angiogenesis and angiogenic diversity in lung cancer metastasis

Lung Cancer Metastasis: Novel Biological Mechanisms and Impact on Clinical Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 135-154

  Arenberg, Douglas A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900582861     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0772-1_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (141)

1. Fidler, I.J. Critical factors in the biology of human cancer metastasis: Twenty-Eighth G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 50: 6130-38, 1990.
2. Holmgren, L., M.S. O'Reilly, and J. Folkman. Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression [see comments]. Nat Med 1: 149-53, 1995.
3. O'Reilly, M.S., L. Holmgren, Y. Shing, C. Chen, R.A. Rosenthal, M. Moses, W.S. Lane, Y. Cao, E.H. Sage, and J. Folkman. Angiostatin: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 79: 315-28, 1994.
4. Brown, J., L. Guidi, A. Schnitt, L.V.D. Water, M. Iruela-Arispe, T. Yeo, K. Tognazzi, and H. Dvorak. Vascular stroma formation in carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Clin Cancer Res 5: 1041-56, 1999.
5. He, Y., T. Karpanen, and K. Alitalo. Role of lymphangiogenic factors in tumor metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1654: 3-12, 2004.
6. He, Y., K. Kozaki, T. Karpanen, K. Koshikawa, S. Yla-Herttuala, T. Takahashi and K. Alitalo. Suppression of Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis by Blocking Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor3Signaling. JNatl Cancer Inst 94: 819-25, 2002.
7. Engerman, R.L., D. Pfaffenenbach, and M.D. Davis. Cell turnover of capillaries. Lab Invest 17: 738-43, 1967.
8. Tannock, I.F. and H.S. Hayashi. The proliferation of capillary and endothelial cells. Cancer Res 32: 77-82, 1972.
9. Auerbach, R. Angiogenesis-inducing factors: a review. Vol. 69, Lymphokines: Academic Press, NY, 1981.
10. Sato, N., J.G. Beitz, J. Kato, M. Yamamoto, J.W. Clark, P. Calabresi, A. Raymond and A.R. Frackelton, Jr. Platelet-derived growth factor indirectly stimulates angiogenesis in vitro. Am J Pathol 142: 1119-30, 1993.
11. Vlodavsky, I., G. Korner, R. Ishai-Michaeli, P. Bashkin, R. Bar-Shavit and Z. Fuks. Extracellular matrix-resident growth factors and enzymes: possible involvement in tumor metastases and angiogenesis. Canc Metastasis Rev 9: 203-26, 1990.
12. Clark, R.A. Basics of cutaneous wound repair. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 19: 693-706, 1993.
13. Gimbrone, M.A., S.B. Leapman, R.S. Cotran and J. Folkman. Tumor dormancy in vivo by prevention of neovascularization. J Exp Med 136: 261-76, 1972.
14. Anderson, I.C., S.E. Mari, R.J. Broderick, B.P. Mari and M.A. Shipp. The angiogenic factor interleukin 8 is induced in non-small cell lung cancer/pulmonary fibroblast cocul-tures. Cancer Res 60: 269-72, 2000.
15. Vlodavski, I., J. Folkman, R. Sullivan, R. Fridman, R. Ishai-Michaeli, J. Sasse and M. Klagsbrun. Endothelial cell-derived basic fibroblast growth factor: synthesis and deposition into subendothelial extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2292-6, 1987.
16. Strieter, R.M., S.L. Kunkel, H.J. Showell, and R.M. Marks. Monokine-induced gene expression of human endothelial cell-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 156: 1340-5, 1988.
17. Nickoloff, B.J., R.S. Mitra, J. Varani, V.M. Dixit and P.J. Polverini. Aberrant production of interleukin-8 and thrombospondin-1 by psoriatic keratinocytes mediates angio-genesis. Am J Pathol 144: 820-8, 1994.
18. Polverini, P.J. and S.J. Leibovich. Induction of neovascularization in vivo and endothelial cell proliferation in vitro by tumor-associated macrophages. Lab. Invest. 51: 635-42, 1984.
19. White, E.S., D.L. Livant, S. Markwart and D.A. Arenberg. Monocyte-fibronectin interactions, via alpha(5)beta(1) integrin, induce expression of CXC chemokine-dependent angiogenic activity. J Immunol 167: 5362-6, 2001.
20. White, E.S., S.R.B. Strom, N.L. Wys, and D.A. Arenberg. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Induce Monocytes to Increase Expression of Angiogenic Activity. J Immunol 166: 7549-55, 2001.
21. Maltepe, E., J.V. Schmidt, D. Baunoch, C.A. Bradfield and M.C. Simon. Abnormal angiogenesis and responses to glucose and oxygen deprivation in mice lacking the protein ARNT. Nature 386: 403-07, 1997.
22. Rastinejad, F., P.J. Polverini, and N.P. Bouck. Regulation of the activity of a new inhibitor of angiogenesis by a cancer suppressor gene. Cell 56: 345-55, 1989.
23. Lampugnani, M.G., M.Resnati, M.Raiteri, R. Pigott, A. Pisacane, G. Houen, L.P. Ruco and E. Dejana. A novel endothelial-specific membrane protein is a marker of cell-cell contacts. J Cell Biol 118: 1511-22, 1992.
24. Lampugnani, M.G., M. Corada, L. Caveda, F. Breviario, O. Ayalon, B. Geiger and E. Dejana. The molecular organization of endothelial cell to cell junctions: differential association of plakoglobin, beta-catenin, and alpha-catenin with vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). J Cell Biol 129: 203-17, 1995.
25. Tanihara, H., M. Kido, S. Obata, R.L. Heimark, M. Davidson, T. St John and S. Suzuki. Characterization of cadherin-4 and cadherin-5 reveals new aspects of cadherins. J Cell Sci 107: 1697-704, 1994.
26. Dejana, E. Endothelial adherens junctions: implications in the control of vascular permeability and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 98: 1949-53, 1996.
27. Hiraoka, N., E. Allen, I.J. Apel, M.R. Gyetko and S.J. Weiss. Matrix metalloproteinases regulate neovascularization by acting as pericellular fibrinolysins. Cell 95: 365-77, 1998.
28. Arnold, F. and D.C. West. Angiogenesis in wound healing. Pharmacol Ther 52: 407-22, 1991.
29. Brooks, P.C., R.A. Clark, and D.A. Cheresh. Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis. Science 264: 569-71, 1994.
30. Brooks, P.C., A.M. Montgomery, M. Rosenfeld, R.A. Reisfeld, T. Hu, G. Klier and D.A. Cheresh. Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels. Cell 79: 1157-64, 1994.
31. Sholly, M.M., G.P. Fergusen, H.R. Seibel, J.L. Montour and J.D. Wilson. Mechanisms of neovascularization: vascular sprouting can occur without proliferation of endothelial cells. Lab Invest 51: 624-34, 1984.
32. Sunderkotter, C., M. Goebeler, K. Schulze-Osthoff, R. Bhardwaj, and C. Sorg. Macrophage-derived angiogenesis factors. Pharmacol Ther 51: 195-216, 1991.
33. Koolwijk, P., M.G. van Erck, W.J. de Vree, M.A. Vermeer, H.A. Weich, R. Hanemaaijer and V.W. van Hinsbergh. Cooperative effect of TNFalpha, bFGF, and VEGF on the formation of tubular structures of human microvascular endothelial cells in a fibrin matrix. Role of urokinase activity. J Cell Biol 132: 1177-88, 1996.
34. Ingber, D.E. and J. Folkman. Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 109: 317-30, 1989.
35. Davidson, J.M. Wound repair, in Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, ed. Gallin, J.I., I.M. Goldstein and R. Snyderman (New York: Raven Press, Ltd, 1992).
36. French-Constant, C., D.W.L. Van, H.F. Dvorak and R.O. Hynes. Reappearance of an embryonic pattern of fibronectin splicing during wound healing in the adult rat. J Cell Biol 109: 903-14, 1989.
37. Kurkinen, M., A. Vaheri, P.J. Roberts and S. Stenan. Sequential appearance of fibro-nectin and collagen in experimental granulation tissue. Lab Invest 43: 47-51, 1980.
38. Leibovich, S.J. and D.M. Weisman. Macrophages, wound repair and angiogenesis. Prog Clin Biol Res 266: 131-45, 1988.
39. Matsumura, T., K. Wolff, and P. Petzelbauer. Endothelial cell tube formation depends on cadherin 5 and CD31 interactions with filamentous actin. J Immunol 158: 3408-16, 1997.
40. DeLisser, H., J. Chilkotowsky, H. Yan, M. Daise, C. Buck, and S. Albelda. Deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) result in changes in ligand binding properties. J Cell Biol 124: 195-203, 1994.
41. Delisser, H.M., M. Christofidou-Solomidou, R.M. Strieter, M.D. Burdick, C.S. Robinson, R.S. Wexler, J.S. Kerr, C. Garlanda, J.R. Merwin and S.M. Albelda. Involvement of endothelial PECAM-1/CD31 in angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 151: 671-7, 1997.
42. Haralabopoulos, G.C., D.S. Grant, H.K. Kleinman, P.I. Lelkes, S.P. Papaioannou and M.E. Maragoudakis. Inhibitors of basement membrane collagen synthesis prevent endothe-lial cell alignment in matrigel in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Lab Invest 71: 575-82, 1994.
43. Erber, R., A. Thurnher, A.D. Katsen, G. Groth, H. Kerger, H.P. Hammes, M.D. Menger, A. Ullrich and P. Vajkoczy. Combined inhibition of VEGF-and PDGF-signaling enforces tumor vessel regression by interfering with pericyte-mediated endothelial cell survival mechanisms. FASEB J 18: 338-40, 2004.
44. Benjamin, L.E., I. Hemo, and E. Keshet. A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF. Development 125: 1591-8, 1998.
45. Abramsson, A., O. Berlin, H. Papayan, D. Paulin, M. Shani and C. Betsholtz. Analysis of mural cell recruitment to tumor vessels. Circulation 105: 112-7, 2002.
46. Guo, P., B. Hu, W. Gu, L. Xu, D. Wang, H.J. Huang, W.K. Cavenee, and S.Y. Cheng. Platelet-derived growth factor-B enhances glioma angiogenesis by stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor endothelia and by promoting pericyte recruitment. Am J Pathol 162: 1083-93, 2003.
47. Furuhashi, M., T. Sjoblom, A. Abramsson, J. Ellingsen, P. Micke, H. Li, E. Bergsten-Folestad, U. Eriksson, R. Heuchel, C. Betsholtz, C.H. Heldin, and A. Ostman. Platelet-derived growth factor production by B16 melanoma cells leads to increased pericyte abundance in tumors and an associated increase in tumor growth rate. Cancer Res 64: 2725-33, 2004.
48. Lehti, K., E. Allen, H. Birkedal-Hansen, K. Holmbeck, Y. Miyake, T.H. Chun and S.J. Weiss. An MT1-MMP-PDGF receptor-beta axis regulates mural cell investment of the microvasculature. Genes Dev 19: 979-91, 2005.
49. Lyden, D., K. Hattori, S. Dias, C. Costa, P. Blaikie, L. Butros, A. Chadburn, B. Heissig, W. Marks and L. Witte. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med 7: 1194-201, 2001.
50. Beerepoot, L.V., N. Mehra, J.S.P. Vermaat, B.A. Zonnenberg, M.F.G.B. Gebbink and E.E. Voest. Increased levels of viable circulating endothelial cells are an indicator of progressive disease in cancer patients. Ann Oncol 15: 139-45, 2004.
51. Browder, T., C.E. Butterfield, B.M. Kraling, B. Shi, B. Marshall, M.S. O'Reilly and J. Folkman. Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. Cancer Res 60: 1878-86, 2000.
52. Kerbel, R.S. and B.A. Kamen. The anti-angiogenic basis of metronomic chemotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 423-36, 2004.
53. Peters, B.A., L.A. Diaz, K. Polyak, L. Meszler, K. Romans, E.C. Guinan, J.H. Antin, D. Myerson, S.R. Hamilton, B. Vogelstein, K.W. Kinzler and C. Lengauer. Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature. Nat Med 11: 261-62, 2005.
54. Burgess, W.H. and T. Maciag. The heparin-binding (fibroblast) growth factor family of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 58: 575-606, 1989.
55. Talarico, D. and C. Basilico. The K-fgf/hst oncogene induces transformation through an autocrine mechanism that requires extracellular stimulation of the mitogenic pathway. Mol Cell Biol 11: 1138-45, 1991.
56. Forough, R., Z. Xi, M. MacPhee, S. Friedman, K.A. Engleka, T. Sayers, R.H. Wiltrout and T. Maciag. Differential transforming abilities of non-secreted and secreted forms of human fibroblast growth factor-1. J Biol Chem 268: 2960-8, 1993.
57. Rogelj, S., R.A. Weinberg, P. Fanning and M. Klagsbrun. Basic fibroblast growth factor fused to a signal peptide transforms cells. Nature 331: 173-5, 1988.
58. Connolly, D.T., B.L. Stoddard, N.K. Harakas and J. Feder. Human fibroblast-derived growth factor is a mitogen and chemoattractant for endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 144: 705-12, 1987.
59. Montesano, R., J.D. Vassalli, A. Baird, R. Guillemin and L. Orci. Basic fibroblast growth factor induces angiogenesis in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7297-301, 1986.
60. Ensoli, B., P. Markham, V. Kao, G. Barillari, V. Fiorelli, R. Gendelman, M. Raffeld, G. Zon and R.C. Gallo. Block ofAIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cell growth, angiogenesis, and lesion formation in nude mice by antisense oligonucleotide targeting basic fibroblast growth factor. A novel strategy for the therapy of KS. J Clin Invest 94: 1736-46, 1994.
61. Lewis, C.E., R. Leek, A. Harris and J.O. McGee. Cytokine regulation of angiogenesis in breast cancer: the role of tumor-associated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 57: 747-51, 1995.
62. Brattstrom, D., M. Bergqvist, A. Larsson, J. Holmertz, P. Hesselius, L. Rosenberg, O. Brodin and G. Wagenius. Basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in sera from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Anticancer Res 18: 1123-7, 1998.
63. Iwasaki, A., M. Kuwahara, Y. Yoshinaga and T. Shirakusa. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, as prognostic indicators in NSCLC. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25: 443-8, 2004.
64. Friesel, R.E. and T. Maciag. Molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis: fibroblast growth factor signal transduction. Faseb J 9: 919-25, 1995.
65. Yayon, A., M. Klagsbrun, J.D. Esko, P. Leder and D.M. Ornitz. Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 64: 841-8, 1991.
66. Johnson, D.E. and L.T. Williams. Structural and Functional Diversity in the FGF receptor multigene family. Adv Cancer Res 60: 1-40, 1993.
67. Orr-Urtreger, A., M.T. Bedford, T. Burakova, E. Arman, Y. Zimmer, A. Yayon, D. Givol and P. Lonai. Developmental localization of the splicing alternatives of fibro-blast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Dev Biol 158: 475-86, 1993.
68. Tischer, E., D. Gospodarowicz, R. Mitchell, M. Silva, J. Schilling, K. Lau, T. Crisp, J.C. Fiddes and J.A. Abraham. Vascular endothelial growth factor: a new member of the platelet-derived growth factor gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165: 1198-206, 1989.
69. Tischer, E., R. Mitchell, T. Hartman, M. Silva, D. Gospodarowicz, J.C. Fiddes and J.A. Abraham. The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. J Biol Chem 266: 11947-54, 1991.
70. Olofsson, B., K.Pajusola, A. Kaipainen, G.von Euler, V.Joukov, O. Saksela, A. Orpana, R.F. Pettersson, K. Alitalo and U. Eriksson. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2576-81, 1996.
71. Joukov, V., K. Pajusola, A. Kaipainen, D. Chilov, I. Lahtinen, E. Kukk, O. Saksela, N. Kalkkinen and K. Alitalo. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases [published erratum appears in EMBO J 1996 Apr 1;15(7):1751]. Embo J 15: 290-98, 1996.
72. Wei, M.H., N.C. Popescu, M.I. Lerman, M.J. Merrill and D.B. Zimonjic. Localization of the human vascular endothelial growth factor gene, VEGF, at chromosome 6p12. Hum Genet 97: 794-7, 1996.
73. Jeltsch, M., A. Kaipainen, V. Joukov, X. Meng, M. Lakso, H. Rauvala, M. Swartz, D. Fukumura, R.K. Jain and K. Alitalo. Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science 276: 1423-5, 1997.
74. Kukk, E., A. Lymboussaki, S. Taira, A. Kaipainen, M. Jeltsch, V. Joukov, and K. Alitalo. VEGF-C receptor binding and pattern of expression with VEGFR-3 suggests a role in lymphatic vascular development. Development 122: 3829-37, 1996.
75. Claffey, K.P., D.R. Senger, and B.M. Spiegelman. Structural requirements for dimeriza-tion, glycosylation, secretion, and biological function of VPF/VEGF. Biochim Biophys Acta 1246: 1-9, 1995.
76. Ziche, M., L. Morbidelli, R. Choudhuri, H.-T. Zhang, S. Donnini and H.J. Granger. Nitric Oxide synthase lies downstream from vascular endothelial growth factor-induced, but not basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 99: 2626-34, 1997.
77. Barleon, B., S. Sozzani, D. Zhou, H.A. Weich, A. Mantovani and D. Marme. Migration of human monocytes in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via the VEGF receptor flt-1. Blood 87: 3336-43, 1996.
78. Carmeliet, P., V. Ferreira, G. Breier, S. Pollefeyt, L. Kieckens, M. Gertsenstein, M. Fahrig, A. Vandenhoeck, K. Harpal, C. Eberhardt, C. Declercq, J. Pawling, L. Moons, D. Collen, W. Risau and A. Nagy. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 380: 435-9, 1996.
79. Ferrara, N., K. Carver-Moore, H. Chen, M. Dowd, L. Lu, K.S. O'Shea, L. Powell-Braxton, K.J. Hillan and M.W. Moore. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380: 439-42, 1996.
80. Fong, G.H., J. Rossant, M. Gertsenstein and M.L. Breitman. Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature 376: 66-70, 1995.
81. Shalaby, F., J. Rossant, T.P. Yamaguchi, M. Gertsenstein, X.F. Wu, M.L. Breitman and A.C. Schuh. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 376: 62-6, 1995.
82. Ohta, Y., Y. Endo, M. Tanaka, J. Shimizu, M. Oda, Y. Hayashi, Y. Watanabe and T. Sasaki. Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA expression in primary lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1411-6, 1996.
83. Borgstrom, P., K.J. Hillan, P. Sriramarao and N. Ferrara. Complete inhibition of angiogenesis and growth of microtumors by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody: novel concepts of angiostatic therapy from intravital videomicro-scopy. Cancer Res 56: 4032-9, 1996.
84. Claffey, K.P., L.F. Brown, L.F. del Aguila, K. Tognazzi, K.T. Yeo, E.J. Manseau and H.F. Dvorak. Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by melanoma cells increases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and experimental metastasis. Cancer Res 56: 172-81, 1996.
85. Kim, J.K., B. Li, J. Winer, M. Armanini, N. Gillett, H.S. Phillips and N. Ferrara. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Nature 362: 841-44, 1993.
86. Sandler, A.B., R. Gray, J. Brahmer, A. Dowlati, J.H. Schiller, M.C. Perry and D.H. Johnson. Randomized phase II/III trial of paclitaxel (P) plus carboplatin (C) with or without bevacizumab (NSC# 704865) in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Trial-E4599. J Clin Oncol 23: 4-4, 2005.
87. Detmar, M., L.F. Brown, B. Berse, R.W. Jackman, B.M. Elicker, H.F. Dvorak and K.P. Claffey. Hypoxia regulates the expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) and its receptors in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 108: 263-8, 1997.
88. Freeman, M.R., F.X. Schneck, M.L. Gagnon, C. Corless, S. Soker, K. Niknejad, G.E. Peoples and M. Klagsbrun. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes and lymphocytes infiltrating human cancers express vascular endothelial growth factor: a potential role for T cells in angiogenesis. Cancer Res 55: 4140-5, 1995.
89. Brogi, E., T. Wu, A. Namiki and J.M. Isner. Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only. Circulation 90: 649-52, 1994.
90. Kotch, L.E., N.V. Iyer, E. Laughner and G.L. Semenza. Defective Vascularization of HIF-1 alpha-Null Embryos Is Not Associated with VEGF Deficiency but with Mesench-ymal Cell Death. Dev Biol 209: 254-67, 1999.
91. Forsythe, J.A., B.H. Jiang, N.V. Iyer, F.Agani, S.W. Leung, R.D. Koos and G.L. Semenza. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Cell Biol 16: 4604-13, 1996.
92. Keyt, B.A., H.V. Nguyen, L.T. Berleau, C.M. Duarte, J. Park, H. Chen and N. Ferrara. Identification of vascular endothelial growth factor determinants for binding KDR and FLT-1 receptors. Generation of receptor-selective VEGF variants by site-directed muta-genesis. J Biol Chem 271: 5638-46, 1996.
93. Giaccone, G. The potential of antiangiogenic therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 13: 1961-70, 2007.
94. Blumenschein, G. and J.V. Heymach. Angiogenesis inhibitors for lung cancer: clinical developments and future directions. J Thorac Oncol 1: 744-48, 2006.
95. Ardizzoni, A. and M. Tiseo. Combination of target agents: challenges and opportunities. Pisa symposium. J Thorac Oncol 2: S4-S6, 2007.
96. O'Reilly, M.S. T. Boehm, Y. Shing, N. Fukai, G. Vasios, W.S. Lane, E. Flynn, J.R. Birkhead, B.R. Olsen and J. Folkman. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88: 277-85, 1997.
97. Dong, Z., R. Kumar, X. Yang, and I.J. Fidler. Macrophage-derived metalloelastase is responsible for the generation of angiostatin in Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 88: 801-10, 1997.
98. Dong, Z., J. Yoneda, R. Kumar, and I.J. Fidler. Angiostatin-mediated suppression of cancer metastases by primary neoplasms engineered to produce Granulocyte/Macrophage colony-stimulating factor [In Process Citation]. J Exp Med 188: 755-63, 1998.
99. Brooks, P.C., S. Silletti, T.L. von Schalscha, M. Friedlander and D.A. Cheresh. Disruption of angiogenesis by PEX, a noncatalytic metalloproteinase fragment with integrin binding activity. Cell 92: 391-400, 1998.
100. O'Reilly, M.S. L. Holmgren, C. Chen and J. Folkman. Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat Med 2: 689-92, 1996.
101. Sato, T.N., Y. Tozawa, U. Deutsch, K. Wolburg-Buchholz, Y. Fujiwara, M. Gendron-Maguire, T. Gridley, H. Wolburg, W. Risau and Y. Qin. Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation. Nature 376: 70-4, 1995.
102. Davis, S., T.H. Aldrich, P.F. Jones, A. Acheson, D.L. Compton, V. Jain, T.E. Ryan, J. Bruno, C. Radziejewski, P.C. Maisonpierre and G.D. Yancopoulos. Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning [see comments]. Cell 87: 1161-9, 1996.
103. Suri, C., P.F. Jones, S. Patan, S. Bartunkova, P.C. Maisonpierre, S. Davis, T.N. Sato and G.D. Yancopoulos. Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis [see comments]. Cell 87: 1171-80, 1996.
104. Maisonpierre, P.C., C. Suri, P.F. Jones, S. Bartunkova, S.J. Wiegand, C. Radziejewski, D. Compton, J. McClain, T.H. Aldrich, N. Papadopoulos, T.J. Daly, S. Davis, T.N. Sato, and G.D. Yancopoulos. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis [see comments]. Science 277: 55-60, 1997.
105. Tait, C.R. and P.F. Jones. Angiopoietins in tumours: the angiogenic switch. J Pathol 204: 1-10, 2004.
106. Tanaka, F., S. Ishikawa, K. Yanagihara, R. Miyahara, Y.Kawano, M. Li, Y. Otake and H. Wada. Expression of angiopoietins and its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 62: 7124-9, 2002.
107. Park, J.H., K.J. Park, Y.S. Kim, S.S. Sheen, K.S. Lee, H.N. Lee, Y.J. Oh and S.C. Hwang. Serum angiopoietin-2 as a clinical marker for lung cancer. Chest 132: 200-6, 2007.
108. Hatanaka, H., Y. Abe, M. Naruke, T. Tokunaga, Y. Oshika, T. Kawakami, H. Osada, J. Nagata, J. Kamochi, T.Tsuchida, H. Kijima, H.Yamazaki, H. Inoue, Y. Ueyama and M. Nakamura. Significant correlation between interleukin 10 expression and vascular-ization through angiopoietin/TIE2 networks in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7: 1287-92, 2001.
109. Smith, D.R., S.L. Kunkel, M.D. Burdick, C.M. Wilke, M.B. Orringer, R.I. Whyte and R.M. Strieter. Production of Interleukin-10 by human bronchogenic carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. 145: 18-25, 1994.
110. Huang, M., J. Wang, P. Lee, S. Sharma, J.T. Mao, H. Meissner, K. Uyemura, R. Modlin, J. Wollman and S.M. Dubinett. Human non-small cell lung cancer cells express a type 2 cytokine pattern. Cancer Res 55: 3847-53, 1995.
111. Huang, M., S. Sharma, J.T. Mao, and S.M. Dubinett. Non-small cell lung cancer-derived soluble mediators and prostaglandin E2 enhance peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-10 transcription and protein production. J Immunol 157: 5512-20, 1996.
112. Huang, M., M. Stolina, S. Sharma, J.T. Mao, L. Zhu, P.W. Miller, J. Wollman, H. Herschman, and S.M. Dubinett. Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Res 58: 1208-16, 1998.
113. Arenberg, D.A., M.P. Keane, B. DiGiovine, S.L. Kunkel, S.B. Morris, Y.Y. Xue, M.D. Burdick, M.C. Glass, M.D. Iannettoni, and R.M. Strieter. Epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78) is an important angiogenic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Invest 102: 465-72, 1998.
114. Smith, D.R., P.J. Polverini, S.L. Kunkel, M.B. Orringer, R.I. Whyte, M.D. Burdick, C.A. Wilke and R.M. Strieter. Inhibition of interleukin 8 attenuates angiogenesis in bronchogenic carcinoma. J Exp Med 179: 1409-15, 1994.
115. Strieter, R.M., S.L. Kunkel, D.A. Arenberg, M.D. Burdick and P.J. Polverini. Inter-feron gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a member of the C-X-C chemokine family, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 210: 51-7, 1995.
116. Strieter, R.M., P.J. Polverini, D.A. Arenberg and S.L. Kunkel. The role of CXC chemokines as regulators of angiogenesis. Shock 4: 155-60, 1995.
117. Strieter, R.M., P.J. Polverini, S.L. Kunkel, D.A. Arenberg, M.D. Burdick, J. Kasper, J. Dzuiba, J. Van Damme, A.Walz, D.Marriott, S. Chan, S.Roczniak andA.Shanafelt. The functional role of the ELR motif in CXC chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 270: 27348-57, 1995.
118. Arenberg, D.A., S.L. Kunkel, P.J. Polverini, S.B. Morris, M.D. Burdick, M. Glass, D.T. Taub, M.D. Iannetoni, R.I. Whyte, and R.M. Strieter. Interferon-g-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is an angiostatic factor that inhibits human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis and spontaneous metastases. J Exp Med 184: 981-92, 1996.
119. Arenberg, D.A., P.J. Polverini, S.L. Kunkel, A. Shanafelt, J. Hesselgesser, R. Horuk and R.M. Strieter. The role of CXC chemokines in the regulation of angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Leukoc Biol 62: 554-62, 1997.
120. Arenberg, D.A., S.L. Kunkel, P.J. Polverini, M. Glass, M.D. Burdick and R.M. Strieter. Inhibition of interleukin-8 reduces tumorigenesis of human non-small cell lung cancer in SCID mice. J Clin Invest 97: 2792-802, 1996.
121. Yuan, A., P.C. Yang, C.J. Yu, W.J. Chen, F.Y. Lin, S.H. Kuo, and K.T. Luh. Interleukin-8 messenger ribonucleic acid expression correlates with tumor progression, tumor angiogenesis, patient survival, and timing of relapse in non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 1957-63, 2000.
122. Yuan, A., C.J. Yu, K.T. Luh, S.H. Kuo, Y.C. Lee and P.C. Yang. Aberrant p53 expression correlates with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and interleukin-8 mRNA and neoangiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 20: 900-10, 2002.
123. Yatsunami, J., N. Tsuruta, K. Ogata, K. Wakamatsu, K. Takayama, M. Kawasaki, Y. Nakanishi, N. Hara, and S. Hayashi. Interleukin-8 participates in angiogenesis in non-small cell, but not small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Lett 120: 101-8, 1997.
124. White, E.S., K.R. Flaherty, S. Carskadon, A. Brant, M.D. Iannettoni, J. Yee, M.B. Orringer and D.A. Arenberg. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CXC chemokine expression in non-small cell lung cancer: role in angiogenesis and prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 9: 853-60, 2003.
125. Chopra, V., T.V. Dinh, and E.V. Hannigan. Serum levels of interleukins, growth factors and angiogenin in patients with endometrial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123: 167-72, 1997.
126. Chopra, V., T.V. Dinh, and E.V. Hannigan. Circulating serum levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors in patients with cervical cancer. Cancer Invest 16: 152-9, 1998.
127. Ferrer, F.A., L.J. Miller, R.I. Andrawis, S.H. Kurtzman, P.C. Albertsen, V.P. Laudone and D.L. Kreutzer. Angiogenesis and prostate cancer: in vivo and in vitro expression of angiogenesis factors by prostate cancer cells. Urology 51: 161-7, 1998.
128. Fujimoto, J., H. Sakaguchi, I. Aoki and T. Tamaya. Clinical implications of expression of interleukin 8 related to angiogenesis in uterine cervical cancers. Cancer Res 60: 2632-5, 2000.
129. Kitadai, Y., Y. Takahashi, K. Haruma, K. Naka, K. Sumii, H. Yokozaki, W. Yasui, N. Mukaida, Y. Ohmoto, G. Kajiyama, I.J. Fidler and E. Tahara. Transfection of interleukin-8 increases angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of human gastric carcinoma cells in nude mice. Br J Cancer 81: 647-53, 1999.
130. Miller, L.J., S.H. Kurtzman, Y. Wang, K.H. Anderson, R.R. Lindquist and D.L. Kreutzer. Expression of interleukin-8 receptors on tumor cells and vascular endothelial cells in human breast cancer tissue. Anticancer Res 18: 77-81, 1998.
131. Shi, Q., J.L. Abbruzzese, S. Huang, I.J. Fidler, Q. Xiong and K. Xie. Constitutive and inducible interleukin 8 expression by hypoxia and acidosis renders human pancreatic cancer cells more tumorigenic and metastatic. Clin Cancer Res 5: 3711-21, 1999.
132. Xu, L., K. Xie, N.Mukaida, K. Matsushima, and I.J. Fidler. Hypoxia-induced elevation in interleukin-8 expression by human ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 59: 5822-9, 1999.
133. Yoneda, J., H. Kuniyasu, M.A. Crispens, J.E. Price, C.D. Bucana and I.J. Fidler. Expression of angiogenesis-related genes and progression of human ovarian carcinomas in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 447-54, 1998.
134. Wolf, J.S., Z. Chen, G. Dong, J.B. Sunwoo, C.C. Bancroft, D.E. Capo, N.T. Yeh, N. Mukaida and C. Van Waes. IL (interleukin)-1alpha promotes nuclear factor-kappaB and AP-1-induced IL-8 expression, cell survival, and proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 7: 1812-20, 2001.
135. Mizukami, Y., W.S. Jo, E.M. Duerr, M. Gala, J. Li, X. Zhang, M.A. Zimmer, O. Iliopoulos, L.R. Zukerberg, Y. Kohgo, M.P. Lynch, B.R. Rueda and D.C. Chung. Induction of interleukin-8 preserves the angiogenic response in HIF-1alpha-deficient colon cancer cells. Nat Med 11: 992-7, 2005.
136. Folkman, J. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Eng J Med 333: 1757-63, 1995.
137. McClelland, M.R., S.L. Carskadon, L. Zhao, E.S. White, D.G. Beer, M.B. Orringer, A. Pickens, A.C. Chang and D.A. Arenberg. Diversity of the angiogenic phenotype in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36: 343-50, 2007.
138. Kerbel, R.S., J. Yu, J. Tran, S. Man, A. Viloria-Petit, G. Klement, B.L. Coomber and J. Rak. Possible Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Anti-angiogenic Drugs: Implications for the Use of Combination Therapy Approaches. Cancer Metastasis Rev 20: 79-86, 2001.
139. Quesada, A.R., M.A. Medina, and E. Alba. Playing only one instrument may be not enough: Limitations and future of the antiangiogenic treatment of cancer. Bioessays 29: 1159-68, 2007.
140. Jung, Y.D., S.A. Ahmad, Y. Akagi, Y. Takahashi, W. Liu, N. Reinmuth, R.M. Shaheen, F. Fan and L.M. Ellis. Role ofthe tumor microenvironmentinmediating responseto anti-angiogenic therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 19: 147-57, 2000.
141. Taylor, A.P., L. Osorio, R. Craig, J.A. Raleigh, Z. Ying, D.M. Goldenberg, and R.D. Blumenthal. Tumor-specific regulation of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors during recovery from cytotoxic therapy (2002).